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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A functional-dependencies-based Bayesian networks learning method and its application in a mobile commerce system.

This paper presents a new method for learning Bayesian networks from functional dependencies (FD) and third normal form (3NF) tables in relational databases. The method sets up a linkage between the theory of relational databases and probabilistic reasoning models, which is interesting and useful especially when data are incomplete and inaccurate. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by its implementation in a mobile commerce system.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Tobacco commerce on the internet: a threat to comprehensive tobacco control.

Although internet use continues to increase and e-commerce sales are expected to exceed US$1 trillion by the end of 2001, there have been few assessments in the literature regarding the implications of this medium for tobacco control efforts. This commentary explores the challenges that the internet may pose to the key components of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy, and pinpoints potential approaches for addressing these challenges. Four key challenges that the internet presents for tobacco control are identified: unrestricted sales to minors; cheaper cigarettes through tax avoidance and smuggling; unfettered advertising, marketing and promotion; and continued normalisation of the tobacco industry and its products. Potential strategies for addressing these challenges include international tobacco control agreements, national and state regulation, and legal remedies.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

"Neither of meate nor drinke, but what the Doctor alloweth": medicine amidst war and commerce in eighteenth-century Madras.

Madras in the eighteenth century was a site of continuous warfare sparked mostly by trading interests. This paper studies how these influences of hostility and commerce shaped the medical establishment of the English East India Company. It begins by analyzing the struggle of the medical establishment to cope with military and logistical requirements; it then shows how the Coromandel trade provided a peculiar dynamic to the practice of medicine in Madras. By aligning the history of medicine with that of trade, the paper traces the parallel trajectories of intellectual and material wealth. The development of modern medicine is seen as a process of adjusting to and engaging with diverse ideas and items--sometimes co-opting them, sometimes realigning them in new modes of production.

Colonialism↗
PubMed1991

Audit requirements for institutions of higher education and other nonprofit organizations--Department of Commerce. Interim final rule with request for comments.

The Department of Commerce is implementing Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance provided in Circular A-133, "Audits of Institutions of Higher Education and Other Nonprofit Organizations." As a result of this interim final rule, institutions of higher education and other nonprofit organizations that receive Federal assistance are required to periodically perform audits and submit the audit reports to the Federal government. This interim final rule establishes uniform audit requirements applicable to these organizations and defines the Department's responsibilities for implementing and monitoring these requirements.

Commerce↗
PubMed1999

E-commerce. Point, click, purchase.

Many in health care may still be technology-shy, but there are big savings to be found in business-to-business e-commerce. Some experts estimate that electronic purchasing can trim 18 to 45 percent of costs out of the health care supply chain. That could revolutionize the $140 billion supply industry--but only if buyers and sellers can get on the same page. A whole host of companies are springing up to make that link. It won't be easy. "Anyone can do online ordering," says Joseph Miccio of NCI Consulting. "The real challenge for these vendors is to simultaneously connect all the players in the supply chain through a common database."

Commerce↗
PubMed2001

E-commerce in healthcare: changing the traditional landscape.

The healthcare industry, with more than one trillion dollars in revenue, accounts for about one-seventh of the U.S. economy. A significant portion of this revenue is lost to escalating healthcare system costs. This article examines the shortcomings of the traditional healthcare delivery system in terms of information flow, communication standards, case collections, and IT spending. It makes the case that e-commerce has the ability to transact some healthcare business more efficiently and cost-effectively. With the Internet as a delivery platform, several models offer improvement over the status quo.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

Developing E-commerce and improving resource management.

The pressure on Materials Managers, Information Technology Managers and Chief Executive Officer's has never been greater to re-imagine, re-invent, and re-architect their operations. The need for speed and for emerging Internet skills and sensibilities has led many operations to look to E-business service providers for assistance. The United States market for E-business services, including consulting, IT outsourcing, software development, and system integration has grown from $7.01 billion in 1998 to approximately $10.3 million in 2000 according to Dataquest. With the growth in E-business accelerating, the market is expected to mushroom to $59 billion by 2003. Material Managers know they must introduce E-commerce to their business strategy, but many are not sure how, which is driving them to consulting and services companies. There is confusion in the ranks on whether they need to change their business model and systems structure in order to do this, and the organization is reevaluating how to move forward in the dot.com world.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

GHX, Broadlane form latest e-commerce linkup.

Broadlane agreed in June to connect its electronic commerce system to the supplier-owned site run by GHX. As a result, contract compliance could either improve or be more easily evaded, depending on hospitals' response to the wider choice of suppliers.

Colorado↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Commerce in drugs and chemicals and the detection of clandestine laboratories.

There were 225 clandestine laboratories seized in the United States of America in 1982, an increase of 23 per cent over 1981. These laboratories most commonly produced methamphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), amphetamine and methaqualone. In order to determine whether a seized drug has been clandestinely manufactured and to identify the source of the drug, special techniques are used, involving detailed physical and chemical examinations. The results of such examinations are computerized and compared with reference samples to provide indications of the drug source. Undercover techniques are also effectively used for the detection of clandestine laboratories. Chemicals necessary for the illegal production of drugs of abuse were often diverted from legitimate sources through international commerce, which, together with clandestine laboratories, are recognized as an international problem that requires monitoring through international co-operation.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1997

The two cultures and the health care revolution. Commerce and professionalism in medical care.

The current trend toward the invasion of commerce into medical care, an arena formerly under the exclusive purview of physicians, is seen by the authors as an epic clash of cultures between commercial and professional traditions in the United States. Both have contributed to US society for centuries; both have much to offer in strengthening medical care and reducing costs. At the same time, this invasion by commercialism of an arena formerly governed by professionalism poses severe hazards to the care of the sick and the welfare of communities: the health of the public and the public health. Some of these hazards are briefly listed and reviewed, together with a brief outline of standards that might be established nationally to abate these hazards. A national agency in the private sector is proposed, the National Council on Medical Care, to set standards and provide an approval mechanism that would then be the basis for state enforcement through licensing. Two models for such an initiative are outlined, one based on the National Academy of Sciences as the initiating force, and the other on an initiative provided by a consortium of national charitable foundations interested in health policy. In both cases, wide support from the national foundations would be essential. In the case of the academy model, some government funds might also be available without loss of the freedom of a private-sector initiative. Some operational options for such a national council, its membership, and the conduct of its affairs are briefly outlined as a basis for further discussion.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2005

Mercury in fish from two Nicaraguan lakes: a recommendation for increased monitoring of fish for international commerce.

We measured total mercury concentrations in water and fish of Lake Managua and Lake Apoyo. Water mercury concentrations were 10-fold higher in Lake Managua than in Lake Apoyo, although differences in mercury concentration in the most common native fish were not significant. One-fourth of the commercially fished tilapia in Lake Managua exceeded maximum recommended mercury levels for consumption among pregnant women and other at-risk groups, although bioavailability to fishes was lower than in previously studied sites in Brazil and Western Maryland. The lower bioavailiability may present important information for management options to reduce mercury exposure to fishes and humans. We recommend closer mercury monitoring among freshwater fish destined for international commerce.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The commerce of professional psychology and the new ethics code.

The 1992 version of the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct brings some changes in requirements and new specificity to the practice of psychology. The impact of the new code on therapeutic contracts, informed consent to psychological services, advertising, financial aspects of psychological practice, and other topics related to the commerce of professional psychology are discussed. The genesis of many new thrusts in the code is reviewed from the perspective of psychological service provider. Specific recommendations for improved attention to ethical matters in professional practice are made.

Advertising↗
PubMed1998

Adsorption and leaching of trifluralin, metolachlor, and metribuzin in a commerce soil.

Trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) aceta mide], and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,-triazin-5(4H) -one] were selected to study adsorption and leaching potentials related to pollution on Commerce silty clay loam soil near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At a I:10 soil/water ratio, the Koc values for trifluralin, metolachlor and metribuzin were 875, 135, and 96, respectively. Leaching of these herbicides was evaluated in soil columns (5.4 cm i.d. x 26 cm long). Total recoveries of the herbicides applied to the soil column were 73.1% +/- 4.1%. When the soil columns were leached with three pore volumes of water, the distributions of trifluralin in soil and leachate were 99.993% and 0.007% of the total recoveries, respectively. The distributions of metolachlor was 65.27% in soil and 34.7% in leachate. The distributions of metribuzin was 11.42% in soil and 88.58% in leachate. The results showed that metolachlor and metribuzin were readily leached, while trifluralin was strongly adsorbed to soil. Leaching of three herbicides in the soil column followed the leaching trends of their calculated leaching indices 1.41 x 10(4), 4.18 x 10(6), and 3.38 x 10(8) for trifluralin, metolachlor, and metribuzin, respectively. The results of the study demonstrated the potential of pollution for metolachlor and metribuzin to be leached into the ground water in soils with shallow aquifer.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2006

Grid commerce, market-driven G-negotiation, and Grid resource management.

Although the management of resources is essential for realizing a computational grid, providing an efficient resource allocation mechanism is a complex undertaking. Since Grid providers and consumers may be independent bodies, negotiation among them is necessary. The contribution of this paper is showing that market-driven agents (MDAs) are appropriate tools for Grid resource negotiation. MDAs are e-negotiation agents designed with the flexibility of: 1) making adjustable amounts of concession taking into account market rivalry, outside options, and time preferences and 2) relaxing bargaining terms in the face of intense pressure. A heterogeneous testbed consisting of several types of e-negotiation agents to simulate a Grid computing environment was developed. It compares the performance of MDAs against other e-negotiation agents (e.g., Kasbah) in a Grid-commerce environment. Empirical results show that MDAs generally achieve: 1) higher budget efficiencies in many market situations than other e-negotiation agents in the testbed and 2) higher success rates in acquiring Grid resources under high Grid loadings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

DNA technology, interstate commerce, and the likely origin of formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) infestation in Atlanta, Georgia.

This study was the first to use DNA sequencing data to infer the origin of a Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, infestation. Cytochrome oxidase II gene sequence was used to define eight specific maternal lineages from 14 geographic locations across the southeastern United States, Hawaii, and China. One maternal lineage, A, was unique to all the Atlanta collections and one New Orleans collection, which indicated that termites at these sites shared a common maternal ancestor. The impact of interstate commerce in terms of Formosan subterranean termite introductions is addressed as is the industry response needed to arrest the spread of these termites via commercial traffic in used railroad cross ties.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supreme Court expands view of interstate commerce in peer review proceeding.

At the end of May, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed an antitrust claim by a physician against a hospital for an allegedly improper peer review proceeding. Previously, hospitals were allowed to defend against antitrust claims regarding a peer review decision involving one physician on the grounds that the activities did not affect interstate commerce. The Supreme Court has apparently removed this defense by letting stand a Court of Appeals decision allowing a physician's antitrust claim against a hospital that has suspended his privileges.

Antitrust Laws↗
PubMed2003

[E-commerce of pharmaceuticals].

The emergence of the Internet as a new communications and information technology caused major social and cultural changes. The dramatic increase in accessibility and availability of information empowered the consumer by closing the information gap between the consumer and different suppliers. The objective of this article is to review many new internet-supported applications related to the pharmaceutical market. E-commerce is divided into two major components: Business to Consumer (B to C), and Business to Business (B to B). The main applications in B to C are dissemination of medical and drug information, and the sale of drugs through the Internet. Medical information on the Internet is vast and very helpful for patients, however, its reliability is not guaranteed. Online pharmacies increase the accessibility and availability of drugs. Nevertheless, several obstacles such as security of the data provided (both financial and clinical) prevent the widespread use of online pharmacies. Another risk is the health authorities' inability to regulate Internet sites effectively. Therefore, unregulated sale of prescription drugs, fake or substandard, often occurs on the Internet. B to B relates to physicians, clinics, hospitals, HMO's and pharmaceutical companies. There is a vast number of applications ranging from clinical research, marketing and sales promotion, to drug distribution and logistics. In conclusion, the Internet is dynamic and has contributed to the development of numerous new applications in the field of pharmaceuticals. Regulatory authorities should be active in developing new policies that will deal with those new Internet-based applications.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1986

Cancer induction in mice by feeding of the uncooked cultivated mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus.

The cultivated mushroom of commerce in the Western hemisphere, Agaricus bisporus, was given p.o. to randomly bred Swiss mice for 3 days and was followed by semisynthetic diet for 4 days each week for life. The mice were 6 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment. As a result of treatment, tumors were induced in the bone, forestomach, liver, and lungs in the following incidences: 16, 38, 8, and 40% in females and 16, 28, 12, and 62% in males, respectively. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated controls were 0, 0, 0, and 26% in females and 0, 4, 2, and 34% in males, respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as osteomas and osteosarcomas, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of forestomach, benign hepatomas, and adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs. The investigation thus proves the carcinogenicity of uncooked Agaricus bisporus.

Agaricales↗