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PubMed2000

[Effect of plumular axis-cutted cotton on growth and development of cotton bollworm].

The method of plumular axis cutting was used to induce the resistance of cotton plants to cotton bollworms(Heliothis armigera). The bollworm was cultured in the laboratory, and the effect of induced cotton on the duration of larval development and weights of larvae and pupae was studied. In the treatments of infection and control, the lengths of larval period were delayed by 3 days and 0.5 days, the weights of larvae were decreased by 19.60% and 11.45%, and the pupae weights were decreased by 10.81% and 6.54%, respectively. After the 8 days old larvae were reared with induced cotton leaves for 3 days, the infected and uninfected cutted plants resulted in a decrease of the relative growth rates of larvae by 22.9% and 17.2% respectively, and in a decrease of the relative feeding rates by 26.1% and 21.4% respectively. It is suggested that plumular axis cutting could induce the resistance of cotton plants to bollworm, and influence the growth and development speed of bollworms through retarding their feeding and digestion. Combining with the treatment of Pseudomona gladioli D-2251 strain could obviously increase the insect-resistance of cotton plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The cotton kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein associates with cortical microtubules in cotton fibers.

Microtubules in interphase plant cells form a cortical array, which is critical for plant cell morphogenesis. Genetic studies imply that the minus end-directed microtubule motor kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) plays a role in trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, it was not clear whether this motor interacted with interphase microtubules. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers, cortical microtubules undergo dramatic reorganization during fiber development. In this study, cDNA clones of the cotton KCBP homolog GhKCBP were isolated from a cotton fiber-specific cDNA library. During cotton fiber development from 10 to 21 DPA, the GhKCBP protein level gradually decreases. By immunofluorescence, GhKCBP was detected as puncta along cortical microtubules in fiber cells of different developmental stages. Thus our results provide evidence that GhKCBP plays a role in interphase cell growth likely by interacting with cortical microtubules. In contrast to fibers, in dividing cells of cotton, GhKCBP localized to the nucleus, the microtubule preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast. Therefore KCBP likely exerts multiple roles in cell division and cell growth in flowering plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Survey of the mycoflora and mycotoxins of cotton seeds and cotton seed products in Egypt.

Thirty-nine species and 16 fungal genera were isolated from Egyptian cotton seeds, cotton seed meal and cotton seed cake on 1% glucose-Czapek's agar medium incubated at 28 degrees C. Aspergillus was the most frequent genus and it emerged in 87-100% of the samples contributing 70-98% of total fungi in the three substrates tested. The most common species were A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus and Rhizopus stolonifer; A. niger, A. fumigatus and Penicillium corylophilum; and A. niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans and Rhizopus stolonifer, respectively. Cotton seeds and cotton seed products were naturally contaminated by aflatoxin B1 and B2. About 16% of the different substrates tested were positive for aflatoxin contamination. No citrinin, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin or zearalenone were detected in the samples assayed.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2005

Validation of a cotton-specific gene, Sad1, used as an endogenous reference gene in qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR detection of transgenic cottons.

Genetically modified (GM) cotton lines have been approved for commercialization and widely cultivated in many countries, especially in China. As a step towards the development of reliable qualitative and quantitative PCR methods for detecting GM cottons, we report here the validation of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) endogenous reference control gene, Sad1, using conventional and real-time (RT)-PCR methods. Both methods were tested on 15 different G. hirsutum cultivars, and identical amplicons were obtained with all of them. No amplicons were observed when DNA samples from three species of genus Gossypium, Arabidopsis thaliana, maize, and soybean and others were used as amplified templates, demonstrating that these two systems are specific for the identification and quantification of G. hirsutum. The results of Southern blot analysis also showed that the Sad1 gene was two copies in these 15 different G. hirsutum cultivars. Furthermore, one multiplex RT-quantitative PCR employing this gene as an endogenous reference gene was designed to quantify the Cry1A(c) gene modified from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the insect-resistant cottons, such as Mon531 and GK19. The quantification detection limit of the Cry1A(c) and Sad1 genes was as low as 10 pg of genomic DNA. These results indicate that the Sad1 gene can be used as an endogenous reference gene for both qualitative and quantitative PCR detection of GM cottons.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1986

Smoking and cotton dust effects in cotton textile workers: an analysis of the shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume curve.

Cotton textile workers have an increased prevalence of both obstructive and restrictive lung function patterns when compared to control subjects. Similar abnormal lung function patterns may occur with other respiratory diseases, notably those associated with cigarette smoking. The shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve has been used to characterize patterns of lung function abnormality. We defined a new functional parameter (angle beta) related to the shape of the MEFV curve in order better to characterize the respiratory effects of cotton dust exposure. In this study, 477 cotton textile workers, both current smokers and never smokers 45 years and older, were compared to 932 similarly aged control subjects from three communities: Lebanon and Ansonia, CT, and Winnsboro, SC. Smokers, regardless of their occupational exposure of sex, have smaller values of beta than do nonsmokers. Cotton textile workers who have more abnormal lung function than do controls, cannot be distinguished from controls by beta. We suggest that such functional differences between cotton and smoking effects may reflect injury to different portions of the bronchial tree.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) survival through the seed cotton cleaning process in the cotton gin.

There is concern that gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones may become points of reintroduction when they process cotton grown in a neighboring infested area. We estimated boll weevil survival through two typical machine sequences used in commercial cotton gins to clean and dry the seed cotton in advance of the gin stand, as well as separately through two incline cylinder cleaners or one or two tower dryers operating at different temperatures. Large numbers of laboratory-reared adult boll weevils were marked with fluorescent powder, fed into the test system, and recovered with the assistance of blacklights. We found no evidence of survival through the seed cotton cleaning systems even when the dryers were not heated, or when passed separately through the two incline cleaners alone. Upper confidence limits (95%) were calculated for the observed zero recoveries based on sample size and the binomial distribution, and these represent the statistical worst-case (i.e., highest) survival potential. Survival through heated tower dryers declined rapidly to zero at higher temperatures, especially when two dryers were running. Although we conclude that the potential for survival of weevils in the seed cotton to the gin stand is zero or close to zero, a small percentage of live weevils was recovered in the green boll/rock trap, which may represent the greatest threat of reintroduction at the gin. Escape of live weevils with the gin trash is also possible, and studies addressing this issue will be presented elsewhere.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

[Behaviors of Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in searching and preying cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the cotton plant].

The study showed that the searching activity of P. japonica on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii decreased gradually with decreasing aphid density. When enough A. gossypii existed, P. japonica had a preferential searching and preying activity on the top of cotton plant. There was no significant difference in the preying activity of P. japonica at different positions of cotton plant, while the searching activity of the ladybird beetle was significantly lower on cotton M9101 than on cotton Zhongmian 13. The preying behavior of P. japonica was significantly correlated with the density and distribution of A. gossypii.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Studies on a cell sampling method in mass screening for uterine cervical cancer--comparison of data obtained with a cotton tipped applicator, wooden spatula and cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy].

In mass screening tests for uterine cancer carried out Shimane Prefecture, we used three different scraping methods. This summary is a report of a comparison of the findings with each method. Results are as follows: From 1973-1982, 214, 798 Japanese women were examined in mass screening tests. Among the 42, 443 examined using a cotton tipped applicator, there were 15 (0.035%) with mild dysplasia, 8 (0.019%) with severe dysplasia, 6 (0.014%) with carcinoma in situ and 8 (0.019%) with invasive carcinoma. In 38,106 women examined using the spatula, 25 (0.066%) had a mild dysplasia, 10 (0.026%) a severe dysplasia, 18 (0.047%) a carcinoma in situ and 26 (0.068%) an invasive carcinoma. In 134,249 examined using a cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy, 283 (0.211%) had a mild dysplasia 108 (0.080%) a severe dysplasia, 57 (0.042%) a carcinoma in situ and 78 (0.058%) an invasive carcinoma. Thus, the use of a cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy leads to higher rates of detection of mild and severe dysplasia. In the group with a negative Papanicolaou smear and for whom the cotton tipped applicator plus colposcopy was used, there were 214 with a mild dysplasia, 65 with a severe dysplasia, 11 with a carcinoma in situ and 7 with an invasive carcinoma. The combination of cotton tipped applicator and colposcopy proved to be the most effective for mass screenings for uterine cancer, as the detection rates for severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were higher and there were fewer incidences of false negative results.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1977

[Contamination of cotton seeds and of cotton seed cake by aflatoxin].

Following the discovery of aflatoxin M in cow's milk in the previous study, the contamination with aflatoxin of cotton-seed and cotton-seed cake which constitute the principal feed of local animals was measured. The samples were taken from 2 factories. The grain from the 1st factory was grown in the centre of the country in dry climate, and those from the 2nd source originated from the humid region of the north of Iran. The grain and cotton-seed cake from the 1st factory did not contain aflatoxin before storage. During storage the sample contamination amount and percent increased with time in both regions, with the dry less than the humid. In conclusion, Iranian cotton-seed and cotton-seed cake appear to be contaminated with aflatoxin B in 2 processes. The 1st is aflatoxin contamination before harvest, in the humid region of Iran; the 2nd is general storage aflatoxin contamination in both regions in which humidity and length of storage appear to be the principal factors.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Genetic mapping of new cotton fiber loci using EST-derived microsatellites in an interspecific recombinant inbred line cotton population.

There is an immediate need for a high-density genetic map of cotton anchored with fiber genes to facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improved fiber traits. With this goal in mind, genetic mapping with a new set of microsatellite markers [comprising both simple (SSR) and complex (CSR) sequence repeat markers] was performed on 183 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the progeny of the interspecific cross Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. TM1 x Gossypium barbadense L. Pima 3-79. Microsatellite markers were developed using 1557 ESTs-containing SSRs (> or = 10 bp) and 5794 EST-containing CSRs (> or = 12 bp) obtained from approximately 14,000 consensus sequences derived from fiber ESTs generated from the cultivated diploid species Gossypium arboreum L. cv AKA8401. From a total of 1232 EST-derived SSR (MUSS) and CSR (MUCS) primer-pairs, 1019 (83%) successfully amplified PCR products from a survey panel of six Gossypium species; 202 (19.8%) were polymorphic between the G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. parents of the interspecific mapping population. Among these polymorphic markers, only 86 (42.6%) showed significant sequence homology to annotated genes with known function. The chromosomal locations of 36 microsatellites were associated with 14 chromosomes and/or 13 chromosome arms of the cotton genome by hypoaneuploid deficiency analysis, enabling us to assign genetic linkage groups (LG) to specific chromosomes. The resulting genetic map consists of 193 loci, including 121 new fiber loci not previously mapped. These fiber loci were mapped to 19 chromosomes and 11 LG spanning 1277 cM, providing approximately 27% genome coverage. Preliminary quantitative trait loci analysis suggested that chromosomes 2, 3, 15, and 18 may harbor genes for traits related to fiber quality. These new PCR-based microsatellite markers derived from cotton fiber ESTs will facilitate the development of a high-resolution integrated genetic map of cotton for structural and functional study of fiber genes and MAS of genes that enhance fiber quality.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2004

[One-week variation of cotton dust and endotoxin levels in a cotton mill. Relation with the daily variation of the expiratory flow rates].

UNLABELLED: The prevalence of respiratory occupational diseases in the textile industry depends on environmental factors such cotton dust (CTD) levels and gram negative bacteria endotoxin (EDX) contamination. OBJECTIVE: To assess the environmental conditions (CTD and EDX) during one week in a cotton mill with respect to FEV1 variation throughout the work shift. POPULATION AND METHODS: 47 cotton mill workers (24F, 23M); average age: 42 +/- 11 years; average exposure to cotton dust: 22.5 +/- 9.4 years; Asthma: 15 (32%), Byssinosis: 11 (23%) and Asymptomatics: 21 (45%); a past history of respiratory symptoms: 13.1 +/- 11.7 years. Clinical evaluation, skin prick tests, a metacholine challenge, lung function tests and a work-place evaluation were performed. FEV1 Shift-variation (Delta-Shift) = end-shift FEV1 - start-shift FEV1, was calculated during one week. CTD and EDX levels were measured daily for each work place throughout this week and everyday during different operation tasks (work, cleaning, maintenance). The average values of CTD and EDX were calculated according to the time spent on each of these tasks for every worker who was exposed. RESULTS: Great variability of the environment conditions was observed throughout the week with the highest levels of CTD and EDX on Friday, even in comparison with Monday (CTD = 1.01 +/- 0.31 mg/m3 vs 0.68 +/- 0.65 mg/m3; p < 0.0005 e EDX = 33.1 +/- 8.9 ng/m3 vs 20.8 +/- 9.4 ng/m3; p < 0.0001). The shift variation was -129 +/- 97 ml for all the workers. The workers with asthma had the greatest reduction in expiratory flow rates, highest BHR and Delta-Shift but there were no differences in the levels of CTD and EDX among the three groups. Delta-Shift showed an association with the levels of EDX, specially in individuals with BHR but not with CTD levels. CONCLUSION: The environmental conditions that textile workers are exposed to, varies throughout the week and are associated with variations in flow rates and so lung function tests should be performed in a serial manner for the evaluation of respiratory occupational disease. The highest levels of EDX were recorded on Friday and this confirms the low reliability of the diagnostic criteria of byssinosis and points to the necessity of more objective measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cotton dust and gram-negative bacterial endotoxin correlations in two cotton textile mills.

Exposure to cotton dust is known to cause both acute and chronic respiratory illness. A specific pattern of symptoms called byssinosis is well described to occur among workers in the cotton processing (e.g., yarn preparation) industry. Recent studies have implicated Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin as one of the agents responsible for acute, and possibly chronic, respiratory illness. Laboratory experiments using a model cardroom have found poor correlations between airborne dust and associated endotoxin. This study reports the results of vertical elutriated dust and endotoxin levels in 11 work areas of 2 cotton textile mills in 1986 in Shanghai, China. The overall correlation between dust and endotoxin was strong, rs = 0.66 and 0.79 (p < 0.0001) for mills 1 and 2, respectively. The dust-endotoxin correlation was relatively poor in early yarn preparation in the workshops and improved in the later preparation areas. Our findings suggest that in these mill settings, dust and endotoxin levels may be well correlated in most work areas. Therefore, dust may be a useful index for monitoring populations employed in the cotton textile industry throughout the world. Additional field studies need to be performed which consider the various determinants of dust and endotoxin levels.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Management of Xanthomonas camprestris pv. malvacearum-induced blight of cotton through phenolics of cotton rhizobacterium.

Four major phenolics were demonstrated to be produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CRb-26, a cotton rhizobacterium antagonistic to Xanthomonas camprestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm), the inducer of bacterial blight of cotton. Of these, compounds II (nonfluorescent) and IV(fluorescent) completely inhibited the growth of Xcm in vitro. Among these, compound IV was produced maximally (39% of the four phenolics), and it protected cotton leaves from blight infection better than compound II under glass-house conditions. Compound IV, identified as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, was, therefore, concluded to be a key metabolite involved in disease suppression by strain CRb-26 of P. fluorescens, which could be used as an ecofriendly potential input in the integrated management of bacterial blight of cotton.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2006

Mobilisation into cotton and spread of a recombinant cotton leaf curl disease satellite.

Analysis of a DNA beta satellite associated with a recently identified cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) strain indicated it to be recombinant, with most of the molecule originating from CLCuD DNA beta but with some sequence from a satellite isolated from tomato. Analysis of both archival (pre 2001) and recent cotton samples, shows the recombinant satellite is confined to a small area but was not present in cotton prior to 2001. This indicates that the recombinant DNA beta was recently mobilized into cotton, likely from tomato, and that recombination plays a role in the evolution of these satellites.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Cell wall biosynthesis: glycan containing oligomers in developing cotton fibers, cotton fabric, wood and paper.

A series of oligomeric glycans can be extracted from the cell walls of developing cotton fibers with weak acid. Glycans that produce similar profiles on high pH anion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) are also found in a protein complex extracted from developing fibers and in amorphous aggregates found in association with immature fibers in developing, but not in mature cotton bolls. The quantity and composition of the glycans recovered from the carbohydrate-protein complex varies significantly with the time of day when the bolls are harvested. This diurnal variation is consistent with the hypothesis that secondary cell walls are deposited primarily at night. Incubation of re-hydrated cotton fibers in the presence of exogenous oligosaccharides, myo-inositol and glycerol substantially alters the apparent quantity of the oligomers extracted from the fibers. The same and similar glycans have also been extracted from cotton fabric, marine algae, various paper products and wood. While many of the oligomers isolated from the various cellulose sources display the same peaks by HPAEC-PAD, the specific number of oligomers and their relative quantities appear unique for each source of cellulosic material. Oligomeric glycans, as described in the preceding, are present in all cellulose sources that have been investigated. Their relative abundance changes in response to source, stage of development and other physiological variables. We hypothesize that the glycans are intermediates in the biological assembly of cellulose, and that their incorporation in cellulose is mediated by physicochemical and enzymatic mechanisms.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1984

Cotton dust and smoking effects on lung function in cotton textile workers.

Both smoking and exposure to cotton textile dust have been associated with the development of chronic obstructive lung disease. The relative importance of these two effects are examined in this paper. This investigation is based on a cross-sectional study of white active and retire cotton textile workers 45 years and older seen in 1973 in Columbia, South Carolina with an average of 35 years worked in the mills. A questionnaire was completed and an expiratory flow volume curve obtained for each worker studied. Standard pulmonary function parameters including the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expired volume in one second (FEV1), and the maximum expiratory flow at 50% (MEF50%), and at 25% (MEF25%) were recorded. White residents 45 years and older from three communities studied from 1972 to 1974 were used as controls. A two-way analysis of variance examined both the effects of cotton dust and smoking on lung function. Both exposures significantly influenced lung function and were found to be additive and often equally important. When one effect was more important than the other, it was in FVC and FEV1 for cotton dust and in MEF50% and MEF25% for smoking.

Dust↗
PubMed2005

Airway responses to the inhalation of cotton dust and cotton bract extracts.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to dust in the cotton industry is associated with respiratory dysfunction. Healthy subjects challenged with cotton bract extract (CBE) develop transient airway hyperresponsiveness. CBE, a major component of cotton dust, is potentially an important agent for studying byssinosis. OBJECTIVES: To compare airway responses to cotton dust extract (CDE) and CBE in healthy subjects. METHODS: In 21 healthy, non-smoking subjects we compared the effects of CBE and CDE in a double-blind random order, following a 10-min aerosol inhalation. The response to methacholine (MCh) 2 h following CBE or CDE was measured. Lung function was recorded using maximal (MEFV) and partial expiratory flow volume (PEFV) curves, measuring MEF at 60% of baseline vital capacity below total lung capacity [MEF40%(P)] on the PEFV curve. Responders were subjects who developed a 20% or greater fall in MEF40%(P) following extract challenge. Endotoxin levels were low for CBE (5.71 EU/mg) and CDE (31.88 EU/mg). RESULTS: There were 18 responders to CBE and 17 responders to CDE. The average maximal falls in MEF40%(P) were 70 +/- 4.9 and 70 +/- 4.4% of baseline (nonsignificant) following CBE and CDE, respectively. All subjects enhanced their MCh response following CBE or CDE. The MCh dose which reduced MEF40%(P) by 40% was identical for CBE and CDE (1.3 microg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CBE and CDE exert similar physiologic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Endotoxin in cotton dust and respiratory function decrement among cotton workers in an experimental cardroom.

To study the various reactions of gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins observed in workers exposed to cotton dust, experiments were undertaken where cotton mill workers carded cottons from different geographic locations, each containing different amounts of bacterial endotoxins. Exposure was determined as the vertical elutriator dust and endotoxin levels. Measurements were made of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the number of blood neutrophils before and after work, and the prevalence of symptoms of byssinosis was recorded. There was a significant correlation between the vertical elutriator endotoxin levels and the group mean changes in FEV1 (p less than 0.01) but no correlation between vertical elutriator dust levels and changes in FEV1. There was also a dose-response relationship between the endotoxin levels and the presence of symptoms of byssinosis in the exposed workers as well as between endotoxin levels and an increase in blood neutrophils. This observation supports findings from several previous studies and suggests that endotoxin triggers the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in respiratory function in the byssinosis syndrome. Other constituents of cotton dust could also be of importance for this reaction.

Adult↗