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PubMed1985

[N-acetyl-aspartylglutamic acid eye drops in allergic-type conjuctivitis. Double-blind comparative clinical study].

Fifty patients with allergic conjunctivitis were included in a double-blind randomized clinical trial designed to compare the efficiency and tolerance of two antiallergic eye-drops: one containing NAAGA (22 patients), the other one containing disodium Cromoglycate (28 patients). Both treatments were used at a dosage of 1 drop 4 times per day. Ocular symptoms, conjunctivo-corneal signs and the subjective ocular condition assessed by the patients themselves with visual analogue scales, were all significantly improved by both eye-drops during the first month of treatment. Statistical analysis showed that patient ocular condition improved more rapidly with NAAGA eye-drops. In 25 patients (12 in the NAAGA group and 13 in the Cromoglycate group), the study was continued for an additional month according to a cross-over protocol. During the 2nd month of treatment, additional improvement of ocular symptoms and signs were observed with both eye-drops but more markedly in those patients who received NAAGA after Cromoglycate. Ocular tolerance was good for both eye-drops.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of the koala biovar of Chlamydia pneumoniae at four gene loci--ompAVD4, ompB, 16S rRNA, groESL spacer region.

Koalas are infected with two species of Chlamydia, C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. While it is known that significant genetic diversity occurs in the C. pecorum strains infecting koalas, very little is known about the C. pneumoniae strains that infect this host. In the current study, 10 isolates of koala C. pneumoniae were analysed at four gene loci and found to be different to both the human and horse C. pneumoniae strains at all loci (biovar differences ranging from 0.3% at groESL up to 9.0% at ompAVD4). All koala biovar isolates studied were found to be 100% identical at ompAVD4 (all 10 isolates) and at ompB (all three isolates) gene. This lack of allelic polymorphisms at ompAVD4 has now been observed for koala C. pneumoniae, human C. pneumoniae, guinea pig inclusion conjuctivitis C. psittaci and feline conjuctivitis C. psittaci and may be correlated to a lack of antibody response to the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) in these same strain/host combinations. This study also provides the first documented case of natural C. pneumoniae infection causing a severe and extended respiratory episode in a captive koala population. This captive episode is in contrast to most free-range observations in which koala C. pneumoniae is rarely documented as causing respiratory, ocular or urogenital tract disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Experimental production of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of serological and immunological responses using pili fractions of Moraxella bovis.

The effect of vaccinating cattle and mice on the development of keratoconjunctivitis was studied. Cattle were vaccinated with whole cells, disrupted cells and pili fractions of three strains of Moraxella bovis. Mice were vaccinated with pili fractions of three strains. The resistance of all vaccinated animals was challenged with virulent cultures of M. bovis. In an attempt to correlate the response seen after vaccination and challenge with a pili fraction of M. bovis, vaccinated cattle and mice were grouped on the basis of signs of disease manifested and compared on the basis of serological responses. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by a gel diffusion precipitin test. A greater number of the sera of resistant cattle had antibodies to the homologous pili antigen than those of vaccinated nonresistant cattle. Cattle vaccinated with disrupted cells were not resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to challenge exposure by homologous than heterologous cultures. A greater number of the sera of resistant mice had antibodies to pili antigens than nonresistant mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bioassay of thermal protection afforded by candidate flight suit fabrics.

The United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL) porcine cutaneous bioassay technique was used to determine what mitigating effect four thermally protective flight suit fabrics would have on fire-induced skin damage. The fabrics were 4.8-ox twill weave Nomex aramide, 4.5-oz stabilized twill weave polybenzimidazole, 4.8-oz plain weave experimental high-temperature polymer (HT4), and 4.8-oz plain weave Nomex aramide (New Weave Nomex or NWN). Each fabric sample was assayed 20 times in each of four configurations: as a single layer in contact with the skin; as a single layer with a 6.35 mm (0.25 in) air gap between fabric and skin; in conjuction with a cotton T-shirt with no air gaps; and, finally, in conjuction with a T-shirt with a 6.35 mm air gap between T-shirt and fabric. Bare skin was used as a control. A JP-4 fueled furnace was used as a thermal source and was adjested to deliver a mean heat flux of 3.07 cal/cm2/s. The duration of exposure was 5 s. Four hundred burn sites were graded using clinical observation and microscopic techniques. Used as single layers, none of the fabrics demonstrated superiority in providing clinically significant protection. When used with a cotton T-shirt, protection was improved. Protection improved progressively for all fabrics and configuration when an air gap was introduced. The experimental high-temperature polymer consistently demonstrated lower heat flux transmission in all configurations, but did not significantly reduce clinical burns.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1975

The functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints, and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the Hominoidea.

The cercopithecoid wrist joint differs from the wrist joints of hominoids in several ways. The distal ulna, the distal radius, the pisiform, the triquetrum, the hamate, and the base of the fifth metacarpal are on the one hand remarkably alike among cercopithecoid genera, and on the other remarkably distinct from homologous bones in the Hominoidea. Functionally, the triquetrum and the pisiform, in conjuction with the ulnar styloid process, check the proximal carpal row during ulnar deviation, and are possibly important in stabilizing the wrist during dorsiflexion as well. The head of the ulna almost certainly betokens a range of radioulnar supination in cercopithecoids that is substantially less than is to be found in any of the hominoid genera. The articulation between the hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal allows for considerable dorsiflexion in the Cercopithecoidea; this potential was not evidenct in any of the hominoids examined. Behaviorally, the cercopithecoid wrist can most profitably be viewed as an adaptation for a quadrupedal life style involving dorsiflexion of the wrist and palmigrade/digitigrade substrate contact. The hominoid wrist joint is not adapted for such a behavioral potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Quality improvement and its impact on the use and equality of outpatient health services in India.

This paper examines the impact of quality improvements in conjunction with user fees on the utilization and equality of outpatient services at a range of public sector health facilities in India. Project impact on outpatient visits was estimated via the difference-in-difference method using pooled time series visit data from project and control facilities. The results indicate that the quality improvements significantly increased visits at all facility types. The project effect was largest at primary health center (PHC) and community health center (CHC), followed by district hospital (DH) and female district hospital (FDH). Pro-rich inequalities in outpatient visits increased at DHs and FDHs while at CHCs and PHCs the distribution remained equitable. This suggests that quality improvements at public sector health facilities can increase utilization of outpatient services in the presence of nominal user fees, but can also promote greater inequality favoring the better-off. At the referral hospital level, quality improvements should be made in conjuction with programs which encourage utilization by the poor. In contrast, the benefit of quality improvements at PHCs and CHCs is equitably distributed.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1977

Radioimmunoassay of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam.

A simple and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma without extraction. Antibodies to clonazepam were produced in rabbits after immunization with an immunogen prepared by covalently linking the 3-hemisuccinyloxy derivative of clonazepam to bovine serum albumin. When employing 3H-clonazepam as the tracer, the radioimmunoassay has a limit of sensitivity of 5 ng/ml using a 0.1-ml sample of plasma. The antibodies exhibited a high degree of specificity for clonazepam; no cross-reactivity was observed with its 7-amino and 7-acetylamino metabolites nor with a number of other widely prescribed anticonvulsant agents that might be administered in conjuction with clonazepam. Satisfactory agreement was obtained for the plasma levels of clonazepam in humans when samples were assayed by the radioimmunoassay and an established electron-capture GC technique. By virtue ot its simplicity, the radioimmunoassay offers a distinct advantage to the clinician for monitoring plasma clonazepam levels and the compliance of patients undergoing anticonvulsant therapy with the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reparameterization to implementing kinetic constraints in pharmacokinetics.

Polyexponential expressions are widely used in pharmacokinetic system analysis to represent various functions and pharmacokinetic responses. It is often necessary to impose simple constraints (e.g., non-negativity, monotonicity, etc.) to make such expressions agree with obvious kinetic conditions or general assumptions made. Enforcement of such constraints is typically obtained by specifying upper and/or lower limits for the polyexponential parameters in the curve fitting procedure. However, this method often limits the search to only a subset of all possible polyexponentials expressions which satisfy the specified constraints. A less restricted search may be performed by not specifying a lower or upper limit on some polyexponential parameters, but this may occasionally result in violations of the constraints. A reparameterization approach is presented to overcome the above problems. Various schemes are presented that allow a completely unrestricted search to be done among all possible polyexponential expressions which satisfy various constraint configurations. The practical significance of this approach is discussed and demonstrated with some examples. It is pointed out that evaluation of various pharmacokinetic processes in the context of specific models or families of models may intrinsically impose certain constraints that may not be justified when the kinetics is analyzed in a more general system analysis context. The application of system analysis principles in conjuction with an enforcement of functional constraints in a "model-free" context by reparameterization appears to be a rational alternative to current methods.

Half-Life↗
PubMed2002

Non-parametric confidence interval estimation for competing risks analysis: application to contraceptive data.

Non-parametric maximum likelihood estimation of the cause specific failure probability, and of its standard error, in the presence of competing risks is discussed with reference to some contraceptive use dynamics data from Bangladesh. The cause specific incidence function provides an intuitively appealing summary curve for failure rates and probabilities, such as probabilities of discontinuation of different kinds of contraception, based on right-censored data of the particular event. Dinse and Larson's formula can be utilized to calculate the standard error of the cause specific probability for the failure type of interest, and to construct pointwise confidence intervals. The accuracy of these intervals, as well as those based on the log(-log) transformation and the arcsine transformation, are compared by simulations. We find that Dinse and Larson's formula, used in conjuction with a log(-log) transform, yields reliable standard error estimates and accurate coverage in samples of small and large size, and can be recommended for use in this situation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A breast cancer prediction model incorporating familial and personal risk factors.

Many factors determine a woman's risk of breast cancer. Some of them are genetic and relate to family history, others are based on personal factors such as reproductive history and medical history. While many papers have concentrated on subsets of these risk factors, no papers have incorporated personal risk factors with a detailed genetic analysis. There is a need to combine these factors to provide a better overall determinant of risk. The discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes has explained some of the genetic determinants of breast cancer risk, but these genes alone do not explain all of the familial aggregation of breast cancer. We have developed a model incorporating the BRCA genes, a low penetrance gene and personal risk factors. For an individual woman her family history is used in conjuction with Bayes theorem to iteratively produce the likelihood of her carrying any genes predisposing to breast cancer, which in turn affects her likelihood of developing breast cancer. This risk was further refined based on the woman's personal history. The model has been incorporated into a computer program that gives a personalised risk estimate.

Adult↗