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PubMed2006

Blindness and low vision in Cape Verde Islands: results of a national eye survey.

AIMS: Prior to establishing a national prevention of blindness program a population based survey was conducted in Cape Verde Islands in1998. The objectives of the survey were to estimate the overall and age-specific prevalence of blindness and low vision, to identify the main disorders causing blindness and low vision, and to estimate the population need for basic eye care services. METHODS: A two-level cluster random sampling procedure was used, selecting 30 clusters from the nine inhabited islands and 3,803 persons of all ages were included in the sample. RESULTS: 3,374 persons were examined (coverage 88.7%). The prevalence of bilateral blindness (visual acuity in the better eye less than 3/60) was 0.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-1.1), of bilateral low vision (6/18 to 3/60 in the better eye) 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3-2.2) and of monocular blindness 1.5% (95% CI: 1.2-2.0). The major causes of blindness were age related cataract and glaucoma (57.7% and 15.4%, respectively, of blind people recruited). The major causes of bilateral low vision were cataract, refractive errors, and macular disorders (46.2%, 26.8%, and 8.9%, respectively, of persons with low vision). Nontrachomatous corneal opacities accounted for 7.7% of bilateral and for 11.5% of monocular blindness. Vascular retinopathy was responsible for 7.7% of bilateral and for 9.6% of monocular blindness. Trachoma is not a public health problem as only 2.3% of children less than 10 years of age were suffering from active trachoma. Palpebral or limbal vernal conjunctivitis were encountered in 4.5% of persons under 25. CONCLUSION: More than half of the visual impairments are treatable by provision of cataract surgery and cataract has been indicated as a priority target in the recently designed National Blindness Program of the Cape Verde Republic. Pathologic conditions such as diabetes are emerging as serious burden for ageing populations and account for most of the retinal vascular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiological survey of oral status of 7, 12 and 15-year old Cape Verde school children].

A representative sample of 614 schoolchildren of Cape Verde Islands, 7, 12 and 15 years old, was randomly selected. The dental caries prevalence was determined in each age group using the dmft and DMFT indices. The mean DMFT index increased from 2.38 at age 7 to 4.5 at age 15 years. The percentage of children with caries free permanent teeth decreased from 74.5% to 10.4% between 7 and 15 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Serological investigations for antibodies against Treponema pallidum on the Cape Verde Islands (Santiago and Santo Antao)--2. report.

On the Cape Verde Islands, Santiago and Santo Antao 581 human blood samples were collected. The VDRL and TPHA tests were employed in the serological examinations of samples for antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Positive reactions were shown in 2 of the 191 sera from the Santiago Island and in 12 of the 390 sera from the Santo Antao Island in both the VDRL and the TPHA tests. Including the alone TPHA-positives of 5 and 8 sera respectively, results in a 3.7% of positive sera for Santiago and a 5.1% for Santo Antao. By not taking into account children under 13 years of age, the positivity rises to 4.2% and 7.6% respectively. Giving a total contamination rate of 6.3% for Treponema pallidum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Popular conceptions of schizophrenia in Cape Verde, Africa.

INTRODUCTION: It has been well documented that schizophrenia presents a better clinical course in developing countries. Although there are many epidemiological studies showing this association, little research has been conducted to investigate the local representation systems for schizophrenia in these countries. OBJECTIVES: This study focuses on cultural factors of schizophrenia, namely the local representation systems for the disease, as well as what is locally understood as deviant behavior and its acceptability, and mechanisms of social-cultural insertion or exclusion of patients with schizophrenia in Cape Verde, Africa. METHODS: Randomized open interviews were carried out with the relatives of patients under treatment at the mental health out patient service of the Batista de Sousa Hospital (São Vicente Island) between the years 1994 and 1995. Interviews dealt with patients' life histories and disease related to problems, strategies employed by the family to cope with such problems, and comments on the social and family burden. RESULTS: 20 interviews with close relatives of 10 patients were analyzed. The study focused on three main categories explaining schizophrenia: "tired head" (cabeça cansada), "nervous" (nervoso), and supernatural categories (like "sorcery" or "witchcraft"). The interviewees expressed their opinions, either explicitly or not, on whether their relatives truly had a disease. CONCLUSION: Characteristics of local categories for schizophrenia found in Cape Verde can be regarded as a less stigmatized way of dealing with the disease. It is reasonable to suppose that the understanding of such cultural factors could lead to better outcomes in the treatment for schizophrenia in this country, and also in others, where similar conditions can be identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Unusually high prevalence of nosocomial Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Cape Verde Islands.

Characterization of nosocomial methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Cape Verde showed that (i) Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes were present in 35% of the isolates and (ii) half of the collection had the same genetic background as methicillin-resistant pandemic clones. Introduction of the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) into virulent and epidemic isolates could pose serious threats to public health.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2004

Changes in endogenous abscisic acid levels during dormancy release and maintenance of mature seeds: studies with the Cape Verde Islands ecotype, the dormant model of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Mature seeds of the Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. show a very marked dormancy. Dormant (D) seeds completely fail to germinate in conditions that are favourable for germination whereas non-dormant (ND) seeds germinate easily. Cvi seed dormancy is alleviated by after-ripening, stratification, and also by nitrate or fluridone treatment. Addition of gibberellins to D seeds does not suppress dormancy efficiently, suggesting that gibberellins are not directly involved in the breaking of dormancy. Dormancy expression of Cvi seeds is strongly dependent on temperature: D seeds do not germinate at warm temperatures (20-27 degrees C) but do so easily at a low temperature (13 degrees C) or when a fluridone treatment is given to D seeds sown at high temperature. To investigate the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in dormancy release and maintenance, we measured the ABA content in both ND and D seeds imbibed using various dormancy-breaking conditions. It was found that dry D seeds contained higher amounts of ABA than dry ND after-ripened seeds. During early imbibition in standard conditions, there was a decrease in ABA content in both seeds, the rate of which was slower in D seeds. Three days after sowing, the ABA content in D seeds increased specifically and then remained at a high level. When imbibed with fluridone, nitrate or stratified, the ABA content of D seeds decreased and reached a level very near to that of ND seeds. In contrast, gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment caused a transient increase in ABA content. When D seeds were sown at low optimal temperature their ABA content also decreased to the level observed in ND seeds. The present study indicates that Cvi D and ND seeds can be easily distinguished by their ability to synthesize ABA following imbibition. Treatments used here to break dormancy reduced the ABA level in imbibed D seeds to the level observed in ND seeds, with the exception of GA3 treatment, which was active in promoting germination only when ABA synthesis was inhibited.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Serological investigations in Q-fever and listeriosis of wild-living small mammals on the Cape Verde Islands.

Serological investigations of small mammals had been made on the Island Santiago (Cape Verde Islands), to clear up how far synantropic, small mammals are reservoir hosts for pathogens, such as Coxiella burnetti and Listeria monocytogenes. 367 small mammals representing two species (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) were trapped. Q-fever antibodies were detected in 155 of 350 examined rats and mice (44.29%). 18.89% of all tested sera showed positive results to Listeria-antigen, serovar 4bH, 5.48% to 4b0 and 9.75% to 01.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Outbreak of poliomyelitis--Cape Verde, 2000.

During August 16-October 17, 2000, 33 cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), including seven (21%) deaths, were reported in Cape Verde, an archipelago of 10 islands west of Senegal and Mauritania. Preliminary laboratory results identified wild type 1 poliovirus among eight cases. The first patient was a child aged 2 years from the capital city of Praia; paralysis onset occurred August 16. The child had received one dose of the recommended three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Twenty-two cases were reported from the island of Santiago, seven from Sal, three from San Vincente, and one from Maio. The ages of the AFP patients ranged from 3 months-38 years; 11 (33%) were aged < 5 years, 15 (46%) were 5-14 years, and seven (21%) were > or = 15 years. No deaths were reported among patients aged < 5 years. Three deaths (case fatality rate [CFR]: 20%) occurred among patients aged 5-14 years and four deaths occurred among patients aged > or = 15 years (CFR: 57%). Of 33 cases with known vaccination status, 13 (39%) were fully vaccinated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Deaths among women of reproductive age in Cape Verde: causes and avoidability.

SUBJECT: In 1992-93 all deaths (n=97) of women 15 to 49 years old in three islands of Cape Verde were investigated to determine the cause of death, the maternal mortality ratio, the reliability of cause-of-death ascertainment, and the level of avoidability. METHOD: Data were obtained through interviews with the deceased person's family members and other knowledgeable persons (verbal autopsy) and through hospital files. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 163 per 100,000 women 1549 years old, and the maternal mortality ratio was 127 per 100,000 live births. A plausible diagnosis could be determined in 77%. The most frequent causes of death were circulatory disorders, external causes, maternal causes, infectious diseases. and neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: It was estimated that three of four of the deaths were avoidable with locally available resources. Since access to health care in the study area is not a major hindrance, a further decrease of female mortality depends mainly on improved quality of care in health facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Serological screenings of various infectious diseases on the Cape Verde Islands (West Africa).

General screening investigations with various antigens were carried out with a view to further specific investigations being carried out on the Cape Verde Islands concerning infectious diseases. Serological positive reactions were found in Mumps, Adeno, PLT, Cytomegaly, Herpes, Para-influenza 1, 2, 3, Influenza A and B, Mycoplasmosis, RS-Virus, Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis A and B, R. conori, Malaria, Syphilis, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Varicella, Legionella, Picornavirus, Measles, German Measles, Listeriosis, Toxoplasmosis and Amoebic dysentery.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of natural allelic variation at flowering time loci in the Landsberg erecta and Cape Verde Islands ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana.

We have analyzed the flowering behavior of two Arabidopsis ecotypes: the laboratory strain Landsberg erecta (Ler) and an ecotype from the tropical Cape Verde Islands (Cvi). They differ little in their flowering phenotypes and in their responses to photoperiod length changes and to vernalization treatment. However, segregating populations derived from crosses between them showed a much larger variation. An approach of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown under three environments differing in day-length and/or vernalization treatment has been used to detect and locate flowering loci. Four main QTLs were identified, designated early day-length insensitive (EDI), flowering F, G, and H (FLF, FLG, and FLH, respectively), to which most of the flowering behavior differences could be attributed. To further characterize the individual loci, near isogenic lines were constructed by introgressing Cvi early alleles of EDI and FLH into the Ler genetic background. EDI-Cvi alleles produce earliness under both long- and short-day photoperiods, rendering Ler plants almost day-length neutral. In addition, RILs were selected to analyze FLF and FLG. These loci interact epistatically and RILs carrying late alleles at FLF and FLG were very responsive to vernalization and showed an increased response to photoperiod length changes. The possible role of these loci for the control of flowering is discussed in the context of the current Arabidopsis model.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

The Cape Verde Islands allele of cryptochrome 2 enhances cotyledon unfolding in the absence of blue light in Arabidopsis.

We analyzed the natural genetic variation between Landsburg erecta (Ler) and Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) accessions by studying 105 recombinant inbred lines to search for players in the regulation of sensitivity to light signals perceived by phytochromes in etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis. In seedlings grown under hourly pulses of far-red (FR) light, we identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs; VLF3, VLF4, and VLF5) for hypocotyl growth inhibition and three different QTLs (VLF6, VLF7, and VLF1) for cotyledon unfolding. This indicates that different physiological outputs have selective regulation of sensitivity during de-etiolation. Ler alleles, compared with Cvi alleles, of VLF3, VLF4, VLF5, VLF7, and VLF1 enhanced, whereas the Ler allele of VLF6 reduced, the response to pulses of FR. We confirmed and narrowed down the position of some QTLs by using near-isogenic lines. VLF6 mapped close to the CRY2 (cryptochrome 2) gene. Transgenic Ler seedlings expressing the Cvi allele of CRY2 showed enhanced cotyledon unfolding under hourly pulses of FR compared with the wild type or transgenics expressing the CRY2-Ler allele. This response required phytochrome A. The cry1 cry2 double mutant lacking both cryptochromes showed reduced cotyledon unfolding under FR pulses. Because the CRY2-Cvi is a gain-of-function allele compared with CRY2-Ler, cryptochrome activity correlates positively with cotyledon unfolding under FR pulses. We conclude that the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 can modulate seedling photomorphogenesis in the absence of blue light. In addition to the nuclear loci, we identified cytoplasmic effects on seedling de-etiolation.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2003

Genetic structure of kestrel populations and colonization of the Cape Verde archipelago.

Genetic diversity and population structure were studied in eight populations of the kestrel Falco tinnunculus to identify the genetic consequences of spatial distribution and to infer the colonization patterns of the Cape Verde archipelago. We studied genetic differentiation and gene flow among seven island populations and one mainland population using nine microsatellite loci. Within the archipelago, differentiation was strong and genetic diversity and heterozygosity were low but variable among populations. Two subspecies F. tinnunculus neglectus on the northwestern islands and F. tinnunculus alexandri on all the other islands were identified as genetically distinct units. F. t. alexandri could be further separated into two groups on eastern and southern islands. Populations are probably founded by birds originating from the mainland. Immigration is more likely to the eastern and southern populations, whereas the northwestern islands with the lowest genetic diversity and highest differentiation are likely to exhibit fewer founding events by immigrants. The number of founding events on each island may depend not only on geographical distance to neighbouring populations, but also on directional immigration due to the northeastern trade winds. This may explain differences in genetic differentiation and diversity between populations and subspecies and may enable allopatric speciation.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1988

Investigation of human stool samples from the Cape Verde Islands (district Santa Cruz/Santiago).

Based on the rate of occurrence of diseases associated with diarrhoea, stool samples were also investigated; parasitologically, using the MiFC-enrichment method for intestinal parasites; serologically, using ELISA for rotavirus and bacteriologically for Shigella and Salmonella on the Cape Verde Islands. 90% of the samples came from children aged between 6 and 14 years. Entamoeba histolytica, the causal agent of amoebic dysentery was demonstrated in 17.4%, Lamblia intestinalis in 28.7% and rotavirus in 14.5%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relationships of scincid lizards (Mabuya spp; Reptilia: Scincidae) from the Cape Verde islands based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.

Partial DNA sequences from two mitochondrial (mt) and one nuclear gene (cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, and C-mos) were used to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among the six extant species of skinks endemic to the Cape Verde Archipelago. The species form a monophyletic unit, indicating a single colonization of the islands, probably from West Africa. Mabuya vaillanti and M. delalandii are sister taxa, as indicated by morphological characters. Mabuya fogoensis and M. stangeri are closely related, but the former is probably paraphyletic. Mabuya spinalis and M. salensis are also probably paraphyletic. Within species, samples from separate islands always form monophyletic groups. Some colonization events can be hypothesized, which are in line with the age of the islands. C-mos variation is concordant with the topology derived from mtDNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Additional human Q-fever studies on the Cape Verde Islands--2nd report.

The MAR-test results including titer levels of 1:4 and higher revealed 92% positive reactions in the district of Santa Cruz/Santiago and 77% positive reactions in 6 villages of Santo Antao. The submitted examinations prove the agent Coxiella burnetti's existence responsible for different clinical pictures observed on the Cape Verde Islands.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Searching for the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) in south Sudan, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde Islands, Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Columbia.

In the spring of 1986, 3.473 human blood samples were serologically screened for HIV-antibodies. The methods used were ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), immunoblotting (Western Blot) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The blood samples were collected from males and females of all age groups in: South Sudan (Melut District in 1981 and 1983), Guinea Bissau (1983), on the Cape Verde Islands (1983/84), in Iran (1985), Nicaragua (1984), El Salvador (1984) and Columbia (1984). 18 out of 1.614 sera from South Sudan, 5 out of 93 sera from Guinea Bissau, 1 out of 289 tested sera from El Salvador were confirmed to be positive. None of the sera from Iran and Nicaragua were HIV-antibody positive.

Adolescent↗