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Results for “CITY PLANNING”

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PubMed1990

[Development of a city planning hygiene analysis and its application in the framework of an environmental-epidemiological study].

A "town-planning hygienic analysis" is presented which has been developed within an environmental epidemiological study. This analysis contains 7 marks (maximum sound pressure level Lmax, equivalent pressure level Leq, housing conditions/sanitary, size of flat, brightness/day-light ratio, environment, building order) whose quality is scored into 3 categories (very good/good, sufficient, insufficient). The evaluation is performed by relating the frequency of the proportional quality as well as the score for the general quality, which is constructed by the mean of the proportional qualities. First results are discussed with a comparative study on 297 flats.

City Planning↗
PubMed1998

Application of the modified method of "rapid appraisal to assess community health needs" for making rapid city health profiles and city action plans for health.

AIM: To develop a method that Croatian cities could use in the development of the City Health Profile and City Health Plan. The assessment concerned cities that have recently experienced the war and thus the method had to be rapid, cheap, scientifically based, sensitive, participative (involving politicians, experts, and citizens), able to produce immediate action, and to sustain the gained benefits. METHOD: A utilization-focused strategy was selected. Through ongoing interactions with intended information users, research questions were focused and the method of Rapid Appraisal to assess community health needs was selected as appropriate. This method was modified to: 1. assess the health of each city and serve as the basis for creating the City Health Profile; 2. select (Healthy City Project) priority areas; 3. establish the working groups on priority areas; and 4. build on the three previous steps to develop the City Action Plan for Health. RESULTS: During 1996, the Rapid Appraisal was applied in three Croatian cities (Pula, Metkovic, Rijeka). The work resulted in the completion of the City Health Profile, selection of the Project Priority Areas, formation of thematic working groups on priority areas, and acceptance of the agreed City Action Plan for Health. The method provided a scientifically based account of health in each of the three cities and identified targets for the future by using health-related measures and citizens' observations about the community, its problems, and potentials. CONCLUSION: The method proved to be credible and sensitive to the social and cultural differences it encompassed.

Croatia↗
PubMed1996

Substance use in an inner-city family planning population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of drug and alcohol use in an inner-city family planning population and to identify variables associated with a positive urine screen. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted blind urine drug and alcohol screening in 309 women attending an inner-city hospital family planning clinic. RESULTS: The prevalence of a positive urine drug and/or alcohol screen was 15.5% (48/309). Specific substance positivity rates were: marijuana 9.4%, cocaine 4.9%, alcohol 1.3%, benzodiazepines 1.0%, opiates 1.0% and amphetamines 0.3%. After controlling for other independent variables, increased age was the only predictor of having a positive drug and/or alcohol screen, while increased age and a history of a sexually transmitted disease predicted the use of drugs other than marijuana or alcohol alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the concept that substance use histories and urine drug screening should be considered in patients seeking family planning services. This strategy can lead to counseling and treatment for a population seeking preventive care that might otherwise not be identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sorting out the connections between the built environment and health: a conceptual framework for navigating pathways and planning healthy cities.

The overarching goal of this article is to make explicit the multiple pathways through which the built environment may potentially affect health and well-being. The loss of close collaboration between urban planning and public health professionals that characterized the post-World War II era has limited the design and implementation of effective interventions and policies that might translate into improved health for urban populations. First, we present a conceptual model that developed out of previous research called Social Determinants of Health and Environmental Health Promotion. Second, we review empirical research from both the urban planning and public health literature regarding the health effects of housing and housing interventions. And third, we wrestle with key challenges in conducting sound scientific research on connections between the built environment and health, namely: (1) the necessity of dealing with the possible health consequences of myriad public and private sector activities; (2) the lack of valid and reliable indicators of the built environment to monitor the health effects of urban planning and policy decisions, especially with regard to land use mix; and (3) the growth of the "megalopolis" or "super urban region" that requires analysis of health effects across state lines and in circumscribed areas within multiple states. We contend that to plan for healthy cities, we need to reinvigorate the historic link between urban planning and public health, and thereby conduct informed science to better guide effective public policy.

City Planning↗
PubMed2003

Frequency of bacterial vaginosis among women attending for intrauterine device insertion at an inner-city family planning clinic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of bacterial vaginosis in women attending an inner-city family planning clinic for intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. In a population of 86 women, eight (9.3%) and 20 (23.2%) were found to have bacterial vaginosis according to the criteria of Amsel and Nugent, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated in relation to bacterial vaginosis for Amsel's criteria. The detection of clue cells demonstrated excellent sensitivity (85%). Positive amine test and vaginal discharge demonstrated poor sensitivity (50% and 55%, respectively). Our results suggest that Gram staining of vaginal specimens may be of use to identify the presence of bacterial vaginosis prior to IUD insertion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Some comments on public health service and city health planning].

This paper gives a short presentation on some of the difficulties a public health officer has to face concerning questions of town-planning. The focus is on giving an expert opinion on development plans. It may be said that the public health service and "health" often play minor roles in town planning. The article presents some suggestions for a change of this situation.

City Planning↗
PubMed1991

Sharing governmental authority: Blue Cross and hospital planning in New York City.

Hospital planning in New York has been since the 1930s an intensely political process with high stakes. The leaders of Blue Cross and their allies used the hospital planning process in the city and the state as a means to extend and protect corporate authority in what they took to be the public interest. When Blue Cross was established in the 1930s, its leaders used the mechanisms of formal planning as part of their solution to pressing problems in the organization and distribution of hospital services. In the decade after World War II, Blue Cross had an immense impact on hospital planning in New York as a result of its growth and its underwriting policies. Conflicts between Blue Cross and state regulators beginning in the 1950s led to a new formulation of the politics of planning. Blue Cross became a partner with the state in regulating hospitals. The state and Blue Cross behaved as co-regulators until the 1980s. The interpretation in this paper revises the earlier accounts of health politics in New York by Law (1976) and Alford (1975).

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMed1986

Inpatient length of stay in Twin Cities health plans.

In this paper we examine the relationship between inpatient length of stay and the patient's type of health insurance. The data consist of discharges in seven diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) from community hospitals in Minneapolis and St. Paul during 1982. After controlling for the effects of the patient's age, sex, medical condition, and severity of illness, as well as the hospital's size, teaching and ownership status, and average annual occupancy rate, we must reject the null hypothesis that the patient's type of health plan is unrelated to inpatient length of stay in Twin Cities community hospitals. We find that, in most cases, patients in prepaid group practices and independent practice associations exhibit significantly shorter lengths of stay than similar patients in Blue Cross and commercial health insurance plans, while Medicare and Medicaid patients exhibit significantly longer lengths of stay than those of similar commercially insured patients.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗