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PubMed2005

A putative nucleoporin 96 Is required for both basal defense and constitutive resistance responses mediated by suppressor of npr1-1,constitutive 1.

The Arabidopsis thaliana suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1) mutant contains a gain-of-function mutation in a Toll Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding-Leu-rich repeat-type resistance gene (R-gene), which leads to constitutive activation of disease resistance response against pathogens. In a screen for suppressors of snc1, a recessive mutation, designated mos3 (for modifier of snc1,3), was found to suppress the constitutive pathogenesis-related gene expression and resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae maculicola ES4326 and Peronospora parasitica Noco2 in snc1. In addition, mos3 is also compromised in resistance mediated by Resistance to Peronospora parasitica 4 (RPP4), Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola (RPM1), and Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 4 (RPS4). Single mutant mos3 plants exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility to P. s. pv maculicola ES4326, suggesting that MOS3 is required for basal resistance to pathogens as well. mos3-1 was identified by map-based cloning, and it encodes a protein with high sequence similarity to human nucleoporin 96. Localization of the MOS3-green fluorescent protein fusion to the nuclear envelope further indicates that MOS3 may encode a nucleoporin, suggesting that nuclear and cytoplasmic trafficking plays an important role in both R-gene-mediated and basal disease resistance.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1999

[Body composition and constitution: a constitutional syndrome (1st of 2 parts)].

Constitutional syndrome alters body constitution modifying (usually decreasing) two of its dimensions--weight and perimeters--by changing the composition of one, several or every body levels. Apart of the cause, the basic physiopathological process that characterizes this new syndrome is the amino acid mobilization from the muscle (proteolysis). As soon as fat loss has no consequence to the organism, proteolysis reduces the muscle mass and life is in danger. Actually, there is no effective treatment to improve the nitrogen balance by medication or hormones in speed catabolic states but it can also approach us to more proper therapeutics for these so frequent processes in clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Experimental research on the cold-constitution and the heat-constitution (I)].

This paper reports the experimental research on the cold-constitution (CC) and the heat-constitution (HC). The authors have selected the CC and HC in Wistar rats, and have determined adenylate kinase (ADK) activities: energy charge and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activities in liver, the amounts of T3, T4, progesterone, testosterone and estradiol in serum, 17-KS in urine. The ADK activities were markedly different between the HC group and the CC group (P less than 0.01). The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activities were obvious different between the HC group and the CC group (P less than 0.05). The energy charge of the HC group has increased by 16.1% as compared with the CC group in cells. The contents of T3, T4 of the HC group were higher than the CC group (P less than 0.01). The content of progesterone of the HC group was higher than the CC group as well (P less than 0.01). The contents of E2 and 17-KS had no differences. These results indicated that differences between the CC and the HC were based on the basic metabolism and its regulators.

Adenylate Kinase↗
PubMed1999

Constitutive hsp70 is essential to mitosis during early cleavage of Paracentrotus lividus embryos: the blockage of constitutive hsp70 impairs mitosis.

Localization of constitutive hsp70 in eggs and early embryos of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is shown by means of in situ immunostaining. An accumulation of this protein is shown in the mitotic structures (asters, spindles and centrosomes). Microinjection of anti-hsp70 antibodies into eggs causes impairment of formation of mitotic structures and of cell division. This impairment goes from a complete mitotic block, to irregular mitotic apparatus formation with irregular cleavage, depending upon the antibody concentration. The localization of hsp70 after antibody microinjection is also described. Blockage of mitotic apparatus formation by nocodazole also blocks the concentration of hsp70 molecules observed in nontreated eggs. That the constitutive hsp70 plays a role in sea urchin mitosis is indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Asynchronous replication of constitutive heterochromatin on X chromosomes in female Mus dunni. Possible influence of facultative heterochromatin on the adjacent constitutive heterochromatin.

Euchromatin DNA of one X chromosome in mammalian females, which becomes facultatively heterochromatinized, is known to replicate asynchronously late in S phase compared to its active homologue. In the females of a pygmy mouse species Mus dunni, which has prominent segment of constitutive heterochromatin as the short arm of its submetacentric X chromosome, we have observed asynchronous replication of c-heterochromatin arm as well, predominant number of cells showing the segment associated with the facultatively heterochromatic X to be terminating later. The preferential later termination of replication of the c-heterochromatic arm on the "lyonized X" appears to be due to the influence of facultative heterochromatin on the adjacent constitutive heterochromatin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Study on blood constitutive parameters in different blood constitutive equations.

A method is proposed to study the steady blood constitutive equation (BCE). With the method several BCEs are tested and Quemada, Bi-exponent and K-L equations are found to be well in agreement with the hemorheological characteristics of human and canine blood and these equations may be well used in hemorheology and hemodynamics. In addition, the potential clinical applications of some blood constitutive parameters (BCPs) are discussed. It is found that the hematocrit can significantly affect the BCPs: K(A) = alpha2/alpha1, Q(A) = eta0/eta(infinity), R(A) = etaA/eta(e) - 1, which means relative viscosities and they may be related to RBC aggregative level. Moreover, we also show that the parameters are related to the RBC aggregative strength and level.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Akt/PKB pathway is constitutively activated in Theileria-transformed leucocytes, but does not directly control constitutive NF-kappaB activation.

The intracellular protozoan parasites Theileria parva and Theileria annulata transform leucocytes by interfering with host cell signal transduction pathways. They differ from tumour cells, however, in that the transformation process can be entirely reversed by elimination of the parasite from the host cell cytoplasm using a specific parasiticidal drug. We investigated the state of activation of Akt/PKB, a downstream target of PI3-K-generated phosphoinositides, in Theileria-transformed leucocytes. Akt/PKB is constitutively activated in a PI3-K- and parasite-dependent manner, as judged by the specific phosphorylation of key residues, in vitro kinase assays and its cellular distribution. In previous work, we demonstrated that the parasite induces constitutive activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, providing protection against spontaneous apoptosis that accompanies transformation. In a number of other systems, a link has been established between the PI3-K-Akt/PKB pathway and NF-kappaB activation, resulting in protection against apoptosis. In Theileria-transformed leucocytes, activation of the NF-kappaB and the PI3-K-Akt/PKB pathways are not directly linked. The PI3-K-Akt/PKB pathway does not contribute to the persistent induction of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, NF-kappaB DNA-binding or transcriptional activity. We show that the two pathways are downregulated with different kinetics when the parasite is eliminated from the host cell cytoplasm and that NF-kappaB-dependent protection against apoptosis is not dependent on a functional PI3-K-Akt/PKB pathway. We also demonstrate that Akt/PKB contributes, at least in part, to the proliferation of Theileria-transformed T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Constitutive and cytokine-induced expression of the melanoma growth stimulatory activity/GRO alpha gene requires both NF-kappa B and novel constitutive factors.

Melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA)/growth regulated (GRO) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are highly related chemokines that have a causal role in melanoma progression. Expression of these chemokines is similar in that both require the NF-kappa B element and additional regions such as the CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) element of the IL-8 promoter. The constitutive and cytokine IL-1-induced promoter activity of the chemokine MGSA/GRO alpha in normal retinal pigment epithelial and the Hs294T melanoma cells is partially regulated through the NF-kappa B element, which binds both NF-kappa B p50 and RelA (NF-kappa B p65) homodimers and heterodimers. Mutational analysis of the MGSA/GRO alpha promoter reveals that, in addition to the NF-kappa B element, the immediate upstream region (IUR) is necessary for basal expression in retinal pigment epithelial and Hs294T cells. Gel mobility shift and UV cross-linking analyses demonstrate that several constitutive DNA binding proteins interact with the IUR. Although this region has sequence similarity to the several transcription factor elements including C/EBP, the IUR includes sequences that have no similarity to previously identified enhancer regions. Furthermore, RelA transactivates through either the NF-kappa B element or the IUR, suggesting a putative interaction between NF-kappa B and this novel complex.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Constitutive internalization of constitutively active agiotensin II AT(1A) receptor mutants is blocked by inverse agonists.

As constitutively active mutants (CAMs) mimic an active conformation, they can be used to characterize the process of G protein-coupled receptor activation. Here, we used CAMs to study the link between activation and internalization of the angiotensin II AT(1A) receptor. The cellular localization of fluorescently tagged N111A, I245T, and L305Q mutants was determined by confocal microscopy. In the absence of ligand, CAMs were mostly located in intracellular vesicles, whereas the wild-type AT(1A) was found at the cell surface. After 2 h incubation with inverse agonist, losartan, CAMs were translocated to the plasma membrane. Similar observations were made in H295, a human adrenocortical cell line which expresses physiologically the AT(1) receptor. This phenomenon, which was not dependent on protein synthesis and the pharmacology and kinetics of which were similar to the recycling of the wild-type receptor, was called "externalization". After externalization and losartan removal, the L305Q CAM underwent rapid ligand-independent endocytosis, with the same kinetics and temperature sensitivity as the angiotensin II-induced internalization of the wild-type AT(1A). Moreover, the addition of a second mutation known to block internalization (Delta 329 truncation) prevented intracellular localization of the CAM. These data show that AT(1A) CAMs are constitutively and permanently internalized and recycled. This mechanism is different from the down-regulation observed for CAMs of other G protein-coupled receptors and thus defines a new paradigm for the cellular regulation of CAMs.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1991

Liver cells contain constitutive DNase I-hypersensitive sites at the xenobiotic response elements 1 and 2 (XRE1 and -2) of the rat cytochrome P-450IA1 gene and a constitutive, nuclear XRE-binding factor that is distinct from the dioxin receptor.

Dioxin stimulates transcription from the cytochrome P-450IA1 promoter by interaction with the intracellular dioxin receptor. Upon binding of ligand, the receptor is converted to a form which specifically interacts in vitro with two dioxin-responsive positive control elements located in close proximity to each other about 1 kb upstream of the rat cytochrome P-450IA1 gene transcription start point. In rat liver, the cytochrome P-450IA1 gene is marked at the chromatin level by two DNase I-hypersensitive sites that map to the location of the response elements and exist prior to induction of transcription by the dioxin receptor ligand beta-naphthoflavone. In addition, a DNase I-hypersensitive site is detected near the transcription initiation site and is altered in nuclease sensitivity by induction. The presence of the constitutive DNase I-hypersensitive sites at the dioxin response elements correlates with the presence of a constitutive, labile factor which specifically recognizes these elements in vitro. This factor appears to be distinct from the dioxin receptor, which is observed only in nuclear extract from treated cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that a certain protein-DNA architecture may be maintained at the response elements at different stages of gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Constitutional Decree No. 19 promulgating the Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, 15 August 1984.

This Decree amends Section 44 of the Constitution of Uruguay to read as follows: "44. The State shall legislate on all matters related to public health and hygiene, and shall assure the improvement of the physical, moral, and social well-being of all the inhabitants of the country. All inhabitants shall have a duty to care for their own health and to have themselves treated in the event of disease. The State shall make available, without charge, means of prevention and medical care to indigent persons or to persons lacking sufficient resources."

Americas↗
PubMed2004

Comparative analysis (Hippotragini versus Caprini, Bovidae) of X-chromosome's constitutive heterochromatin by in situ restriction endonuclease digestion: X-chromosome constitutive heterochromatin evolution.

The Bovidae X-chromosome shows a considerable variation, in contrast to the preservative autosomal conservatism. The X-chromosome variation is mostly a consequence of the constitutive heterochromatin (CH) variation; in what respect to its amount and position. This is especially common among the non-Bovinae subfamilies and tribes. In order to characterize the X-chromosome CH in non-Bovinae species--Hippotragini and Caprini tribes--we have used restriction endonuclease digestion on fixed chromosomes and sequential C-banding. With these techniques we were able to distinguish between the two X-chromosome types (Hippotragini and Caprini) CH, in what respect to its position and molecular nature. Moreover, we define at least, six subclasses of CH in both X-chromosome types analyzed. Evolutionary considerations were draw based on the results obtained. The technology used here for the analysis of the Bovidae X-chromosome CH showed to be more evolutionary informative than the classical approaches.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Silkworm TFIIIB binds both constitutive and silk gland-specific tRNA Ala promoters but protects only the constitutive promoter from DNase I cleavage.

We have identified a complex between TFIIIB and the upstream promoter of silkworm tRNA Ala genes that is detectable by gel retardation and DNase I footprinting. Formation of this complex depends on the integrity of previously identified upstream promoter elements and on the presence of other silkworm transcription factors, either TFIIID or a fraction that contains both TFIIIC and TFIIID. We have used this complex to compare the interactions of TFIIIB with two kinds of tRNA Ala genes whose different in vitro transcription properties are conferred by the upstream segments of their promoters. These are the tRNA C Ala genes, which are transcribed constitutively, and the tRNA SG Ala genes, which are transcribed only in the silk gland. We find that TFIIIB binds tRNA SG Ala genes with lower affinity than it binds tRNA C Ala genes. In addition, the TFIIIB complex formed on tRNA SG Ala genes differ qualitatively from those formed on tRNA C Ala genes. Both the transcriptional activity of tRNA SG Ala complexes and the ability of the complexes to protect upstream DNA from DNase I digestion are reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

South Africa: constitutional court rejects constitutional challenge to law criminalizing prostitution.

On 9 October 2002, a majority of South Africa's Constitutional Court dismissed appeals from convictions for prostitution and keeping a brothel, rejecting arguments that the law was unconstitutional. However, the minority decision, endorsed by five of eleven judges, found that the provision that made the sex worker but not the client guilty of a criminal offence was discriminatory and should be struck down.

Female↗