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PubMed1988

Salmonella carrier state and biological characteristics of the infectious agent.

Salmonella carrier state (42.6%-S. enteritidis and 34.4%-S. dublin) was demonstrated in subjects after acute salmonellosis as well as in healthy persons infected with salmonella as a result of occupational exposure to poultry (8.8% in humans exposed to chickens and 6.1% in those exposed to ducks) and sheep (2.8%). The carrier state was accompanied by intermittent pain in the epigastrium, diminished appetite, diarrhoea etc. Most of the carrier subjects with a history of salmonellosis exhibited, upon rectoromanoscopy, a varying degree of proctosigmoiditsi. The etiological role of S. typhimurium was proved beyond doubt, as well as its ability to cause salmonellosis outbursts, sporadic cases of the disease and the carrier state. When large industrial facilities specializing in poultry processing were investigated, the salmonella carrier state was revealed in practically healthy poultry--in 16% of chickens and 12% of ducks. The salmonella organisms isolated from carrier persons had, with some exceptions, typical properties, being virulent in that they caused death of experimental animals, seeded their internal organs and induced pathogenicity-associated enzymes. Multiple resistance to antibiotics was demonstrated in salmonella isolated from poultry; also determined was its plasmid nature. Pronounced resistance of the above salmonella subtypes to tetracycline-related antibiotics and streptomycin may be due to the fact that these drugs are used in poultry raising.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1976

[Epidemiological and laboratory criteria in the assessment of meningococcus carrier state].

A study was made of the duration of meningococcus carrier state, immunological indices and group-specific properties of meningococci isolated from them. The periods of meningococcus discharge were studied in 738 persons. Three categories of the carrier state were revealed: a single discharge (67% of the carriers), of average duration (up to 4 weeks), and prolonged. Greater indices of group-specific antibodies (in the passive hemagglutination test) were revealed in the carriers with prolonged presence of meningococci in the nasopharynx. Dynamics of immunological indices and periods of the carrier state formation in the foci of infection permitted to characterize the prolonged carrier state as a latent form of meningococcus infection. A study of the group-specific properties in 1845 strains and comparison of the group-specific pattern of the circulating strains with the epidemic situation indicated that meningococci of group A were not only epidemic, but also more virulent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of rifampicin in eradication of carrier state of Staphylococcus aureus in anterior nares with recurrent furunculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of detection of Staphylococcus aureus carrier state in anterior nares of the patients suffering from recurrent furunculosis with the normal population and to determine the efficacy of rifampicin in eradication of the carrier state. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Skin Department of Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar and Multan, from March 2004 to December 2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 80 individuals. They were placed in two groups. Group I comprised of 40 patients suffering from recurrent furuncles and group II included 40 healthy adults, kept as controls. Nasal swab was taken from the individuals belonging to both the groups, when they first reported to skin OPD. The patients who were suffering from furuncles were treated with co-amoxiclav 375 or 625 mg three times a day. The patients in whom S. aureus carrier state was detected were again divided into two groups. Group 1 was prescribed rifampicin 450-600 mg daily (depending on the body weight) for 10 days, while the group 2 was not offered any treatment. After this course, a second nasal swab was taken and submitted for cultures. RESULTS: Among the 40 patients belonging to group I, S. aureus carrier state was detected in 23 (57.5%), while in group II the carrier state was found in 8 (20%) individuals (p<0.001). Among the 13 patients who received rifampicin, 10 got cured of carrier state, while in 3 patients nasal swab was still positive after a course of rifampicin. In 10 patients, who were not offered any treatment, the nasal swabs remained positive (p<0.001). These patients were followed-up in skin OPD for another 3 months, and did not develop any recurrence of the infection. CONCLUSION: Nasal swab for detection of S. aureus carrier state should be done in all patients of recurrent furunculosis. If the nasal swab culture is positive, then as the infection gets cured, the patients should receive a course of rifampicin for 10 days. This may eradicate the carrier state in majority of cases and prevent the recurrence of the infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Hereditary factor XIII deficiency: report of four families and definition of the carrier state.

Definition of the carrier state of hereditary factor XIII deficiency was attempted by a study of four unrelated families with patients affected by the disease. Ten homozygotes, 14 obligatory carriers and 20 suspected carriers were available for determination of plasma factor XIII subunits A and B levels (by electroimmunoassay) and for assay of factor XIII enzymatic activity (by 14C-putrescine incorporation into casein). Evaluation of the ability of seven variables related to these tests to discriminate between healthy controls and obligatory carriers disclosed that two variables related to the enzymatic assay classified correctly 92.9% of the carriers and 73.3% of the controls, whereas the variables related to subunit A had a lower discriminative ability. Entering both enzymatic and immunologic variables into the discriminant function did not improve the result of the former. A classification function was established from which the posterior probability of suspected carriers can be determined by measuring the incorporation of 14C-putrescine into casein at 90 min after adding the labelled amine.

Caseins↗
PubMed1984

[Possibilities of eradicating the persistent HBsAg carrier state].

Five HBsAg carriers were examined by clinical, biochemical, radionuclide, immunologic and histomorphologic methods. Different variants of structural and functional relations were established. Attempts were made to eradicate the persistent virus carrierstate with the aid of the antiviral drug virasol, the immunomodulating drug levamisole, nonspecific (BCG vaccine) and specific (original corpuscular vaccine against hepatitis B) immunostimulants. No positive therapeutic effect was obtained. The difficulties and possibilities of a further study into the title problem with due regard for integration mechanisms of infection and prospects of the effective prophylaxis of virus transmission from the mother to the child at birth are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The vaccinal prevention of the HBsAg carrier state among newborn infants].

The paper presents the data on the time course of HBsAg carrier state in babies born to mothers with antigenemia indicating the dependence of the pattern of the antigen carrier state in babies upon the time of its primary detection. The stable (chronic) HBsAg carrier state in babies was shown to be formed after the first 3 months of life which attests to the necessity of using a vaccine against hepatitis B (HB) for prevention of HBsAg carrier state in newborns. The results of epidemiological survey in 185 babies developing HB with the analysis of all possible factors of their infection contraction are presented. The efficacy of the national plasma vaccine against hepatitis B is evaluated in observations of the newborn babies whose mothers were carriers of HBsAg. It was established that in vaccinated babies after 3 injections of the vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months the rate of antigen detection was 3.3% and that of antibody 80% whereas in babies of the control group these values were 23.7% and 8.0%, respectively.

Asia, Central↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Meningococcal carrier state and meningococcal diseases in a military unit].

In four recently formed military units pharyngeal meningococcal carrier state and dynamics of nasopharyngeal meningococcal infections have been examined. Carrier state found in at least 50% of recruits at their entering the army has been increased during the first two months for 10-26.4% and it was associated with very significant dynamics of meningococcal infection: changes in carrier state during the first two months have been found in 61.3% of soldiers with very marked changes in distribution of some meningococcal serologic groups among isolated species. Two months later stagnation and lower percentage of the carrier state was observed together with reducing dynamics of meningococcal infection. Meningococcal disease did not occur in the examined environment and this was explained by the absence of virulent meningococcal serotypes. It was concluded that in the risk for meningococcal disease evaluation final identification of meningococcal species isolated from patients and their contacts should be made aiming to timely detection of species known to have significant degree of virulence.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The carrier state in foot and mouth disease--an immunological review.

The carrier state in foot and mouth disease (FMD) is characterized by the asymptomatic low-level excretion of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) from the oropharynx of ruminants for periods that are species and virus strain-dependent. Persistent infection with FMDV readily occurs following the failure of virus elimination at the acute stage of infection, a process thought to be mediated through the phagocytosis of antibody/virus immune complexes. Recent evidence supports the view that carrier cattle are important in the epidemiology of FMD in the field. The absence of histopathological change in persistently infected tissues and the reduced cytopathology of carrier virus isolates in tissue culture suggest that less lytic FMDV variants are generated or selected in the carrier animal. Altered virus replication, due to attenuation or interference, rather than antigenic variation may therefore allow evasion of the exaggerated FMDV-specific systemic and local humoral immune responses that occur in the carrier state. Although cell-mediated immune mechanisms for FMDV clearance have not been described, the eventual elimination of many persistent virus infections involves this arm of the immune system. Thus, further investigation of cellular elements of the immune response, more particularly the local interaction of mononuclear cell infiltrates with persistently infected cells, represents an area of research that has the potential to elucidate the carrier state problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Importance of humoral immunity indices in determining the Rickettsia prowazekii carrier state].

Experiments showed the possibility of making indirect conclusions concerning rickettsial carrier state by the method of determination of complement-fixing antibodies to R. prowazeki in the blood serum. Though not indicative of carrier state in individual animals, these antibodies, their dynamics and titers gave the evidence of group carrier state in cotton rats in respect of the causative agent of typhus. The number of animals carrying R. prowazeki increased with the rise of antibody titers. Negative seroconversion indicated the elimination of the causative agent from the body of the animal. The experimental results were confirmed by the data on the dynamics of the immunological structure of population, as well as by information contained in the literature on this problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Relationship of serum streptococcal antibodies to carrier state of beta-hemolytic streptococcus in throats of healthy schoolchildren].

The relationship of ASO, ASK and ASP to carrier state of beta-hemolytic streptococcus in throats of healthy schoolchildren was examined from September, 1980 to May, 1987. The responses to ASO significantly increased in children who detected group A, C and G streptococcus, and ASK in group A and G, and ASP in group A. The responses were especially high in children who detected group A, C and G streptococcus one after the other through the term of research, and in children detected another T type of streptococcus one after the other. Relatively high titers of ASO and ASK were obtained in sera of children from whom some groups or T types of streptococci were isolated several detection times. ASP titers were not concerned with these times. The elevation of antibodies in paired samples were found as follows; 7 cases in ASO, ASK and ASP together, 42 cases in ASO and ASK together, 3 cases in ASK and ASP together, 2 cases in ASO and ASP together, 41 cases ASO only, 38 cases in ASK only, 7 cases in ASP only. Among these cases with elevation of antibodies titers, several kinds of the change of streptococcal carrier state were observed between obtaining serum of twice. Especially 15 cases with change of carrier state from group A to group A were noticed. Among these 15 cases, 11 cases isolated another T type strain through the term of research, or found to contain the research-time when no streptococcal strain was detected. Both long term carrier state of the same group or the same type of streptococcal strain and change of carrier state of streptococcal group or T type lead the elevation of ASO and ASK titers.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Salmonella carrier state in chicken: comparison of expression of immune response genes between susceptible and resistant animals.

Asymptomatic Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis carrier state in poultry has serious consequences on food safety and public health due to the risks of food poisoning following consumption of contaminated products. An understanding the mechanisms of persistence of Salmonella in the digestive tract of chicken can be achieved by a better knowledge of the defects in the control of infection in susceptible versus resistant animals. The gene expression of innate immune response factors including anti-microbial molecules, inflammatory and anti-infectious cytokines was studied in the caecal lymphoid tissue associated with the carrier state. Expression levels of these genes were assessed by real-time PCR and were compared in two inbred lines of chickens differing in resistance to the carrier state following oral inoculation of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis at 1 week of age. No correlation was observed between resistance/susceptibility to caecal carrier state and level of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-18, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1). A high baseline level of defensin gene expression was recorded in young animals from the susceptible line. In contrast, a significantly low expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene was observed in these susceptible infected animals in comparison to resistant ones and healthy counterparts. IFN-gamma expression level represents a valuable indication of immunodeficiency associated with persistence of Salmonella in the chicken digestive tract, and IFN-gamma thus represents a factor to consider in the development of prophylactic measures for the reduction of Salmonella carrier state.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Clinical and epidemiological significance of the HBSAg (Australia antigen): carrier state.

One hundred fifteen asymptomatic Australia antigen (HBSAg) carriers, discovered by routine testing of volunteer blood donors in Toronto, were investigated and followed for up to 30 months. The carrier state seems to be largely host-dependent, and its prevalence is modified by ethnic origin, sex, and age. A high prevalence of carriers was found in persons coming from Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The carrier state was 3 times more common in males than in females, and the majority of the carriers were under 30 years of age. Family clustering of HBSAg-positive individuals was observed. All carriers were asymptomatic and only one gave a history of jaundice in the past. Seven gave a history of intravenous drug use. Four had moderate hepatomegaly. Fifty-four had some abnormality in their liver function tests. The SGPT was the most frequently abnormal test and correlated best with the histological findings. Twenty of 29 liver biopsies showed features of chronic benign persisting hepatitis. All patients remained well during the follow-up period. In no patient was there evidence of deterioration or progression in either their clinical state, liver function, or pathological findings. Only 1 of the 115 carriers became HBSAg-negative over the period of observation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Chemotherapy of East Coast fever: the long term weight changes, carrier state and disease manifestations of parvaquone treated cattle.

The weight changes, carrier state and nature of chronic disease in cattle following infection with five isolates of Theileria parva and treatment with parvaquone were studied over an 18 month period while the cattle were maintained on normal management under strict tick control. Cattle infected with the T.p. parva Pugu II isolate gained weight similarly to uninfected control cattle and did not develop a detectable carrier state or show chronic disease. The cattle in the 4 other isolate groups regained the weight lost during the initial infection more slowly, then gained weight in parallel to the control cattle. Transmission of infection through ticks was achieved consistently from the T.p. parva Mbita I and Entebbe II isolate infections and intermittently from the T.p. lawrencei Mara II and Manyara infections. Infections were transmitted from cattle which had neither a detectable parasitaemia nor an antitheilerial antibody titre. Persistent macroschizont parasitoses were detected with the T.p. parva Entebbe II and the two T.p. lawrencei infections. The histopathology of the chronic disease lesions is described and the importance of the carrier state discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Combined passive and active immunization for preventing the development of the infantile carrier state in hepatitis B virus vertical transmission].

By applying hepatitis B (HB) immunoglobulin (HBIG) and HB vaccine (vaccine) to 43 infants born to HB e antigen (HBeAg)-positive HB surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier women intramuscularly, and sub-and/or intra-cutaneously, respectively, the clinical usefulness of combined passive and active immunization in preventing infantile development of the carrier state was evaluated. The results obtained in this study are summarised as follows: Of the 43 infants, 5 (11.6%) developed the carrier state and 38(88.4%) were persistent HBsAb-positive. This carrier-rate was found to be significantly lower than that of 78 non-treated infants (73.1%) born to HBeAg-positive carrier women (control). Four of 15 infants (26.7%), who received HBIG every 4 months, developed carrier state, while only one case (3.6%) fell into carrier state in 28 infants who received HBIG every 3 months. In 30 infants whose vaccination was started at 2 or 4 months of age, 93.3% of the cases became persistent HBsAb-positive within 12 months, while 76.9% of 13 infants who underwent the first vaccination at 12 months of age became persistent HBsAb-positive. No adverse effects of HBIG and HB vaccine were observed in this study. In addition, the mean values for serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were 35 and 69mu/ml in the treated and control groups, respectively. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the infantile development of HBsAg carrier state by HB virus-vertical transmission could be safely, economically and easily prevented by early initiation of vaccination and re-administration of HBIG within 3 months.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1989

Prevention of hepatitis B virus carrier state in infants according to maternal serum levels of HBV DNA.

235 infants of HBeAg-carrier mothers in Hong Kong were assigned to four study groups. Groups I, II, and III received hepatitis-B (HB) vaccine at birth and at 1, 2, and 6 months. Group I also received seven monthly injections of HB immunoglobulin (HBIg), and group II received one HBIg injection at birth. Group III received vaccine only and group IV received placebo for both vaccine and HBIg. At the age of 3 years, all infants of the three treatment groups were significantly protected against the HB virus (HBV) carrier state compared with the placebo group (p less than 0.0001); the protective efficacy rates in groups I, II, and III were 87%, 80%, and 65%, respectively. At all times, group I was significantly better protected than group III. In groups III and IV, infants of mothers with serum HBV DNA levels of 5 pg/ml or above were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring the HBV carrier state than those whose mothers had HBV DNA levels below 5 pg/ml. This difference was not significant in groups given HBIg. Of the 183 infants who initially escaped HBV infection, 73 (40%) had transient and 8 (4%) chronic HBV infection between 6 and 36 months. Vaccinated infants who had actively formed anti-HBs remained well protected against the HBV carrier state. However, infants in groups I and II with no active anti-HBs response to vaccine became at risk for the HBV carrier state when the passively acquired anti-HBs antibodies had disappeared. HBIg should be included in HB vaccination schedules for all infants of HBeAg-positive mothers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Background and practical aspects of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state.

The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) carriers in the Europe and North America 0.1 - 0.2%, but can exceed a few per cent in South-East Asia and Africa. The HBSAg carrier state is considered to be connected with sociaohygienic conditions but it is evident that genetic factors also contribute the chronic carrier state. Practical measures concerning the treatment and management of HBSAg carriers are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Theileria annulata: carrier state and immunity.

Recovery from primary infection of Theileria annulata results in the development of a persistent carrier state in the vertebrate host. The carrier state is of great importance in the maintenance of the life cycle by alternate tick/cattle challenge and both contributes to and may be necessary for maintenance of immunity. Therefore, an accurate determination of carrier animals could be useful in determining immune status and may allow the necessary control measures to be implemented. Detailed information on the carrier state of animals following immunization with attenuated cell lines is lacking. In this study, relationship between immune response, persistence of the parasite, and the antibody response has been investigated. Calves were infected with T. annulata sporozoites, low passage (non-attenuated) or high passage (attenuated, vaccine) cell lines and later challenged with a lethal dose of heterologous sporozoites. The presence and persistence of the parasite were monitored by PCR using primers derived from genes coding for ssrRNA and a 30 kDa major merozoite surface protein, by Giemsa stained blood smears to detect the presence of piroplasms and also by attempting to establish infected mononuclear cell cultures from venous blood. Antibody responses were measured by indirect ELISA using a merozoite recombinant antigen and IFAT using piroplasm and macroschizont antigens. Results showed that there was an evident relationship between the persistence of carrier status, antibody response in ELISA and immune response to challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Demonstration of the carrier state in naturally acquired equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion.

The chronic carrier state was virologically confirmed in 15 thoroughbred stallions naturally infected with equine arteritis virus based on the results of test matings and, or, isolations of the virus from semen. Carrier stallions were shown to shed equine arteritis virus in the semen for at least one to two years. Existence of a short-term or convalescent carrier state was also demonstrated in five additional stallions. The frequency of the long-term carrier state in stallions naturally infected with equine arteritis virus was 35 per cent; it varied considerably between groups of stallions on different farms. The carrier stallion would appear to play an important epidemiological role in the dissemination and perpetuation of equine arteritis virus.

Animals↗