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PubMed1987

Chromosomal evolution of the Canidae. II. Divergence from the primitive carnivore karyotype.

The Giemsa-banding patterns of chromosomes from the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are compared. Despite their traditional placement in different genera, the arctic fox and the kit fox have an identical chromosome morphology and G-banding pattern. The red fox has extensive chromosome arm homoeology with these two species, but has only two entire chromosomes in common. All three species share some chromosomes with the raccoon dog, as does the high diploid-numbered grey wolf (Canis lupus, 2n = 78). Moreover, some chromosomes of the raccoon dog show partial or complete homoeology with metacentric feline chromosomes which suggests that these are primitive canid chromosomes. We present the history of chromosomal rearrangements within the Canidae family based on the assumption that a metacentric-dominated karyotype is primitive for the group.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular evolution of the leptin exon 3 in some species of the family Canidae.

The structure of the leptin gene seems to be well conserved. The polymorphism of this gene in four species belonging to the Canidae family (the dog (Canis familiaris)--16 different breeds, the Chinese racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus)) were studied with the use of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques. For exon 2, all species presented the same SSCP pattern, while in exon 3 some differences were found. DNA sequencing of exon 3 revealed the presence of six nucleotide substitutions, differentiating the studied species. Three of them cause amino acid substitutions as well. For all dog breeds studied, SSCP patterns were identical.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Carnivora: the primary structure of the hemoglobin from the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes var., Canidae).

The primary structure determination of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains from the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes var., Canidae) is described. The separation of the chains could be achieved directly from the hemoglobin by RP-HPLC as well as by column chromatography of the globin using carboxymethyl-cellulose. Following tryptic digestion of the chains, the peptides were isolated by RP-HPLC. Amino-acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation in liquid and gas phase sequencers. The peptides could be aligned by homology with human and other Carnivora hemoglobins. Compared to human hemoglobin the alpha- and beta-chains of the silver fox exhibit 24 and 13 amino-acid exchanges, respectively. They differ by one alpha- and two beta-chain replacements from the domestic dog and the coyote. The substitutions affecting contact positions are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Use of RAPD technique in evolution studies of four species in the family Canidae.

The RAPD-PCR technique was applied to identify genetic markers able to distinguish between four canid species: the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) and six breeds of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). A total of 29 ten-nucleotide arbitrary primers were screened for their potential use in the differentiation of these species. Ten primers amplified RAPD profiles that made it possible to distinguish between the investigated taxa. A number of species-specific bands was scored within RAPD profiles produced by these primers: 35.6% of all the polymorphic bands were unique to the Chinese raccoon dog, 29.6% were unique to the domestic dog, 21.2% were diagnostic for the red fox and 13.6% for the arctic fox. No breed-specific fragments were amplified from canine DNA; however, three primers produced bands characteristic for the dog, but not present in all of the investigated breeds. A Neighbor-Joining tree constructed on the basis of the analysis of RAPD profiles amplified by six primers revealed that the phylogenetic distance between the dog and the arctic fox is larger than the distance between the dog and the red fox. The phylogenetic branch of the Chinese raccoon dog was the most distinct on the dendrogram, suggesting that this species belongs to a different phylogenetic lineage. Obtained results make it possible to conclude that RAPD analysis can be a powerful tool for developing molecular markers useful in distinguishing between species of the family Canidae and for studying their phylogenetic relations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Anatomic and topographical characteristics of the correlations between glossopharyngeal nerve and autonomic nervous system in Canidae and Mustelidae].

Using macro-microanatomical approach, the study of glossopharyngeal nerve was performed on carcasses of fur animals belonging to Canidae and Mustelidae families (mink, sable, sable polar fox, fox). The species peculiarities of interconnections of tympanic nerve with inner carotid nerve and ear branch of vagus nerve were established. The characteristics of the course and connection of the carotid sinus branch of glossopharyngeal nerve with sympathetic branches of cranial cervical ganglion, were defined. The variants of total absence of vagal pharyngeal branch with significant development of similar branch of glossopharyngeal nerve, were noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Species-specific features of the distribution of restriction sites in Bsp-repeats of Canidae genome].

Differences and similarities of the Bsp-repeats' organization in fox, dog, polar fox and raccoon dog genomes were studied. Specificity of Bsp-repeats to the Canidae family was demonstrated. The repeats are mainly organized in large clusters in all species studied. The species-specific features in restriction patterns were revealed for all five genomes, in spite of high intragenomic polymorphism exhibited in each case. This suggests that certain unique sets of structural versions of Bsp-repeats were fixed in canid genomes by amplification during the process of speciation. Fox and polar fox exhibited the highest similarity in restriction patterns of Bsp-repeats. Raccoon dog pattern is most unusual among others: its distinguishable character is the absence of large multimeric series. The EcoRI hydrolysate of raccoon dog Bsp-repeats consists mainly of one band corresponding to 1600 bp. These are in accordance with phylogenetic relations between canids.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Heterogeneity of the Canidae Bsp-repeats family: discovery of the EcoRI subfamily].

A 1600 bp EcoRI fragment was cloned from genome of raccoon dog. The structure obtained is homologous to the Canidae Bsp-repeats family. Comparative blot hybridization of the EcoRI fragment and BamHI repeat from fox genome with restricted hydrolysates of the total of raccoon dog and fox DNAs revealed differences both in structure and genomic organization between these two Bsp-repeats versions. Evidently, the EcoRI fragment contains a sequence lacking from the BamHI fragment of the fox Bsp-repeats. Quantitative differences in contents of two Bsp versions in various canid genomes were revealed as well. The EcoRI version is most abundant in raccoon dog genome, while the BamHI fox version is most representative in polar fox genome. With other species studied, quantitative differences in version contents are not so dramatic, and the EcoRI fragment is always present in lower copy numbers. The discovery of the EcoRI subfamily of the Bsp-repeats is in accordance with the "library hypothesis" advanced by Salser in 1976. Connection of the Bsp-repeats' evolution with centric fusions and breaks characteristic of karyotype evolution of canids is being discussed. Comparative study of cloned EcoRI and BamHI fragments of Bsp-repeats in cytogenetical and molecular aspects may be useful, when investigating the role of tandem repeats in large chromosome rearrangements.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of canine coronaviruses genotype I and II in raised Canidae animals in China.

An RT-nPCR assay was used for testing fecal samples of dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs and minks for the presence of canine coronavirus (CCV). The animals were raised in homes, dog schools or farms. Seventy out of 81 healthy dog feces from three cities and 21 out of 48 diarrhea feces from pet dogs were positive for type II CCV. From a total of 61 healthy fox feces, 43 were positive for type II and 29 for type I CCV, out of which 25 were simultaneously positive for the two different genotypes. Among 24 raccoon dogs samples, 22 were CCV type II-positive, and from those 16 were additionally type I positive. No CCVs was detected from healthy mink feces. Sequence analysis found that ten type II CCVs fragments of M gene shared a high similarity with reference strain CCV 1-71 (96.5-99.5%), and four type I CCVs shared a high similarity (96.7%-98.1%) with a reported FCV-like CCV strain. The sequence of one particular M gene fragment was found to cluster between the type I and type II CCV branches in phylogenetic analysis, suggesting the existence of a novel strain. Our study confirmed that type II CCVs infection is very common in domestic dog, fox, and raccoon dog populations in China. This is also the first report on the co-existence of two CCV genotypes in healthy foxes and raccoon dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Basic haematological values in carnivores--I. The Canidae, the Hyaenidae and the Ursidae.

Basic haematological values for 32 animals of four carnivore species are reported. In six adult wolves (Canis lupus) the mean values estimated for the erythrocyte count 7.48 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.465/l, haemoglobin 172.0 g/l and leukocyte counts 7.33 X 10(9)/l are given. For five young wolves, these parameters were markedly decreased, only the white cell count was raised. In 14 hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) the mean values estimated are: erythrocyte count 9.15 x 10(12)/l haematocrit 0.435/l, haemoglobin 179.2 g/l and leukocytes 12.95 X 10(9)/l. In six striped hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) the mean estimated values are: erythrocyte count 8.11 X 10(12)/l, haemoatocrit 0.445/l, haemoglobin 178.0 g/l and leukocytes 13.95 X 10(9)/l. Only individual values for the reported parameters are given in the Asiatic black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus). All results are compared with values derived from the literature for animals under investigation and for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Heterochromatin, synaptonemal complex, and NOR activity in the somatic and germ cells of a male domestic dog, Canis familiaris (Mammalia, Canidae).

C-banding and silver staining of the somatic and germ cells of the male domestic dog. Canis familiaris, have shown that: (1) the amount of C-banding is small compared to most other mammalian species, (2) three pairs of autosomes have nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) at the terminal ends of their long arms, whereas the Y chromosome has an NOR on the terminal end of the short arm, (3) the organization of the synaptonemal complex (SC) is similar to that of other mammalian species, (4) a distinct SC is formed between the long arm of the Y chromosome and probably the short arm of the X chromosome, and (5) the differential axes of both sex chromosomes do not demonstrate fusiform thickenings nor do they stain darkly with silver as do the XY bivalents in many other mammalian species.

Animals↗