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PubMed1999

Network construction of first aid for electrical injury in the east China area of China Power.

Electrical injury is an area of burn medicine that requires specialized treatment. Injury rates have reached 6.56% in 1990, compared to only 1% prior to 1980. In recent years, the morbidity has steadily increased due to the rapid development of the electrical power industry and the popularization of electrical installations. Electrical accidents cause severe damage to muscle and tissue, which makes treatment of these accident patients quite challenging. Therefore, it is very important to promote the widespread use of a first aid network within the electrical power system while strengthening safety measures within the industry to reduce morbidity and mortality among the electrically injured. To date, similar networks have been established in East China, Central China, North China, and Shandong within the six major electrical power industries. We hope to minimize the injury of workers through appropriate supervision, improved safety measures, and improved safeguarding of equipment.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

[The current prevalence status of body overweight and obesity in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the prevalence of body overweight and obesity in China and its distribution in age, sex and economic development status. METHODS: A total of 209,849 in all ages from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNAHS) database were analyzed. The year 2000 population census data was used for age standardization. 1978 WHO criteria using Z scores was applied to age 0-7 years, criteria recommended by the Working Group on Obesity in China was applied to those aged 7-17 years and criteria in the Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Adults was applied to those aged 18 years and above. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 17.6% for overweight and 5.6% for obesity. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 23.2%. The prevalence of overweight was 25.0%, 21.6%, 17.4%, 15.1%, 19.2% and 12.8%, respectively for large city, middle-and-small city, class 1 rural, class 2 rural, class 3 rural and class 4 rural. For obesity, the rate was 10.6%, 7.2%, 6.4%, 4.3%, 6.0% and 2.7%, respectively for large city, middle-and-small city, class 1 rural, class 2 rural, class 3 rural and class 4 rural. By age groups, the prevalence of overweight was 3.4% in children age 0-6, 4.5% in adolescents age 7-17, 22.8% in adults age 18 and above; the prevalence of obesity was 2.0% in children age 0-6, 2.7% in adolescents age 7-17, 7.1% in adults age 18 and above. The sex difference in overweight and obesity differed between urban and rural, and among age groups. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity should have affected nearly 1 quarter of the country's total population, and became a threatening hazard to resident's health. As the urbanization progress, obesity might doubly increase. Prevention and control of this hazard should be urgently needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

National public health surveillance in China: implications for public health in China and the United States.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Throughout the world, political developments have brought new demands to communities to prevent and intervene in the incidence of infectious and noninfectious conditions. Historically, these developments have required new and more effective public health surveillance activities. This report describes public health surveillance practice in the People's Republic of China, making comparisons with selected aspects of surveillance in the United States with respect to collection, analysis, dissemination, and use of data. MAIN RESULTS: In both the People's Republic of China and the United States, political change has affected health, and multiple surveillance system are used in public health practice. Surveillance of acute infectious diseases based on the reporting of legally notifiable diseases and the use of vital records for surveillance have the longest established history in both countries. In both countries, data from the surveillance systems have been used to affect public health policy. CONCLUSIONS: In comparing surveillance practices in these countries, we find similarities in conditions reported and in the dissemination of the data. At the same time, legal, social, cultural, and economic differences between the nations have affected the practice of surveillance in analysis and evaluation. We make explicit recommendations for improvement and evaluation of systems in both countries, including sentinel surveillance system and data quality measures in China and computer networking and data analysis in the United States.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1999

Differential Helicobacter pylori infection rates in two contrasting gastric cancer risk regions of South China. China Gastric Cancer Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Carriers of Helicobacter pylori are believed to have a three- to six-fold increased risk of developing gastric cancer. We have recently conducted a simultaneous cross-sectional population study on the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a cohort of asymptomatic adult volunteers in two contrasting gastric cancer risk regions of South China, Hong Kong and Changle of Fujian. Their mean annual gastric cancer mortality has been approximately 7.5 and 75/100 000 population, respectively, since the beginning of the last decade. The aim of this study was to evaluate if H. pylori prevalence bears any relationship to gastric cancer mortality rates in these two southern regions of China. METHODS: Sera were obtained from 397 volunteers in Hong Kong. They were tested for anti-H.pylori immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Volunteers of Changle (1456) had upper endoscopy examination and were also tested for anti-H. pylori IgG antibody by the same ELISA method. RESULTS: The overall H. pylori infection prevalence was significantly higher in Changle (80.4%) than in Hong Kong (58.4%; P< 0.01). The high prevalence is associated with more atrophic gastritis. The overall risk of gastric cancer in people of Changle is approximately five-fold that of Hong Kong (adjusted odds ratio 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-9.8). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the prevalence of H. pylori infection rates bear a direct relationship to gastric cancer mortality rates in these two southern regions of China. Thus, H. pylori most likely plays a significant aetiopathogenetic role in gastric carcinogenesis in subjects living in Changle.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Inhalation of china stone and china clay dusts: relationship between the mineralogy of dust retained in the lungs and pathological changes.

A combined clinical, radiological, pathological, and mineralogical study was undertaken on 62 cases referred to the Medical Research Council Pneumoconiosis Unit by the Cardiff Pneumoconiosis Panel as Cornish china clay workers. Considerable pathological lesions were found in the lungs, both nodular and interstitial fibroses being present. Some men had worked with china stone but others had worked entirely with china clay. Nodular fibrosis appeared to be related to a high quartz content of the dust recovered from the lung, whereas among those with a high content of kaolinite dust in the lungs interstitial fibrosis was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Population data for the AmpFl STR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit in China Han in Jilin Province, China.

Allele frequencies for the fifteen short tandem repeats (STR) loci D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D19S433, THO1, D16S539, CSF1PO, TPOX, D2S1338 (AmpFl STR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit, Applied Biosystems) were determined in a population sample of unrelated China Han in Jilin Province, China. Statistical analyses were performed using Powerstats version 1.2 and GEP-ISFGWG. The results showed that all the loci met Hardy-Weinberg expectation.

China↗
PubMed2005

Hepatitis C virus infection in former commercial plasma/blood donors in rural Shanxi Province, China: the China Integrated Programs for Research on AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Unsafe practices during illegal plasma donation in the late 1980s and early 1990s spread bloodborne infections in central China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 538 adult residents of 12 villages in rural Shanxi Province, where there had been an illegal commercial plasma-collection center, was conducted in 2003. Structured questionnaires were administered, and blood samples were tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. RESULTS: HCV seroprevalence rates were 8.2% in all subjects, 27.7% in former commercial plasma/blood donors, and 2.6% in nondonors. Selling blood or plasma was the strongest independent predictor of HCV seropositivity (odds ratio [OR], 14.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7.1-31.6]). A history of blood transfusion was also independently associated with HCV seropositivity (OR, 8.3 [95% CI, 2.1-32.0]). Plasma donors had a higher risk of being HCV seropositive than did whole-blood donors (OR, 7.6 [95% CI, 2.9-20.9]), and female donors had a lower risk than did male donors (OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.12-0.80]). The strength of the association between selling blood and HCV seropositivity was weaker when plasma donors were excluded (OR, 8.0 vs. 14.4). CONCLUSIONS: Unsafe practices during illegal plasma donation led to a high risk of HCV seropositivity for donors during the 1980s and 1990s. Failure to screen for HCV increased the risk of seropositivity for transfusion recipients during this same period. China has taken steps to halt illegal plasma collection and to improve blood-banking methods. However, there will be an ongoing challenge to care for patients with HCV infection, even as its incidence decreases.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group.

BACKGROUND: Isolated systolic hypertension occurs in around 8% of Chinese people aged 60 years or older. In 1988, the Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group started to investigate whether active treatment could reduce the incidence of stroke and other cardiovascular complications in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. METHODS: All patients were initially started on masked placebo. After stratification for centre, sex and previous cardiovascular complications, alternate patients (n=1253) were assigned nitrendipine at 10-40 mg daily, with the addition of captopril at 12.5-50.0 mg daily or hydrochlorothiazide at 12.5-50.0 mg daily, or both, if a sufficient blood pressure fall was not obtained. In the remaining 1141 control patients, matching placebos were administered similarly. RESULTS: At entry, sitting blood pressure averaged 170.5 mmHg systolic and 86.0 mmHg diastolic, age averaged 66.5 years and total serum cholesterol was 5.1 mmol/l. After 2 years of follow-up, sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures had fallen by 10.9 mmHg and 1.9 mmHg in the placebo group and by 20.0 mmHg and 5.0 mmHg in the active treatment group. The intergroup differences were 9.1 mmHg systolic (95% confidence interval 7.6-10.7 mmHg ) and 3.2 mmHg diastolic (95% confidence interval 2.4-4.0). Active treatment reduced total strokes by 38% (from 20.8 to 13.0 endpoints per 1000 patient-years, P=0.01), all-cause mortality by 39% (from 28.4 to 17.4 endpoints per 1000 patient-years, P=0.003), cardiovascular mortality by 39% (from 15.2 to 9.4 endpoints per 1000 patient-years, P=0.03), stroke mortality by 58% (from 6.9 to 2.9 endpoints per 1000 patient-years, P=0.02), and ail fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular endpoints by 37% (from 33.3 to 21.4 endpoints per 1000 patient-years, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive treatment prevents stroke and other cardiovascular complications in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Treatment of 1000 Chinese patients for 5 years could prevent 55 deaths, 39 strokes or 59 major cardiovascular endpoints.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies.

Under the current family planning policy in China, the criterion for evaluating all parties involved in the birth planning system provides an incentive for everyone to see that the policy is met, either in reality through strict enforcement of family planning regulations, or statistically through manipulation of statistical records. We investigate underreporting of births in four rural counties of northern China, using data from a 1992 sample survey featuring a reproductive history. To clarify the mechanisms of underreporting, we focus on the ways in which reporting errors may affect the distribution of first births by time since marriage. The results of our investigation suggest that in three of the four counties, first-birth intervals are lengthened by underreporting of girl babies and by replacing them with second births reported as first births.

China↗
PubMed2003

Marginal cost pricing for coal fired electricity in coastal cities of China: the case of Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen City, China.

By developing a GDMOD model to estimate the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation, this project provides a detailed analysis of the damages and costs caused by different pollutants at varying distances from the Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen, China. The major findings of this study can be summarized that (1) environmental damages caused by electricity production are large and are mainly imposed on regions far away from the electricity plant; (2) air pollution is the most significant contributor to the total damages, and SO2, NO(x), and particulate matter are the three major pollutants with highest damages; (3) the damages caused per unit of particulate,NO(x), and SO2 emissions are much higher than pollution treatment and prevention costs. The research results of this project showed that China needs to have a more effective levy system on SO2, and a more manageable electricity tariff mechanism to internalize the environmental externalities. The results have also implications for pollution control strategies, compensation schemes as well an emission trading arrangements.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

[Paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish from the coast of high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence areas in East China Sea and South China Sea].

The paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity levels of shellfish collected from shellfish growing zones in Zhoushan areas of East China Sea and Shenzhen areas of South China Sea during January-November 2002 were determined with AOAC bioassay method. The results showed that the toxicity levels of shellfish from Zhoushan were very low, and few shellfish samples could be detected the PSP toxicities. The same levels appeared in the shellfish from Shenzhen, but the percentage of shellfish samples contaminated PSP was up to 30%, and the scallop Chalmys nobilis was dominated in the contaminated shellfish species. Analyses on the toxic profiles of digest gland and edible tissue extraction of scallop from Shenzhen showed that a similar suite of toxins presented in the gland and edible tissues. The high potency neoSTX and low potency GTX5 had a high proportions, up to 60.8% and 11.4%, respectively in the tissue, and the high potency GTX1 + 2 and GTX5 were the dominant toxins, up to 38.9% and 20%, respectively in the gland. Most of the toxin were accumulated in ingested gland of scallop, and the toxic content in gland was about 8 folds more than that in the edible tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Current status of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in China: an analysis of results registered at China Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry in 1998].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of stem cell transplantation (SCT) and the strategy for improving the SCT outcome. METHODS: Summarizing the data registered at China Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry (CBMTR) in 1998 to estimate the probabilities of disease free survival (DFS). RESULTS: There were 68 SCT teams registered. Thirty of them performed both allogeneic -SCT (allo-SCT) and autologous-SCT (ASCT). Up to Aug 31, 1998, a total of 1,840 SCT cases were registered, 38.6% of them were allo-SCT, 59.0% were ASCT, and 9 cases were syngeneic SCT. The probabilities of 3 year DFS for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) in first complete remission (CR(1)) were 70.0% and 48.2%, respectively. For chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first chronic phase (CP(1)), 3 year DFS was 64.2%. The probability of 3 year DFS of ASCT for the AML-CR(1) patients was similar to that of the AML > CR(1) patients, but after ASCT, the ALL > CR(1) patients had much less probability of 3 year DFS than that of the CR(1) patients. There were 5 cases of volunteer marrow transplantation (VMT) registered. Two of them are alive, two died of relapse, and one died of infection. CONCLUSION: SCT including VMT should be performed while patients were in an ideal state of remission.

China↗
PubMed2005

Occupational safety and health in china, part I: u.s.-China symposium on "integrating occupational and environmental health".

A joint China-U.S. symposium entitled "Integrating Occupational and Environmental Health" was organized by the Department of Science and Technology of Hebei Province, PRC, and the Department of Work Environment at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, U.S.A. A framework called "Sustainable Production" was proposed by U.S. participants to link environmental and worker protection. Sustainable production focuses on systems of production that integrate concerns for the long-term viability of the environment, worker health and safety, the community, and the economic performance of firms and other enterprises. The disciplines of environmental and occupational health and safety were brought together by Chinese participants under the unifying theme of the development, implementation, and impact of new technologies. As production processes are increasingly concentrated in China, collaboration among U.S. and Chinese environmental and occupational health and safety professionals is ever more essential.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Clinical trial of China-made recombinant streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Collaborative Study Group on Thrombolysis with China-made recombinant streptokinase.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous recombinant streptokinase (r-SK), produced in China, in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: One hundred and seventy-three patients with AMI admitted to seven hospitals from February to October 1995 were conformed to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of thrombolytic therapy. The patients were divided into two groups. One hundred and two patients in the Group A were randomized to receive r-SK (n = 51) or SK (n = 51). Seventy-one patients were treated with r-SK in the Group B. One and half million units of r-SK or SK were given intravenously over 60 minutes and the clinical criteria of reperfusion were evaluated. Coronary angiography was performed 90 minutes after thrombolytic therapy with r-SK in 34 patients and recanalization of infarct-related arteries was determined using the TIMI criteria. RESULTS: The reperfusion rate was 80.4% in 51 patients receiving r-SK and 74.5% in 51 patients receiving SK (P > 0. 05). The total reperfusion rate was 77.1% in 122 patients treated with r-SK. Ninety minutes after the initiation of thrombolytic therapy, the occluded infarct-related arteries were patent in 70. 6% (24/34) of patients treated with r-SK. Chill, hypotension and mild bleeding occurred respectively in 4.1%, 5.7% and 16.4% of patients with r-SK. CONCLUSION: China-made r-SK is a safe and effective thrombolytic agent.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between coronary artery disease and abnormal glucose regulation in China: the China Heart Survey.

AIM: The aim of this article is to characterize the glucometabolic state of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicentre study recruited 3513 patients hospitalized for CAD, of whom 35.1% were admissions for acute CAD and 64.9% were elective admissions for CAD. At entry, 1153 patients had known type 2 diabetes and 97 had newly diagnosed diabetes [fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) > or =7.0 mmol/L]. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed in the remaining patients revealed that 26.9% had diabetes and 37.3% had impaired glucose regulation (IGR). The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation (AGR) was similar in the acute and elective admissions groups. Overall, the proportion of patients with diagnosed diabetes increased from 32.8% at baseline to 52.9% post-OGTT analysis. In total, 87.4% of patients with IGR and 80.5% of patients with diabetes would have remained undiagnosed if OGTTs had not been performed. CONCLUSION: AGR is common in patients with CAD. The prevalence of AGR is underestimated by FPG testing alone. OGTTs should be routinely used to assess the glucometabolic state of patients with CAD. Individuals identified with IGR or type 2 diabetes should receive treatment to reduce the progression of AGR and associated complications.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Distribution of alkylphenols in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea, China.

The occurrence of alkylphenols (APs) was investigated in surface water and sediments from the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea. Most of the water samples contained detectable amounts of APs, ranging up to 0.628 microg l(-1) for nonylphenol (NP) and 0.068 microg l(-1) for octylphenol (OP). APs were found in all of the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from 59 to 7808 microg kg(-1) for NP and from 1 to 93 microg kg(-1) for OP. The Zhujiang River showed the highest concentrations of APs in both water and sediments. Significant decrease of APs concentrations going from the Zhujiang River to the Shiziyang River was observed. The Xijiang River contained concentrations of APs slightly higher in water but relatively lower in sediments than the Lingding Bay, which might be attributed to their different hydrodynamic and sedimentary characteristics. There was a decreasing trend of APs in water from the rivers to the estuary and further to the sea on the whole. In the Lingding Bay and its outer waters, concentrations of APs in sediments increased to a maximum and then decrease seaward, which was consistent with the distribution trend of the sediment organic carbon contents. Linear regression analyses showed the concentrations of APs were markedly correlated with the sediment organic carbon contents, indicating that the sediment organic carbon is an important factor controlling the levels of APs in sediments.

China↗
PubMed1985

A pathological survey of atherosclerotic lesions of coronary artery and aorta in China. A coordination group in China.

A pathological survey of atherosclerotic lesions was carried out on 7159 hearts and 2044 aortae from autopsy material. The results showed that: 1. The prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis was 41.65%, while that of coronary stenosis was 9.41%. Lesions of comparable severity occurred about 5-10 years earlier in age in specimens collected after 1949 in this study, as compared with those before 1949 as reported previously by others. 2. Fatty streaks of coronary artery were found in newborns, whereas fibrous plaques were identified in coronary artery in the 10-19 year group. The prevalence of coronary stenosis increased rapidly after 35 years of age by a rate of about 8.6% per year up to 55 years and declined thereafter. 3. The prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis was higher in males than in females, with a significant difference found in the 20-59 year groups. Coronary atherosclerosis was more frequently found in the left anterior descending branch than other branches including the left main trunk. The proximal segments of each branch are the sites of predilection. 4. The prevalence of aortic atherosclerosis was 76.71%. Atherosclerotic lesions appeared about 10 years earlier in the aortae than in the coronary arteries. 5. The prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis and stenosis was higher in the northern part of China than in the south and the occurrence of lesions showed a lag of about 10 years by age in the latter. The difference was statistically significant.

Adolescent↗