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PubMed2001

Cytogenetic study of Callicebus hoffmannsii (Cebidae, Primates) and comparison with C. m. moloch.

Callicebus is a neotropical primate genus divided into four or five groups of species. Species of the moloch group are distributed in the tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The karyotype of Callicebus hoffmannsii (moloch group) was studied by means of G- and C-banding, Ag-NOR staining and in situ hybridization of telomeric probes. C. hoffmannsii had 2n = 50 chromosomes, with ten biarmed and fourteen acrocentric autosomal pairs. The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome was a minor acrocentric. Constitutive heterochromatin was detected in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes; in pairs 7 and 10, it was found in the distal regions of the short arms, and distally in the long arm of the X chromosome. Size heteromorphism in C-bands was detected in pairs 7 and 10. Ag-NOR staining revealed a maximum of three nucleolar organizers. Telomeric probes hybridized only at the terminal regions of all chromosomes. Additionally, a comparison was carried out between C. hoffmannsii and C. m. moloch (2n = 48), as previously reported. Both species shared gross chromosomal similarities diverging by a single rearrangement of centric fusion/fission. A high similarity between C. hoffmannsii and C. donacophilus indicated a close association between the moloch and donacophilus groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Ecological affinity and current distribution of primates (Cebidae) in Campeche, Mexico].

We carried out surveys realized field work from March to September 2000 to get the current distribution of Cebids in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Based on interviews and direct observations. We defined the distribution of Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis and Alouatta pigra and we documented the first time localities where Allouata palliata is found in the state. We made distributional maps of each species using vegetation overlays from Inventario Nacional Forestal (Inv For) and each point documented during fieldwork. We presented the distribution of species according to confiability of the verified or expected data. Using the attributes table of Inv For, we calculated the areas of distribution which were 22,735 km2 for Alouatta sp. and 18,501 km2 for A. g. yucatanensis. We also presented the area occupied by each species according to vegetation types and the relative proportion of these vegetation types in the state. We confirmed the ability of Alouatta sp. to survive in disturbed environments produced by habitat fragmentation, and the affinity of A. g. yucatanesis to well preserved habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

In situ hybridization (FISH) maps chromosomal homologies between Alouatta belzebul (Platyrrhini, Cebidae) and other primates and reveals extensive interchromosomal rearrangements between howler monkey genomes.

We hybridized whole human chromosome specific probes to metaphases of the black-and-red howler monkey Alouatta belzebul in order to establish chromosomal homology between humans and black-and-red howlers. The results show that the black-and-red howler monkey has a highly rearranged genome and that the human chromosome homologs are often fragmented and translocated. The number of hybridization signals we obtained per haploid set was 40. Nine human chromosome probes gave multiple signals on different howler chromosomes, showing that their synteny is disturbed in A. belzebul. Fourteen black-and-red howler autosomes were completely hybridized by one human autosomal paint, six had two signals, three had three signals, and one chromosome had four signals. Howler chromosomes with multiple signals have produced 12 chromosomal syntenies or hybridization associations which differ from those found in humans: 1/2, 2/20, 3/21, 4/15, 4/16, 5/7, 5/11, 8/18, 9/12, 10/16, 14/15, and 15/22. The hybridization pattern was then compared with those found in two red howler taxa and other mammals. The comparison shows that even within the genus Alouatta numerous interchromosomal rearrangements differentiate each taxa: A. belzebul has six unique apomorphic associations, A. seniculus sara and A. seniculus arctoidea share seven derived associations, and additionally A. seniculus sara has four apomorphic associations and A. seniculus arctoidea seven apomorphic associations. A. belzebul appears to have a more conserved karyotype than the red howlers. Both red and black-and-red howlers are characterized by Y-autosome translocations; the peculiar chromosomal sex system found in the red howler taxa could be considered a further transformation of the A. belzebul sex system. The finding that apparently morphologically similar or even identical taxa have such extreme genomic differences has important implications for speciation theory and neotropical primate conservation.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of constitutive heterochromatin in Cebus apella (Cebidae, Primates) and Pan troglodytes (Hominidae, Primates): comparison to human chromosomes.

Using G bands, some homologies between the chromosomes of Cebus apella (CAP) and human chromosomes are difficult to establish. To solve this problem, we analyzed these homologies by fluorescence in situ hybridization using human whole chromosome probes (ZOO-FISH). The results indicated that 1) the human probe for chromosome 2 partially hybridizes with CAP chromosomes 13 and 5, 2) the human probe for chromosome 3 partially hybridizes with CAP chromosomes 18 and 20, 3) the human probe for chromosome 9 partially hybridizes with CAP chromosome 19, and 4) the human probe for chromosome 14 hybridizes with the p-terminal and q-terminal regions of CAP chromosome 6. However, none of the human probes employed hybridized with the heterochromatic regions of CAP chromosomes. For this reason, we characterized the heterochromatic regions of CAP chromosomes and of the chromosomes of Pan troglodytes (PTR), to allow comparison between CAP, PTR, and human chromosomes using in situ digestion of fixed chromosomes with the restriction enzymes AluI, HaeIII, and RsaI and by fluorescent staining with DA/DAPI. The results show that 1) centromeric heterochromatin is heterogeneous in the three species studied and 2) noncentromeric heterochromatin is homogeneous within each of the three species, but is different for each species. Thus, centromeric heterochromatin undergoes a higher degree of variability than noncentromeric heterochromatin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Birth seasonality of Cebus apella (Platyrrhini, Cebidae) in Brazilian zoos along a latitudinal gradient.

Birth seasonality in wild neotropical primates has been suggested to increase with latitude as a response to a stronger divergence in high-quality food availability across the year, and a higher between-year predictability at higher latitudes related to temporal differences in photoperiod. In captivity, however, monkeys are fed foods of similar quality throughout the year, and this consistency of diet should have a releasing effect on the need for birth seasonality. In this paper, we test whether 1) brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) breed seasonally in captivity, and 2) given the consistency of diet in this setting, differences in latitude are reflected in the temporal pattern of birth distribution across the year. Data on the distribution of birth records of C. apella at Brazilian zoos located within three latitudinal zones (Equator perpendicular 8 degrees S, 16 degrees perpendicular 24 degrees S, and 24 degrees perpendicular 32 degrees S) are compared. Captive C. apella showed a birth peak from October to February, despite the consistent provision of food in this setting. In addition, there were no differences in the pattern of birth distribution among the latitudinal zones, which lends no support to the prediction that captive C. apella birth seasonality would increase with latitude. We suggest that if this species is not sensitive to subtle differences in photoperiod, other environmental cues may trigger the onset of reproduction at lower latitudes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quadrupedal locomotion in squirrel monkeys (Cebidae: Saimiri sciureus): a cineradiographic study of limb kinematics and related substrate reaction forces.

Quadrupedal locomotion of squirrel monkeys on small-diameter support was analyzed kinematically and kinetically to specify the timing between limb movements and substrate reaction forces. Limb kinematics was studied cineradiographically, and substrate reaction forces were synchronously recorded. Squirrel monkeys resemble most other quadrupedal primates in that they utilize a diagonal sequence/diagonal couplets gait when walking on small branches. This gait pattern and the ratio between limb length and trunk length influence limb kinematics. Proximal pivots of forelimbs and hindlimbs are on the same horizontal plane, thus giving both limbs the same functional length. However, the hindlimbs are anatomically longer than the forelimbs. Therefore, hindlimb joints must be more strongly flexed during the step cycle compared to the forelimb joints. Because the timing of ipsilateral limb movements prevents an increasing amount of forelimb retraction, the forelimb must be more protracted during the initial stance phase. At this posture, gravity acts with long moment arms at proximal forelimb joints. Squirrel monkeys support most of their weight on their hindlimbs. The timing of limb movements and substrate reaction forces shows that the shift of support to the hindlimbs is mainly done to reduce the compressive load on the forelimb. The hypothesis of the posterior weight shift as a dynamic strategy to reduce load on forelimbs, proposed by Reynolds ([1985]) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:335-349; [1985] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:351-362), is supported by the high correlation of ratios between forelimb and hindlimb peak vertical forces and the range of motion of shoulder joint and scapula in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Extensive enlargement of the maxillary sinus in Alouatta caraya (mammalia, primates, cebidae): an allometric approach to skull pneumatization in Atelinae.

In contrast to the paranasal sinuses of Old World monkeys and hominoids, little information is available about the paranasal sinuses of New World monkeys. Because this information is crucial in order to draw further conclusions about the evolution and biological role of skull pneumatization, this study investigates the morphology of the paranasal sinuses in adult black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Volumes of the paranasal sinuses were calculated using computer software (SURFdriver or Allegro) from serial coronal CT scans of 20 skulls of both sexes. Skull pneumatization in A. caraya is more complex than in other higher primates. In both sexes, the maxillary sinus (MS) is the only pneumatic cavity and enlarges regularly into neighboring bones such as the frontal bone and the basisphenoid. The resulting pansinus is often partitioned by several vertical septa. As in most external cranial dimensions, mean MS volume of A. caraya (male 4.08 cm(3); female 2.00 cm(3)) shows significant sexual dimorphism. Reduced major axis regression analysis between MS volume and different cranial dimensions for A. caraya (and for available data from other platyrrhines) suggests a distinct association for this group, with Alouatta having one of the largest pneumatic cavities. The combination of this unusual expansion of the MS of Alouatta and the occurrence of distinct septa within the sinus may be a consequence of the distinct skull architecture of Alouatta.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1997

Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. IV. The humoral response of Cebus apella (Primates: Cebidae) to infections of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. (Viannia) lainsoni and L. (V.) braziliensis using the direct agglutination test.

The direct agglutination test (DAT) was used to evaluate the serological response of 150 serum samples taken from 15 captive-bred capuchin monkeys Cebus apella. These animals had been experimentally infected with either L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. (Viannia) lainsoni or L. (V.) braziliensis. Monkeys infected with L. (L.) amazonensis or L. (V.) lainsoni were challenged with the homologous parasite one month after their spontaneous cure. DAT antigens were prepared from L. (L.) donovani, L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis. Antigens were difficult to standardise and it was impossible to produce an L. (V.) lainsoni antigen as parasites remained aggregated even after trypsinization. The DAT detected significant humoral responses in all the infected monkeys. Titres were higher when homologous antigens were used, especially in secondary responses. This suggests that homologous antigen should be used to detect antibodies in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Chromosome abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) after X-ray irradiation.

In this paper, we describe the results of a qualitative and quantitative study of chromosomal reorganizations observed in X-irradiated (1Gy and 2Gy) and cultured lymphocytes from Cebus apella. A total of 646 breakpoints have been detected, identified and localized in the ideogram of the species. The breakpoint distribution along chromosomes, p and q arms, and bands is not random. Chromosomes #11, #12 and chromosome arms 1p, 12p, 13p, 15p, 11q, and 12q are significantly more affected than expected, while chromosome #19 and chromosome arm 19q are less affected. Terminal regions of chromosome arms accumulate a higher number of breakpoints than the rest of the chromosome (37.82%). A high percentage (93.66%) of breakpoints is found in G negative bands.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Chemical characterisation of six oligosaccharides in a sample of colostrum of the brown capuchin, Cebus apella (Cebidae: primates).

Carbohydrates were extracted from a sample of brown capuchin colostrum and six of the component oligosaccharides were separated and purified by gel filtration and preparative thin layer chromatography. Their structures were determined by 1H-NMR to be as follows: Gal beta 1-->4[Fuc alpha 1-->3]Glc (3-fucosyllactose) Gal beta 1-->3Gal beta 1-->4Glc (beta-3'-galactosyllactose) Gal beta 1-->6Gal beta1-->4Glc (beta-6'-galactosyllactose) Gal beta-->3[Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6]Gal beta 1-->4Glc (lacto-N-novopentaose I) Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->3[Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6]Gal beta 1-->4Glc (lacto-N-neohexaose) Neu5Ac alpha 2-->3Gal beta 1-->4Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose) Of these, all except lacto-N-novopentaose I have been previously found in human milk or colostrum.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of constitutive heterochromatin of Aotus (Cebidae, Primates) by restriction enzyme and fluorochrome bands.

The current classification of genus Aotus includes nine species, four of which occur above the Amazon River and five below it. The position of several of these taxa as a valid species has been questioned. Recently, we described the chromosomal constitution of a population in the state of Rondonia, Brazil, whose karyotype typically presented a considerable accumulation of constitutive heterochromatin. To best characterize these heterochromatins, in this work we subjected the metaphases of these animals to banding using AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, RsaI, DdeI, MboI and MspI restriction enzymes and CMA3 and DAPI fluorochromes. The banded metaphases were also submitted to sequential C-banding. RsaI, DdeI and MboI enzymes showed, in all chromosomes, a banding pattern of C type, similar to that obtained using barium hydroxide. This banding was also seen with AluI, HinfI and MspI, but with reduction or elimination of the C-bands in the chromosome pairs 1, 3-7 and 9. MspI also reduced the C-band of pairs 11, 16-21 and 23. HaeIII induced intermediate bands between G and C. Considering the data of the different bands produced, it was possible to characterize at least three distinct types of constitutive heterochromatin in Aotus from Rondonia: (a) centromeric bands, (b) bands of the heterochromatic short arms and (c) interstitial bands.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Development of Alouattamyia baeri (Diptera: Oestridae) from howler monkeys (Primates: Cebidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

The fecundity and development of larval stages of the cuterebrid bot fly A. baeri were studied in an unusual host, remotely related to the primary host. Third-instar Alouattamyia baeri (Shannon & Greene) removed from howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata, were allowed to pupate and then were cultured under controlled conditions. Eclosion occurred after 37.9 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SE) (male) and 38.2 +/- 0.4 (female) d at 26 degrees C. Five-day-old females were mated using a tethered flight technique and oviposited on ridged filter paper. The total egg complement was 1,399 +/- 243 (n = 2) eggs per female. Eggs were fully embryonated after incubation for 5 d at 26 degrees C. Eggs hatched when warmed in the palm of the hand. Hatching of eggs from an individual batch was asynchronous. Newly hatched larvae would not penetrate intact skin on a rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus L. Larvae placed near the nares or on the ocular conjunctiva migrated rapidly from view. Warbles containing larvae were first observed on infested rabbits 5 d after infestation. Development of larvae proceeded until day 39 after infestation, when nearly mature 3rd instars were observed. None of the larvae survived to pupate.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1980

The use of high resolution banding in comparative cytogenetics: comparison between man and Lagothrix lagotricha (Cebidae).

New techniques for obtaining high resolution banding are used in comparative cytogenetics. They make possible a direct comparison of the chromosomes of two distantly related primates, man and Lagothrix lagotricha (Platyrrhine). For many chromosomes, the homoeologies of banding are surprisingly clear. These new results strongly strengthen the interpretations proposed with the use of more conventional banding techniques.

Animals↗