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PubMed1995

Mortality in a migrating Mennonite church congregation.

Preston's two-census method of demographic estimation is applied to three pairs of reconstructed censuses from the records of a migrating Mennonite church congregation covering the period 1780-1890. The three pairs of censuses correspond to three periods (1780-1790, 1850-1860, and 1880-1890) and to stays in three settings (Prussia, Russia, and Kansas, respectively). The Mennonites' stay in Prussia was a period of hardship. In Russia they expanded their economic base and developed new farming methods, dramatically increasing their productivity. The Mennonites took these skills to Kansas, where they continued to be successful. The increase in life expectancy at age 5 corroborates this picture. The Prussian period exhibits the shortest life expectancy for both sexes. After the move to Russia, life expectancy increased for both sexes and continued to increase with the move to Kansas. The model also provides limited evidence for fertility depression following the move to Kansas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) inhabit the subtropical forests of Southern China and Northern Vietnam, and have never previously been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological study. This report presents the findings of a three-month census and survey of black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan province, China. The censusing methods used here were similar to those techniques used during other census studies of gibbons. The sites visited were subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Fagaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Elaeocarpaceae. A total of 23-25 groups of black-crested gibbons were documented from 4 sites visited, and a group density estimate from all sites averaged 0.82 groups/km2. These gibbons were found to be polygynous with an average family group size of 7-8 animals, comprising 1 adult male, 1-4 adult females and numerous offspring of various ages. Some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neighborhood risk factors for low birthweight in Baltimore: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Past research on low birthweight has focused on individual-level risk factors. We sought to assess the contribution of macrolevel social factors by using census tract-level data on social stratification, community empowerment, and environmental stressors. METHODS: Census tract-level information on social risk was linked to birth certificate records from Baltimore, Md, for the period 1985 through 1989. Individual level factors included maternal education, maternal age, medical assistance health insurance (Medicaid), and trimester of prenatal care initiation. Methods of multilevel modeling using two-stage regression analyses were employed. RESULTS: Macrolevel factors had both direct associations and interactions with low birthweight. All individual risk factors showed interaction with macrolevel variables; that is, individual-level risk factors for low birthweight behaved differently depending upon the characteristics of the neighborhood of residence. For example, women living in high-risk neighborhoods benefited less from prenatal care than did women living in lower-risk neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS: Multilevel modeling is an important tool that allows simultaneous study of macro- and individual-level risk factors. Multilevel analyses should play a larger role in the formulation of public health policies.

Baltimore↗
PubMed2001

Surgical treatment results of Iranian abdominal trauma casualties in the Iran and Iraq war.

INTRODUCTION: Military medicine is a field to which a great deal of manpower, time, and effort is devoted. Abdominal traumatic injuries in field hospitals are among the major lesions to be treated, and laparotomies have a special role in the treatment of these injuries. This study was performed to assess the care of abdominal lesions in Iranian troops so that the results can be used in future planning programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 522 cases of laparotomies were studied by the census method. These troops were injured from 1982 to 1987. Primary site of injury, general medical condition, location of the hospitals, and ensuing complications were studied. RESULTS: Most of the patients were younger than 30 years, and the mortality rate was greater in rearward hospitals. Seventy-four patients had poor general condition at the time of admission; 30% of them ultimately died, which showed a statistically significant difference between the patients in field hospitals and those in rearward hospitals with regard to final prognosis (p > 0.05). The colon, small intestine, and thorax were the most common sites of injuries. The trend of complications somewhat followed the trend of the primary lesions, with some specific variations. DISCUSSION: This study offers a full review of a great number of the abdominal surgical cases, their modes of treatment, and the ensuing complications. Also, the role of field hospitals is emphasized. Patients with poor initial general conditions should receive vigorous attention. In all patients, even the least common sites of injury should not be neglected or lethal complications could ensue.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of methods for calculating census health indicators for GP practices.

The patients registered with a general practice are usually spread over many census areas and overlap with the distribution of neighbouring practices, so a validated method of aggregating census data to describe the characteristics of practice patients is required. Four methods were used to provide estimates of the percentage of patients aged 75 years and over from census data for 81 practices in Suffolk, England, and these were compared with values derived from the FHSA patient register. Census values for practice areas produced better estimates than those based on the location of the surgery, but the best methods were based on patient-weighted averages of ward and enumeration district data. The finer geographical detail of enumeration districts did not produce substantially more accurate estimates than the ward-level data: both gave estimates with limits of agreement within 2% of the patient register values. Errors in the census, errors in patient registers and selective geographical distributions of practice patients prevent close matching of census and register measures, but two of the methods tested produced estimates that allow broad comparisons between practices.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Revised birth and fertility rates for the 1990s and new rates for Hispanic populations, 2000 and 2001: United States.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents revised birth and fertility rates for 1991-99, as well as previously published revised rates for 2000-2001, based on populations consistent with the April 1, 2000, census. Revised rates for Hispanic subgroups (Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and other Hispanic) are also included in this report. Rates are presented by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother; by age, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status of mother; by age and race of father; and by age of mother and by State. This report also presents new rates by age and Hispanic origin (subgroups) of mother for 2000 and 2001. The revised rates are compared with previously published rates that used July 1 population estimates based on the 1990 census. METHODS: Populations for most rates were produced for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau. Populations for teenage subgroups 15-17 and 18-19 years by race and Hispanic subgroups were produced by NCHS. The populations reflect the results of the 2000 census. This census allowed people to report more than one race for themselves and their household members, and also separated the category for Asian or Pacific Islander persons into two groups (Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander). These changes reflected the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) 1997 revisions to the standards for the classification of Federal data on race and ethnicity. Because only one race is currently reported in birth certificate data, the 2000 census populations were "bridged" to the single race categories specified in OMB's 1977 guidelines for race and ethnic statistics in Federal reporting, which are still in use in the collection of vital statistics data. RESULTS: Revised population-based birth and fertility rates from 1991 to 1999, based on the 2000 census, are with few exceptions lower than the rates previously published based on populations projected from the 1990 census. As expected, the differences in rates for American Indians, Hispanics, and Asian or Pacific Islanders were considerable. However, revised rates for most other population subgroups (i.e., non-Hispanic whites and blacks) differed little from those previously published. Regardless of the magnitude, the differences between the 2000-based and 1990-based rates progressively diverged through time so that previously published trends were generally retained but lower. Because of this shift, especially for Hispanic women, the differentials in fertility among population subgroups remain, but were somewhat reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Incidence of childhood diabetes in The Netherlands: a decrease from north to south over north-western Europe?

The incidence of childhood diabetes (0-19 years of age) in The Netherlands, where there is no nationalized health-care system, was investigated retrospectively in the years 1978 to 1980 inclusive. The method chosen was a questionnaire among all Dutch paediatricians and internal physicians acting as consultants. Ascertainment was by the same questionnaire held separately among the large Dutch membership of the Dutch Diabetes Association, employing the capture-recapture census method for calculation. For paediatricians the ascertainment was 94%, for specialists in internal medicine 75%. Before correction for ascertainment 1271 children were registered in the two surveys. The ascertainment-corrected annual incidence was 10.95/100000 for 0-19-year-old children, lower than in any other ascertained survey in north-western Europe published so far. The male:female ratio was the same as in other studies and no local geographical differences were found. Seasonal variation was absent in children 0-10 years old in the month the first insulin injection was administered. The data support the influence of unknown exogenous factors associated with the clinical onset of childhood diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of disease and gene frequencies of inborn errors of metabolism among different ethnic groups in the West Midlands, UK.

OBJECTIVE: To assess birth and gene frequencies of specific autosomal recessively inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) within different ethnic groups. DESIGN: Retrospective study in a regional centre for investigation and treatment of IEM. SUBJECTS: All children born within the West Midlands NHS Region, UK, during the decade immediately preceding the 1991 National Census. METHODS: Birth frequencies for individual IEM were calculated separately for the main ethnic groups in the West Midlands using data from the West Midlands Neonatal Screening Programme, the regional register of IEM patients, and population frequencies from the National Census. Gene frequencies were calculated using previously documented observations on parental consanguinity rates and inbreeding coefficients. RESULTS: The overall incidence of recorded IEM was tenfold higher among Pakistanis compared to white children (1:318 v 1:3760), whereas only one AfroCaribbean child was identified (incidence 1:16 887). Tyrosinaemia type 1, cystinosis, mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia, and hyperchylomicronaemia all occurred more frequently among Pakistanis. An increased gene frequency was only confirmed for tyrosinaemia. The incidence of phenylketonuria was similar in Pakistani and white children (1:14 452 v 1:12 611), but the gene frequency was significantly lower in Pakistanis (1:713 v 1:112). These results illustrate the interplay between gene frequency and parental consanguinity in determining disease frequencies in different populations, and indicate anticipated disease frequencies in the absence of consanguineous marriage. These figures have implications for the organisation of services for management of inborn errors, for genetic counselling, and for the assessment of gene flow in world populations.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2003

The effect of revised populations on mortality statistics for the United States, 2000.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents revised mortality statistics for the year 2000 based on April 1, 2000, population figures from the 2000 census. Death rates are presented by race, Hispanic origin, sex, age, and cause of death. Life expectancies are presented by race (white and black), sex, and age. The revised statistics are compared with previously published statistics that used July 1, 2000, postcensal population estimates based on the 1990 census. METHODS: Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The statistics presented in this report are computed on the basis of two sets of population figures provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The first set includes July 1, 2000, postcensal population estimates based on the 1990 decennial census. The second set includes April 1, 2000, populations from the 2000 decennial census bridged to single race categories. RESULTS: Crude death rates were lower for all groups using the April 1, 2000, populations. Age-specific death rates were generally lower for most age groups, except for infants and the very old for which death rates were higher. Age-specific death rates for males were lower for most age groups, except infants and those 75 years and over. For females, with the exception of infants, age-specific death rates were lower. Race-specific pattems by age for the white and black populations were similar to all races combined. For the American Indian population, age-specific death rates were substantially lower for ages under 75 years. For ages 75 years and over, American Indian death rates were dramatically higher. Age-specific death rates for the Asian or Pacific Islander (API) population were higher for ages under 15 years; lower for ages 15-84 years, especially for the 15-34 year age group; and higher for those 85 years and over. For the Hispanic population, age-specific death rates were substantially lower for those age 15-34 years and higher for those age 55 years and over, especially for those age 85 years and over. For the total white and total black populations, the age-adjusted death rate was somewhat higher for males and lower for females. For API the pattern was reversed. For the American Indian and Hispanic populations, age-adjusted death rates were higher for both males and females. For the 15 leading causes of death, age-adjusted death rates based on the April 1, 2000, population figures were lower for heart disease, cancer, chronic liver disease, septicemia, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injuries, homicide, suicide, and hypertension. Age-adjusted death rates were higher for pneumonitis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. Rates were unchanged for influenza and pneumonia and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. Life expectancy at birth was higher for the entire population and both the white and black populations using the April 1, 2000, population figures. It was 0.1 year higher for the whole population as well as for the total white and total black populations. For the total male population, life expectancy at birth was 0.1 year higher while it was 0.2 years higher for the female population. The increase in life expectancy at birth was 0.1 year for both sexes within the white and black populations. This observed gain in life expectancy at birth based on the revised population figures is reversed for life expectancy at the oldest age groups for the whole population and for males. A similar pattern is observed for both white and black males; however, the magnitude of the decline in life expectancy at older ages is much greater among black males. Among females of both race groups and the total population, there is either no change or an increase in life expectancy in the oldest age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Revised death rates and life expectancies are, in many cases, significantly different from previously published mortality statistics calculated using 1990-based postcensal estimates for 2000. Thus, previously published mortality statistics for 2000 using the 1990-based populations will not be comparable to the corresponding statistics that will be published for 2001. The data in this report will provide comparable 2000 data. Efforts are also underway to revise previously published mortality tables for 2000 as well as previously published data for 1991-99.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conservation and management applications of the REEF volunteer fish monitoring program.

The REEF Fish Survey Project is a volunteer fish monitoring program developed by the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF). REEF volunteers collect fish distribution and abundance data using a standardized visual method during regular diving and snorkeling activities. Survey data are recorded on preprinted data sheets that are returned to REEF and optically digitized. Data are housed in a publicly accessible database on REEF's Web site (http://www.reef.org). Since the project's inception in 1993, over 40,000 surveys have been conducted in the coastal waters of North America, tropical western Atlantic, Gulf of California and Hawaii. The Fish Survey Project has been incorporated into existing monitoring programs through partnerships with government agencies, scientists, conservation organizations, and private institutions. REEF's partners benefit from the educational value and increased stewardship resulting from volunteer data collection. Applications of the data include an evaluation of fish/habitat interactions in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the development of a multi-species trend analysis method to identify sites of management concern, assessment of the current distribution of species, status reports on fish assemblages of marine parks, and the evaluation of no-take zones in the Florida Keys. REEF's collaboration with a variety of partners, combined with the Fish Survey Project's standardized census method and database management system, has resulted in a successful citizen science monitoring program.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Application of sampling methods in the population censuses of Bulgaria].

The application of sampling methods in population censuses in Bulgaria is discussed. "The author analyses its use in processing the population data, in statistical and sociological surveys, simultaneously and after the census and in post-enumeration surveys for the completeness and accuracy of registration. The peculiarities and new elements in the application of the sample method in population censuses from 1956 till now are pointed out, and special attention is paid to the 1985 population census." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Bulgaria↗
PubMed2003

Deaths: preliminary data for 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents preliminary data on deaths for the year 2001 in the United States. U.S. data on deaths are shown by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Death rates for 2001 are based on population estimates consistent with the April 1, 2000, census. Data on life expectancy, leading causes of death, infant mortality, and deaths resulting from September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks are also presented. For comparison, this report also presents revised final death rates for 2000, based on populations consistent with the April 1, 2000, census. METHODS: Data in this report are based on a large number of deaths comprising approximately 98 percent of the demographic file and 92 percent of the medical file for all deaths in the United States in 2001. The records are weighted to independent control counts of infant deaths and deaths 1 year and over received in State vital statistics offices for 2001. Unless otherwise indicated, comparisons are made with final data for 2000. For certain causes of death, preliminary data differ from final data because of the truncated nature of the preliminary file. These are, in particular, accidents, homicides, suicides, and respiratory diseases. Populations were produced for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau. The populations reflect the results of the 2000 census. This census allowed people to report more than one race for themselves and their household members and also separated the category for Asian or Pacific Islander persons into two groups (Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander). These changes reflect the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) 1997 revisions to the standards for the classification of Federal data on race and ethnicity. Because only one race is currently reported in death certificate data, the 2000 census populations were "bridged" to the single race categories specified in OMB's 1977 guidelines for race and ethnic statistics in Federal reporting, which are still in use in the collection of vital statistics data. RESULTS: The age-adjusted death rate in 2001 for the United States decreased slightly from 869.0 deaths per 100,000 population in 2000 to 855.0 in 2001. For causes of death, declines in age-adjusted death rates occurred for Diseases of heart, Malignant neoplasms, Cerebrovascular diseases, Accidents (unintentional injuries), and Influenza and pneumonia. Age-adjusted death rates also declined for drug-induced deaths between 2000 and 2001. Age-adjusted death rates increased between 2000 and 2001 for the following causes: Alzheimer's disease, Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, Essential (primary) hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, and Assault (homicide). The increase in homicide was a direct result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The infant mortality rate did not change between 2000 and 2001. Life expectancy at birth rose by 0.2 years to a record high of 77.2 years.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with antidepressant treatment in residential care: changes between 1990 and 1997.

BACKGROUND: Depression is common among older people living in residential and nursing homes. Detection and treatment of late life depression may be sub-optimal in these settings. AIM: To report the changes in, and factors associated with, antidepressant use among residents in care homes in 1990 and 1997. METHOD: Censuses of those aged 65 years and over in any type of residential care in the county of Leicestershire, UK, on 27 November 1990 and 30 November 1997. Care staff were asked to complete an assessment form for each resident which included a rating of depression and use of antidepressants. RESULTS: The use of antidepressants increased from 11% (484/4415) in 1990 to 18.9% (777/4111) in 1997. Severity of depression as assessed by care staff, gender, younger age, better cognitive functioning, and use of other medications were consistently associated with antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant use was associated with better physical functioning (p = 0.001) in 1990 and frequency of falls in 1997 (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Increased use of antidepressants appears to be due to the wider range of antidepressant drugs available since 1990. However there is a need for better methods for care staff to detect depression in residents, and for appropriate action to be taken by those responsible for their medical management.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from national surveys and censuses.

OBJECTIVE: To measure recent trends in all-cause child and adult mortality in national populations in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data collected in national household surveys and censuses. METHODS: The index of infant and child mortality is the probability of dying before age 5 years (under-five mortality). For adult mortality, it is the probability of dying between ages 15 and 60 years. Mortality trends are assessed in three ways: (i) by comparison of data collected in the 1990s with those from the 1980s; (ii) using the retrospective reports of the survival of women's children and siblings collected by Demographic and Health Survey inquiries; and (iii) by comparing the latter estimates with estimates from data on orphanhood. RESULTS: Under-five mortality is stagnant or rising in several African countries. In some countries, however, adverse trends developed too early in the 1980s to be attributable to HIV. In most countries, the three approaches to monitoring adult mortality yield consistent results. Adult death rates doubled or tripled between the 1980s and mid-1990s in Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Mortality also rose substantially elsewhere in East and Central Africa but not in West Africa. Increases in mortality are concentrated among young adults. In general, men are worst affected, but in Uganda the rise in women's mortality is greater. CONCLUSIONS: Data can be collected in national household surveys and censuses to monitor the mortality impact of HIV in Africa. Such data have begun to document the differential impact of the epidemic. In those countries with data in which HIV became prevalent by the late 1980s, massive rises in adult mortality occurred by the mid-1990s.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Population dynamics of the feral macaques in the Kowloon Hills of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong's feral monkey population is controversial. Many people complain about the aggressiveness of the monkeys, while some conservationists urge the government to deal with the problem in a way that will not harm the monkeys. The population dynamics of the macaques in the Kowloon Hills were studied in 1992 and 1993. Vital statistics are provided from this study as a first step in resolving the problems of human provisioning and wildlife management. It is unlikely that these macaques are indigenous to the area. They are the descendents of macaques that were released in the early twentieth century to control the spread of a local poisonous plant, the strychnos, which contains alkaloids poisonous to livestock and humans but which is a favorite food of the macaques. The macaque population expanded dramatically during the 1980s. The census method employed in this study is direct head count and photo-identification. At the end of 1993, the estimated abundance was 690 (+/-6) in eight social groups in the Kowloon Hills. Species found were rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 65.3%, longtailed (M. fascicularis) 2.2%, Tibetan (M. thibetana) 0.2%, and hybrids 32.3%. The overall home ranges occupied 2.15 km2, resulting in a very high macaque density of 326 per km2. The birth rates were 56.9% and 69.4% in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Mean adult sex ratio (M:F) was 1:2.2 for social groups and 1:1.6 including all peripheral males. The main mortality factor was road accidents and these contributed to the "missing rate" of 9.8% and 10.6% in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Population growth was 5.6% in 1992 and 7.8% in 1993. The estimated macaque population in the year 2000 will be around 1,100 if conditions remain favorable. Management strategies are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in an Australian community whose residents are 49 years of age or older. SUBJECTS: There were 3654 persons, representing 82.4% of permanent residents from an area west of Sydney, Australia, who were examined. The population was identified by a door-to-door census of all dwellings and by closely matched findings from the national census. METHODS: All participants received a detailed eye examination, including applanation tonometry, suprathreshold automated perimetry (Humphrey 76-point test), and Zeiss stereoscopic optic disc photography. Glaucoma suspects were asked to return for full threshold fields (Humphrey 30-2 test), gonioscopy, and repeat tonometry. RESULTS: A 5-point hemifield difference on the 76-point test was found in 616 persons (19% of people tested). Humphrey 30-2 tests were performed on 336 glaucoma suspects (9.2% of population), of whom 125 had typical glaucomatous field defects. Two hundred three persons had enlarged or asymmetric cup-disc ratios (> or = 0.7 in 1 or both eyes or a cup-disc ratio difference of > or = 0.3). Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed when glaucomatous defects on the 30-2 test matched the optic disc changes, without regard to the intraocular pressure level. This congruence was found in 87 participants (2.4%), whereas an additional 21 persons (0.6%) had clinical signs of open-angle glaucoma but incomplete examination findings. Open-angle glaucoma was thus found in 108 persons, a prevalence of 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-3.6), of whom 49% were diagnosed previously. An exponential rise in prevalence was observed with increasing age. Ocular hypertension, defined as an intraocular pressure in either eye greater than 21 mmHg, without matching disc and field changes, was present in 3.7% of this population (95% CI, 3.1-4.3), but there was no significant age-related increase in prevalence. The prevalence of glaucoma was higher in women after adjusting for age (odds ratio, 1.5; CI, 1.0-2.2). There was no sex difference in the age-adjusted prevalence of ocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide detailed age and sex-specific prevalence rates for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in an older Australian population.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Time-series analysis of stature and body weight in five siblings.

Since 1971, stature and body weight in five siblings have been measured monthly. Time-series analysis of stature, body weight and their increments per month was made by the Program of Census Method IIX11 resulting in three components: a trend-and-cycle factor, a seasonal factor and an irregular factor. Significant seasonal variation was found in both stature and body weight. In two young subjects, trend curves of stature are very close to each other while those of body weight are different. Trend factor in increment indicates that growth rate of stature or body weight fluctuates, instead of being smooth, suggesting that from birth to maturity acceleration and deceleration occur alternately, like repeated retardations and subsequent catch-ups. A high peak of body weight increment precedes menarche by 1 1/2 years in two girls. In one case, no adolescent spurt in stature was observed while a high peak appeared in body weight in that period. Irregularity in stature is about one-tenth that of body weight when the two are compared in terms of the ratio of SD of irregular factor/mean of trend factor. The raw data are given in an appendix.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Preexisting medical conditions in adult day services: an examination of nonmetropolitan and metropolitan admissions.

BACKGROUND: It is not known what health conditions are being managed by day services staff because, to date, there is virtually no research on the types of preexisting medical conditions that clients bring to these community-based settings. Furthermore, it is not known whether or how nonmetropolitan clients differ from their metropolitan counterparts. METHODS: Census data for 1,448 individuals who were admitted to adult day services in Maryland during 1993 were examined. Variables were included for client characteristics, medical diagnoses at admission (based upon ICD-9-CM categories), and adult day center location (metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan). RESULTS: Persons admitted to nonmetropolitan centers were more likely than those entering metropolitan centers to be diagnosed as having musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine conditions and as having a malignant neoplasm. Admissions to metropolitan centers were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. After using multiple logistic regression to control for a number of client characteristics, location of the facility remained significantly associated with all listed admission diagnoses except musculoskeletal conditions. CONCLUSION: Nonmetropolitan centers are caring for a distinctly different type of long-term care client than metropolitan centers, perhaps because few other long-term care options are available to families in sparsely populated settings. The differences in the medical conditions of their clients should affect most aspects of the day services program, including budgets for appropriate professional staff, staff qualifications, resources for client/family education and counseling, and expected outcomes.

Adult↗