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PubMed1990

Mind-body problems in family therapy: contrasting first- and second-order cybernetics approaches.

Using detailed case examples, we contrast first- and second-order cybernetics approaches to family problems involving somatic symptoms in a family member. A second-order cybernetics approach views the reality of the problem as linguistically shaped by those interacting around it, including the therapist and observing team members. This co-constructed reality, the story of the problem, inadvertently contributes to the problem's endurance by narrowing the choice of more effective solutions. In our approach, the therapist elicits from each person his or her story about the illness in the family. The therapist then facilitates a therapeutic conversation that provides a context for new linguistic distinctions to be drawn, including the way mind and body may interact to generate the symptoms. Shifts in beliefs and behaviors follow, and more innovative solutions to the problem can then emerge. Unlike the approach in our previously published work based upon ecosystemic patterns as "system diagnoses," this approach uses only descriptions and explanations of the problem as are collaboratively constructed within this therapeutic conversation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cybernetics, activation, and drug effects.

Patients present unique combinations of familial relationships, developmental idiosyncrasies, social aberrations, affective states, cognitive abilities, symptoms, defects, and maladaptations. Psychopharmacological treatments form a useful approach to cutting through this complexity to the core pathophysiology. Focusing on disorders that can be brought to complete remission by medication suggests that retarded and agitated depressions, manic and angry hyperactive paranoid states, panic disorder, emotionally unstable character disorders and schizophrenias are governed by the degree of derangement of an affective-activation control system. Defects in this control system are best conceptualized in cybernetic terms rather than in terms of the current rheostat models. Conceptualization of cybernetic defects allows for understanding of psychopathological developments as well as give a framework for pharmacological benefits. One aspect of the activation-affective disorders, are disorders of two types of pleasure regulatory mechanism, here referred to as appetitive and consummatory. The relationship of disorders of these hedonic control mechanisms to affective states and those of drug abuse are considered. This schema also affirms a close relationship between the bipolar affective disorders and the schizophrenias.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Interaction with the environment: anthropological cybernetic model.

Cybernetics is primarily concerned with the transfer of information through, and (re)actions of systems. The research aim was to investigate models of interaction dynamics between an anthropological system and its environment. Equifinality dynamic model defined by three compartments and propensity for establishment of a steady state regardless of the initial conditions was applied. The intention was to apply this concept in anthropological research using the OPSIM procedure. DYNOPS model defined by four age-group compartments and the environment was also used. The model was applied on the census of the Bogomolje village on the island of Hvar (R. Croatia). Through numerous simulations, it was found that the influence of the environment increases with the decrease of time spent in the young age compartment. A drawback of DYNOPS model is that it places the environment in an unchangeable category, while in reality it necessarily changes through numerous interactions with various agents. Finally, cybernetics should not only be used to explicate, but also predict and correct undesired communal developments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Role of medical cybernetics in the improvement of diagnosis, prognosis and choice of treatment method in pulmonological patients].

The authors review some aspects of the use of medical cybernetics methods in pulmonology. Analyze the results of machine and machine-free (mark) diagnosis of chronic lung diseases. Demonstrate that the quality of the disease recognition by means of the cybernetic methods correlates with that attained by highly specialized therapeutic institutions. Discuss the results of predicting the outcomes of the treatment of respiratory system diseases and the possibilities of using the mathematical methods for the classification optimization.

Cybernetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current aspects of the physiopathology of the infectious process. II. Cybernetic elements in the pathogenetic structure of infectious diseases].

The authors discuss the applicability of general cybernetic principles (the theory of systems and self-regulated mechanisms based on inversed connections) to the pathophysiologic structure of infections. With reference to concrete examples they outline the following elements: the appartenance of the infectious process to the notion of system (as conceived in the theory of systems), the previsible character of the functional potential of the structured system in the components of infection, and the sequental correspondence between system dynamics and the dynamics of the infectious process. Starting from the mechanism of action of the main microbial toxins, the aptitude of the latter to act upon the functional code of the macroorganism, altering the cellular and supracellular self-regulated biosystems, is demonstrated. Finally, the practical implications of assimilating cybernetic processes in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases are analyzed.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1981

[Cybernetic analysis of the heart rhythm in the measured physical loading test with crew members of the Saliut-6 orbital station].

The authors report on the study of the members of four lengthy expeditions on the orbital station "Saliut-6" in the exercise test with the bicycle ergometer at the station. The cybernetic analysis of the cardiac rhythm during its adaptation to weightlessness shows the definite changes of the controlling systems of the body. It is shown that the "cost" od adaptation to exercise is determined by the results of the cybernetic analysis of the cardiac rhythm.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1980

[Cybernetic conceptualization of the levels of hypnosis].

The synaptic function of the different associational levels of cortex and cortico-subcortical depending on inputs memorised in synchronism at each level, is probably responsible, on a broad scale of values, for auto- or heteroinducible levels of hypnosis due to inputs solicited by extraneuronal values determining feed-back with inputs recorded in neuronal DNA. This hypothesis is outlined here with reference to the same Author's "Metodica psicoterapica su elementi di cultura cibernetica" (Minerva Medica, 63, 968, 1972). Sophronic levels, and levels of hypnosis and hypnotism are, in the light of elements of cybernetic culture, neurophysiologically referrable not only to qualitatively different causes, and more specifically to the final cause triggering electrobiochemical reactions. They are, in other words, referrable to the electron and its dynamics, increasingly well known today to students of cybernetics.

Cybernetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrative cybernetic model of oxygen homeostasis.

The paper presents an integrative cybernetic model of the complex physiological process generically called "oxygen homeostasis". The model has been designed in such a manner as to enable a mathematical approach, in quantitative terms, to the various functions involved in the generation and uninterrupted functioning of the mentioned process. Those functions are: pulmonary and tissular respiratory function, blood circulation, transport, erythropoiesis, as well as other functions involved in the blood pH regulation at renal and hepatic level (the resorption of Na+ ions from the glomerular filtrate and the ammonio-genetic functions of the kidneys and, respectively, the glyco-genetic, ureo-genetic and metabolization functions of the liver). All of these functions have been assumed as regulated and controlled within a unitary cybernetic system, interpreted as an open, dynamic system. That system consists of seven multicompartment subsystems which are open and interconnected by means of exchange relations, biophysical and biochemical processes involved in the performance of the respective function. Special attention was given to the mathematical modelling of the exchange processes going on in the erythrocytic membrane as part of the transport function of the circulating blood. The mathematical description of the entire homeostatic system operation was done by means of a set of differential and algebraic equations. Some of those equations (those describing the continuity of several chemical species in a compartment of the circulatory system and those characterizing the state of thermodynamic balance of the blood subsystem within the respective compartment) enable one to determine the value of the state parameters at a given moment, as a function of the external and internal conditions and as a function of the intensity of processes specific to the subsystems considered. There are other equations (equations of regulation and control devices) that enable one to determine the variations in intensity of the processes mentioned that are necessary in order to restore the system to its "normal" state, in case of possible deregulations caused by disturbing factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cybernetic model of the growth dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch and continuous cultures.

Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose in aerobic batch culture follows the well-documented diauxic pattern of completely fermenting glucose to ethanol during the first exponential growth phase, followed by an intermediate lag phase and a second exponential growth phase consuming ethanol. In continuous cultures over a range of intermediate dilution rates, the yeast bioreactor exhibits sustained oscillations in all the measured concentrations, such as cell mass, glucose, ethanol, and dissolved oxygen, the amounts of intracellular storage carbohydrates, such as glycogen and trehalose, the fraction of budded cells as well as the culture pH. We present here a structured, unsegregated model for the yeast growth dynamics developed from the 'cybernetic' modeling framework, to simulate the dynamic competition between all the available metabolic pathways. This cybernetic model accurately predicts all the key experimentally observed aspects: (i) in batch cultures, duration of the intermediate lag phase, sequential production and consumption of ethanol, and the dynamics of the gaseous exchange rates of oxygen and carbon dioxide; and (ii) in continuous cultures, the spontaneous generation of oscillations as well as the variations in period and amplitude of oscillations when the dilution rate or agitatin rate are changed.

Models, Biological↗
PubMed1999

Anthropological cybernetic model of demographic structures in the Republic of Croatia.

Intentions of the present investigation were: a) to apply a cybernetic model in description of demography of the Republic of Croatia and b) to underline specificity of this type model application in anthrolpology based on definitions of systems theory as a reaction against reductionism. The cybernetic model is based on the idea that continuous processes of childbirth and ageing can be represented by compartment analysis. Compartment subpopulations were subjected to: a) the elimination by mortality and emigration described by constants Fi,0, and b) the enlargement by the immigration process described by constants F0,i. The consistency of the model is evaluated through the comparison between model data and census. The model prediction of the census and mortality for the period between 1953 to 1998 is fair enough (within +/- 2%). Application of this type of models provides a possibility that the anthropological fitness of regions could be quantified. The obtained data reveals that autoreproduction of the system and its fitness could be described by the chaos theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Anthropological cybernetic model of demography of the island of Hvar.

Intentions of the present investigation were to apply a cybernetic model in description of demography on the island of Hvar for a time period from year 1800 till now. The basic idea of the model applied in this anthropological study (LOPI) is that the rate of reproduction is given by the non-linear controller: Y2/Te(1-(Y3/G)). Constant G represents an environmental carrying capacity of a community with respect to the cohort of older people (no longer a part of the pool of reproductive inhabitants; Y3) sharing limited survival resources. The proportional constant 1/Te connected with the pool of reproductive inhabitants (Y2) correspond to the reproduction maximum. The consistency of the model is evaluated through comparison between model data and census. The LOPI model describes incredibly well the demography of the island of Hvar from the year 1800 till 1940. After year 1950 there were more inhabitants on the island then the model would predict. This fact is connected with changes in the migration or also in the increased carrying capacity (G). On the basis LOPI model, population dynamic oscillates in its development. The example of the island of Hvar has proved that population reaches a maximal number of inhabitants every 200 years. The oscillation of population dynamics is influenced by the migration processes. The mere fact that oscillating population size is connected to population genetics and probably also to sociocultural factors suggests that a cybernetics demographic model can be a guide in the holistic anthropological approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues: a cellular cybernetic probe?

More than 300 primary cilia have been identified electronmicroscopically in a variety of embryonic and mature connective tissue cells. To further define the enigmatic function of these cilia, we examined the interrelationships between the basal apparatus and cytoplasmic organelles and the ciliary shaft and the extracellular matrix. The basal diplosome was consistently associated with the secretory organelles including the maturing face of the Golgi complex, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles, the microtubular network, the plasma membrane, and coated pits and vesicles. Small vesicles and amorphous granules were also observed within the ciliary lumen and adjacent to the ciliary membrane. Microtubule-membrane bridges linked axonemal tubules to the ciliary membrane. The position, projection, and orientation of the axoneme were influenced by the structural organisation and mechanical properties of the matrix and frequently caused angulation of the ciliary shaft relative to the basal body. Located midway between the secretory apparatus and the extracellular matrix, primary cilia would appear ideally situated to mediate the necessary interaction between the cell and its surrounding environment prerequisite to the formation and maintenance of a functionally effective matrix. We propose that primary cilia in connective tissue cells could act as multifunctional, cellular cybernetic probes, receiving, transducing, and conducting a variety of extrinsic stimuli to the intracellular organelles responsible for effecting the appropriate homeostatic feedback response to changes in the extracellular micro-environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cybernetic formulation of the definition of life.

A definition of life (a living individual) in cybernetic terms is proposed. In this formulation, life (a living individual) is defined as a network of inferior negative feedbacks (regulatory mechanisms) subordinated to (being at service of) a superior positive feedback (potential of expansion). It is suggested that this definition is the minimal definition, necessary and sufficient, for life to be distinguished from inanimate phenomena and, as such, it describes the essence of life. Subsequently, a quantitative expression for the amount of the biologically relevant ("purposeful") information (as opposed to the amount of information in the thermodynamic sense) is proposed. This is followed by the application of the formulated approach to different phenomena of a dubious status existing presently on the Earth as well as to the process of origination of life on our planet.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A relativistic cybernetic model for the personality disorders caused by head injuries.

A mathematical model is used to demonstrate the personality disturbances caused by head injuries. A formal triontic model of personality was developed to express the effects of head injuries. The mathematical system theory (internal model principle) and the relativistic cybernetics are essentially used to explain how severe head injuries destroy the structural homeostasis of personality by influencing the non-cognitive elements via the cognitive elements. Attention is particularly paid to the communication processes between the personality and its external universe.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1979

The origin of life. A cybernetic and informational process.

According to the model presented in this paper, the beginning of life was marked by the coupling of two complementary nucleotide bases: adenine and thymine. The adenine-thymine system received photons from the sun and stored their energy in the form of a chemical high-energy bond between two phosphoric acid molecules, which were before-hand fixed by adenine from the aqueous environment. The energy of the high-energy bond was then delivered in the form of two waves of electronic excitation. These were utilized to synthesize new molecules, starting from the carbonic acid and ammonia molecules, fixed from the aqueous environment by the polar groups of the nucleotide bases. In this way, a nucleotides-histone protosystem (NHPS) was self-synthesized, evolving step by step towards complexity, by means of some internal cybernetic and informational mechanisms. During its evolution, the NHPS synthesized a limiting membrane, produced the organizing elements of the cellular organelles (chloroplastes, mitochondria, ribosomes etc) and constructed microtubules and microfilaments. Subsequently, the NHPS evolved to the building of DNA-histone system and formed the cellular nucleus.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cybernetic approach to the treatment of neurotic disorders.

This work is an attempt at a cybernetic analysis of the process of treatment of neurotic disorders. This approach is based on the consideration of a patient as an object of control. Assuming that the neurosis is an expression of some imbalance in an organism, the process of treatment is reduced to the exertion of influence on the system thrown out of balance (i.e., the patient) so that its homeostasis with the environment is restored. Thus the treatment of neurotic disorders consists of the use of negative feedback, both internal (those within the patients organism) and external (those within the system created by the interaction of patient and environment).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A cybernetic theory of morality and moral autonomy.

Human morality may be thought of as a negative feedback control system in which moral rules are reference values, and moral disapproval, blame, and punishment are forms of negative feedback given for violations of the moral rules. In such a system, if moral agents held each other accountable, moral norms would be enforced effectively. However, even a properly functioning social negative feedback system could not explain acts in which individual agents uphold moral rules in the face of contrary social pressure. Dr. Frances Kelsey, who withheld FDA approval for thalidomide against intense social pressure, is an example of the degree of individual moral autonomy possible in a hostile environment. Such extreme moral autonomy is possible only if there is internal, psychological negative feedback, in addition to external, social feedback. Such a cybernetic model of morality and moral autonomy is consistent with certain aspects of classical ethical theories.

Cybernetics↗