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PubMed1986

Nicotine's effects on female rats' body weight: caloric intake and physical activity.

Caloric intake and physical activity contribute to the inverse relationship between nicotine and body weight in male rats. In contrast, the relative contribution of these behavioral variables to the nicotine/body weight relationship in female rats has has not been investigated. Recent research indicates that males and females respond differently to nicotine. The present study was designed to determine the role of physical activity and food consumption in body weight changes associated with nicotine administration in female rats. Nicotine or saline was administered chronically to 24 female rats for 19 days. Body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and physical activity were measured before, during, and after nicotine administration. Body weight and food consumption decreased during and increased after nicotine administration. However, there were no changes in physical activity that could account for these changes in body weight. These results corroborate the report that males and females respond differently to nicotine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Insulin, physical activity, and caloric intake in postmenopausal women: breast cancer implications.

PURPOSE: Increased physical activity and programs to reduce body mass index (BMI) with both increased physical activity and decreased caloric intake have been proposed to reduce insulin as a potential mediator of breast cancer and other chronic diseases. However, there are few data on the relative contribution of physical activity, caloric intake, and BMI to fasting insulin levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethnically diverse subsample of 2,996 mostly healthy postmenopausal women with no prior cancer history was randomly identified from the 161,809 participants in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials and observational study. Information was collected on diet, recreational physical activity, and anthropometrics including BMI. Fasting insulin levels were determined. Using a cross-sectional design, insulin levels were then compared across quintiles of caloric intake and physical activity in linear regression model analyses controlled for BMI and other factors. RESULTS: Lower BMI (P < .0001), higher levels of physical activity (P < .0001), and lower caloric intake (P < .02) were all independently associated with significantly lower mean fasting insulin levels throughout the range of observed values. Insulin levels of 8.74 microU/mL +/- 4.16 SD were seen in the highest physical activity and lowest caloric intake quintile compared with insulin levels of 15.08 microU/mL +/- 16.32 SD in the lowest physical activity and highest caloric intake quintile (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that reduction in BMI achieved by increasing physical activity, reducing caloric intake, or both, should lower insulin levels, providing support for clinical trials evaluating insulin level change and breast cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Eating habits and caloric intake of physically active young boys, ages 10 to 14 years.

Eating habits of 104 male participants (ages 10 to 14 years) in organized ice hockey were compared across age groups and levels of competition. The boys were members of either a highly skilled and intensively active competitive league group (CL) or a less skilled, moderately active house league group (HL). Eating habits were recorded during a school day from a 24 hour recall questionnaire administered by a trained interviewer. The types and amounts of foods eaten were recorded and caloric intake was calculated. The total caloric intakes were not significantly different by age or competitive group. The boys had higher caloric intakes by age (200 kcal day-1) than reported by other studies but the caloric intake by kilogram of body weight was similar. There was a trend towards larger caloric intake by the CL boys (ages 10 and 11 years), however when divided by body weight the differences were not significant suggesting that this trend was due to a greater body weight of the CL boys and not a significantly increased caloric expenditure. The types of foods eaten (fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat, bread or "empty calories") were similar for the two activity groups and across ages 10 to 14 years. The caloric intakes of dairy and meat products of both groups were significantly higher than for the other food groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of smoking cessation on caloric intake and weight gain in an inpatient unit.

The present research was designed to assess the amount of weight gain that would occur when male smokers in an inpatient setting were deprived of cigarettes for 10 days, and to evaluate factors that could contribute to that weight gain, such as caloric intake and activity level. Subjects were 17 healthy male smokers who either smoked ad libitum (n = 8) or quit smoking (n = 9) for 10 days after a 3 day smoking baseline. Caloric intake, activity levels, and body weight were assessed daily. Abstainers gained more weight than did smokers and ate more over time. There were no group differences in activity level. An analysis of energy needs versus actual energy intake suggests that caloric intake accounted for a large percentage of the post-cessation weight gain. However, considerable individual variability exists in caloric intake after smoking cessation. In addition, the study found post-cessation increases in caloric intake that were quite similar to those found in studies with females, suggesting that gender may have little to do with overall post-cessation caloric intake. Further research assessing dietary and metabolic changes after smoking cessation in a larger sample of both males and females is needed so that the reasons for and implications of dietary variability can be evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Leptin antagonist reveals that the normalization of caloric intake and the thermic effect of food after high-fat feeding are leptin dependent.

High-fat (HF) feeding induces a transient increase in caloric intake and enhances energy expenditure. We hypothesized that leptin is necessary for homeostatic restoration of the HF-enhanced caloric intake and may mediate the increase in uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We employed a leptin antagonist to examine the role of leptin in these biological processes. Simultaneous central administration of leptin and increasing doses of the leptin antagonist revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of leptin-induced hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 phosphorylation, and 7 days of infusion of the leptin antagonist produced the predicted increase in food intake and weight gain. When delivered with exogenous leptin in a 7-day infusion, the leptin antagonist blocked leptin-mediated anorexic effects as well as the increase in BAT UCP1 protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 phosphorylation. Rats were then fed an HF diet (60% kcal as fat) or chow and simultaneously infused with antagonist (25 microg/day into the lateral ventricle) for 7 days and compared with vehicle-infused chow-fed rats. Daily caloric intake of both HF groups peaked on day 2. HF feeding elevated caloric intake, which nearly normalized by day 7, whereas in the presence of the antagonist, caloric intake remained elevated. Moreover, the HF-mediated augmentation in UCP1 in BAT was prevented by the antagonist. These results demonstrate that leptin is essential for the homeostatic restoration of caloric intake after HF feeding and that this leptin antagonist is able to block central leptin signaling and leptin-mediated UCP1 elevation.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1983

Small intestine of artificially reared rat pups: effect of caloric intake and dietary composition on growth and disaccharidase activities.

When rats were fed a cow milk formula (CMF) from 12 to 16 days of age at a caloric intake sufficient to support a body weight gain equal to mother-fed (MF) rats, their small intestine outweighed that of MF rats by 40%. If the caloric intake was reduced by approximately 40%, artificially reared (AR) rats exhibited intestinal weights similar to MF rats, but their body weight was lower than MF rats. Sucrase specific activity was precociously increased in all AR rats; this increase was higher in rats with low caloric intake than rats with high caloric intake. Conversely, lactase specific activity was significantly decreased in the ileum of all AR rats. As compared to MF rats, the total lactase activity was significantly lower only in rats with low caloric intake. When AR rats were fed a modified Ross Carbohydrate-Free formula (RCF) containing the same caloric density of protein, fat, and carbohydrate as rat milk, the intestinal growth and disaccharidase activities were the same as those of AR rats fed CMF. It is concluded that the weight gain of small intestine depends on the caloric intake of AR rats and both CMF and RCF are nutritionally equal in supporting intestinal growth. Changes in sucrase and lactase activities in AR rats appear to have no relation to compositional differences in CMF and RCF.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Study of daily caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit.

A retrospective analysis of the caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit was undertaken after discovery of two cases of severe hypoglycemia. An unsuspected number of extremely low daily caloric intakes were found after careful analyses. The surviving group (50 patients) had less than 600 calories on 19.5% of the patient days and under 800 calories on 28.8% of patient days. In the nonsurviving group (29 patients) caloric intake was under 600 calories on 48.8% of patient days and under 200 calories on 22.7% of patient days. This study indicates the importance of monitoring actual caloric intake to avoid unrecognized extreme caloric deprivation and its possible complications.

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed1989

Caloric intake and activity levels are related in young children.

In this study the relationship between caloric intake and activity levels was examined in forty-three 18-month-old children. Caloric consumption was measured during a laboratory meal, and activity levels were assessed using an ambulatory monitor over a 24-hour period. Caloric intake was found to be significantly correlated with activity levels, such that children with a high caloric intake tended to have lower activity levels. This finding suggests that two risk factors influencing the development of obesity, caloric intake and physical activity levels, are likely to occur together in a subset of young children. A possible mechanism underlying this association is discussed.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2005

A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Ad libitum, low-carbohydrate diets decrease caloric intake and cause weight loss. It is unclear whether these effects are due to the reduced carbohydrate content of such diets or to their associated increase in protein intake. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that increasing the protein content while maintaining the carbohydrate content of the diet lowers body weight by decreasing appetite and spontaneous caloric intake. DESIGN: Appetite, caloric intake, body weight, and fat mass were measured in 19 subjects placed sequentially on the following diets: a weight-maintaining diet (15% protein, 35% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, an isocaloric diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, and an ad libitum diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 12 wk. Blood was sampled frequently at the end of each diet phase to measure the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. RESULTS: Satiety was markedly increased with the isocaloric high-protein diet despite an unchanged leptin AUC. Mean (+/-SE) spontaneous energy intake decreased by 441 +/- 63 kcal/d, body weight decreased by 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg, and fat mass decreased by 3.7 +/- 0.4 kg with the ad libitum, high-protein diet, despite a significantly decreased leptin AUC and increased ghrelin AUC. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in dietary protein from 15% to 30% of energy at a constant carbohydrate intake produces a sustained decrease in ad libitum caloric intake that may be mediated by increased central nervous system leptin sensitivity and results in significant weight loss. This anorexic effect of protein may contribute to the weight loss produced by low-carbohydrate diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Excessive dietary protein and suboptimal caloric intake have a negative effect on the growth of children with chronic renal disease before and during growth hormone therapy.

Although diet and nutrition are an integral part of the management of individuals with chronic renal failure (CRF), little has been written on the effect of nutrition on the growth response to growth hormone (GH) in CRF. We studied the GH axis and nutritional status of 31 prepubertal children aged 8.7 +/- 0.5 years with a height standard deviation score (SDS) of -3.2 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) with CRF. Sixteen CRF patients on hemodialysis and 15 on peritoneal dialysis were studied. Forty-four age-matched normal short children without GH deficiency served as controls. Spontaneous 12-hour GH and stimulated GH values were significantly higher and GH binding protein (GHBP) was significantly lower in the CRF patients than in the normal short children. Both before the initiation of GH therapy and after the first year of treatment, the growth velocity (SDS) was inversely correlated with dietary protein intake and positively correlated with caloric intake. GH was administered at a dosage of 28 and 21 IU/m2/wk to the CRF group and the normal short children, respectively, divided into seven daily doses. The growth response of the normal short children was significantly greater than that of the CRF patients. GH therapy induced a smaller increment in GHBP and IGF-I in the CRF patients versus the normal short children (8.8 +/- 2.2 and 10.2 +/- 2.7 v 24.8 +/- 1.3 and 27.6 +/- 2.5 nmol/L, respectively, P < .01). The 1-year growth velocity of the CRF children was most closely correlated with dietary protein and caloric intake. The nutritional status of CRF patients is concluded to be a major factor in growth both before and during GH therapy.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2004

Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether caloric intake is associated with risk of nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill medical patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban, academic medical intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Patients were 138 adult patients who did not take food by mouth for > or =96 hrs after medical intensive care unit admission. MEASUREMENTS: Daily caloric intake was recorded for each patient. Participants subsequently were grouped into one of four categories of caloric intake: <25%, 25-49%, 50-74%, and > or =75% of average daily recommended calories based on the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines. Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and serum albumin were measured on medical intensive care unit admission. Serum glucose (average value and maximum value each day) and route of feeding (enteral, parenteral, or both) were collected daily. Nosocomial bloodstream infections were identified by infection control surveillance methods. MAIN RESULTS: The overall mean (+/-sd) daily caloric intake for all study participants was 49.4 +/- 29.3% of American College of Chest Physicians guidelines. Nosocomial bloodstream infection occurred in 31 (22.4%) participants. Bivariate Cox analysis revealed that receiving > or =25% of recommended calories compared with <25% was associated with significantly lower risk of bloodstream infection (relative hazard, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.60). Simplified Acute Physiology Score II also was associated with risk of nosocomial bloodstream infection (relative hazard, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.60). Average daily serum glucose, admission serum albumin, time to initiating nutritional support, and route of nutrition did not affect risk of bloodstream infection. After adjustment for Simplified Acute Physiology Score II in a multivariable analysis, receiving > or =25% of recommended calories was associated with a significantly lower risk of bloodstream infection (relative hazard, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: In the context of reducing risk of nosocomial bloodstream infections, failing to provide > or =25% of the recommended calories may be harmful. Higher caloric goals may be necessary to achieve other clinically important outcomes.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1993

Daily caloric intake in intact and chronic decerebrate rats.

Daily caloric intake regulation was studied in chronic supracollicular decerebrate rats with a complete transection of the neural axis at the meso-diencephalic juncture and in intact controls. For 1 week, each rat received 3 intraorally delivered meals per day. They were challenged to maintain their 3-meal daily intake over 1 week in which only 2 meals per day were delivered. Intact rats increased meal size to compensate for the lost opportunity to feed, whereas chronic decerebrate rats did not. Results suggest that, although the caudal brainstem, as previously shown (Grill & Kaplan, 1990), is sufficient to modulate ingestive behavior in taste reactivity and single-meal tests, it is not sufficient to regulate daily caloric intake. Although it is possible that chronic decerebrate rats retain a long-term regulatory competence that is somehow masked under the meal omission paradigm, forebrain-hindbrain interactions appear necessary for the coordination of short- and long-term intake control processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Resting energy expenditure, caloric intake, and short-term weight change in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

To assess the causes of short-term weight loss in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we measured resting energy expenditure (REE), caloric intake, and the 28-d weight trend in control subjects, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ subjects, AIDS patients, and AIDS patients during secondary infection (AIDS-SI). REE was increased in HIV+ (11%), AIDS (25%), and AIDS-SI (29%). Caloric intake was similar in control subjects, HIV+, and AIDS but reduced 36% in AIDS-SI, who consumed 17% fewer calories than their REE. Average short-term weight was stable for HIV+ and AIDS but decreased 5% in AIDS-SI. Weight trend correlated with caloric intake but not with REE. Thus HIV+ and AIDS are able to partially compensate for increased REE because they do not show short-term weight loss. Decreased caloric intake is critical for short-term weight loss and is seen during secondary infection. Inability of decreased caloric intake to decrease REE during infection accelerates short-term weight loss. Rapid weight loss with anorexia may be a harbinger of secondary infection in AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1980

Caloric intake and expenditure of obese boys.

Caloric intake and expenditure of children in four families were assessed by nonparticipant observations of family dinners and school lunches. In each family there were one obese boy and one nonobese brother whose ages were within two years of each other. For family dinners the nonobese brother served as a control; for school lunches, a nonobese peer served as a control. The obese boys consumed more calories (766 +/- 290) than did their nonobese brothers at dinner (504 +/- 183) and far more (907 +/- 217) than their nonobese peers at lunch (500 +/- 386). The obese boys also ate faster (65.7 +/- 37.0 kcal/minute) than their brothers at dinner (31.7 +/- 13.8 kcal/minute) and far faster (103.5 +/- 40.9 kcal/minute) than their nonobese peers at lunch (46.2 +/- 22.5 kcal/minute). Time-sampled activity assessments showed the obese boys far less active than their controls inside the home, slightly less active outside the home, and equally active at school. When these activity values were converted into energy expenditure by measurement of oxygen consumption, obese boys expended more calories in moving than did their controls; as a result, there was no difference in energy expenditure between obese and nonobese boys at home and greater energy expenditure outside the home and at school. Increased intake, thus, and not decreased caloric output maintained the obesity of these four boys. In this respect, obesity in childhood may differ from obesity in adult life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Teaching self-management skills to cystic fibrosis patients and its effect on their caloric intake.

This study was undertaken to examine whether cystic fibrosis patients who received nutrition counseling based on self-management skills had an increased caloric intake and enhanced body mass index (kg/m2) values. Thirty-seven patients, aged 4 to 29 years, were placed on a nonrestricted nutrition program for a study period of 4 years. Bandura's self-management principles were applied in counseling patients to meet their nutrition needs. The results showed significant increases in energy intake and body mass index values (p less than .001). The mean energy intake increased from 93.6 +/- 16.9% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance to 125.8 +/- 24.1% of the RDA, and mean body mass index value increased from 16.9 +/- 2.3 to 18.8 +/- 2.5. Pulmonary functions remained unchanged during the counseling period. Four to six counseling sessions were required before the mean caloric intake of the patients increased to the desired goal of 115% of the RDA. During the remainder of the study period, the mean caloric intake rose to 125% of the RDA. The results of this study suggest that cystic fibrosis patients are able to increase their caloric intake significantly with counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Obesity and caloric intake: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-1975 (HANES I).

Most published studies have failed to show a greater food intake in obese subjects than in nonobese. However, the sample sizes in most of these studies are small and the methodologies open to question. HANES I is based on a probability sample of 20,749 people, representative of the civilian noninstitutional population of the U.S. We analyzed a subsample of 6219 nonpregnant adults whose diet was not influenced by illness or drugs and who stated that their intake, estimated by dietary interview, represented their usual pattern. Neither the caloric intake nor the caloric intake adjusted for physical activity level and age was higher in the obese subjects. This suggests that, unless estimates of food intake differ in accuracy between obese and nonobese subjects, factors other than overeating should be given increased consideration in the etiology of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of reducing caloric intake on mice transplanted with S180 ascitic cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of different reduced caloric intake on mice transplanted with S180 ascitic tumor. METHODS: The institute for cancer research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into control group, 3.0 standard feed (SF) group, 2.0 SF group and 1.3 SF group. The mice in control group were fed enough (about 5 g/d) dietary intake, while the amounts of dietary intake in the latter three groups were scaled down in the proportion of 65%, which were 3.0 g, 2.0 g and 1.3 g standard feed respectively. Meanwhile the essential vitamins were added to the latter three groups to keep the amount of intake the same as that of the control's. RESULTS: For most of the mice, the caloric intake obviously prolonged the mean survival days and improved the life quality was 7.14 kcal/d, and the fasting blood glucose level was 2-3 mmol/L. CONCLUSION: Properly reduced caloric intake and keeping lower blood glucose level is beneficial to prolonging the survival time of mice transplanted with S180 ascitic cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Caloric intake and weight gain according to the shift schedule of shift workers].

Survey involved 84 workers matched for age, socio-occupational and families status and divided into 3 groups : A : 27 shift workers on 3 days rotating shift, B : 47 shift workers on 5 days rotating shift, C : 20 days workers. Each subject was submitted to dietary survey by means of 24 hours recall, realised 3 times for shift workers and once for control. All workers were interviewed about caloric intake of the preceding day off caloric intake. Annual weight gain was studied through the use of occupational health service records. There was no significant difference between the 3 groups for working day caloric intake. Day-off intake was lower (p less than 0.05) in group A (day-off any day of the week). Annual weight gain was not different between the 3 groups. Shift workers with faster weight gain had a higher caloric intake on day-off and after evening meal.

Adult↗