Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CATTLE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Proviral detection and serology in bovine leukemia virus-exposed normal cattle and cattle with lymphoma.

Twenty-seven cattle with lymphoma and 46 cows from a known bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected herd were tested for anti-BLV antibody by the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization were used to detect BLV provirus in the tumor DNA of the 27 cattle with lymphoma. The PCR was used to detect BLV provirus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of the 46 normal known-exposed cattle. Two presumed false negative AGID test results compared to ELISA were found. Of ten cattle three years of age or less with "sporadic" forms of lymphoma, four had BLV provirus in tumor DNA, detectable by PCR. In two of these four, BLV provirus was clonally integrated based on digestion of tumor DNA with restriction enzymes followed by Southern hybridization. The BLV provirus was not detected by PCR in 5 of 17 cattle with "enzootic" lymphoma and two of these five were seronegative. Among normal BLV-exposed cows, 6.5% (3 of 46) were serologically positive and PCR negative; serologically negative and PCR positive cows occurred with the same frequency. Serological and PCR test results, when considered in all cattle (n = 73), had a concordance rate of 83.6%. Discordant test results occurred with approximately equal frequency between serologically positive and PCR negative (7 of 73, 9.6%) and serologically negative and PCR positive (5 of 73, 6.8%) groups. These data suggest that the role of BLV in some "sporadic" bovine lymphomas, previously unassociated with BLV, should be reexamined. The BLV provirus was not demonstrable in the tumor DNA from five adult cattle with lymphoma, suggesting that BLV may not be the etiological agent in all adult bovine lymphomas. The findings of persistently seronegative PCR positive and seropositive PCR negative cattle indicate that further work is needed to more fully understand the host-virus interaction. Present serological screening methods may not have sufficient sensitivity for determining BLV status in some circumstances.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Use of prostaglandin products by dairy cattle owners, beef cattle owners, and veterinarians.

Questionnaires regarding the use of prostaglandin F2 alpha and its analogues (hereafter referred to as PG) were sent to 332 Alabama beef cattle owners and to 279 Alabama dairy cattle owners after attempting to contact them by telephone to request their participation in the survey. Questionnaires concerning the use of PG in their clients' herds were likewise sent to 147 food animal and mixed animal practitioners in Alabama after attempting telephone contact. Response among beef cattle owners, dairy cattle owners, and veterinarians to whom questionnaires were mailed was 64.5, 61.6, and 75.5%, respectively. Only 7.4% (13 of 175) of respondent beef cattle owners reported use of PG in their herds, and this use was predominantly for artificial insemination and embryo transfer. In contrast, 66.5% (109 of 164) of respondent dairy cattle owners reported use of PG, generally with satisfactory results, for some of the following conditions: unobserved estrus (n = 77), uterine infections (n = 74), retained placenta (n = 65), cystic ovaries (n = 56), estrus synchronization (n = 45), and induction of parturition (n = 13). Although 94.9% of respondent veterinarians treated cattle with PG, those attending beef herds thought that more important strategies were available for improvement of beef cattle productivity than increased use of PG. Among these strategies were shorter calving seasons, improved nutrition, better record keeping, more frequent herd health visits, improved animal identification, and increased use of bull breeding soundness examinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Immune responses of infected and vaccinated Hereford cattle to antigens of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.

Responses of infested and vaccinated Hereford cattle to Boophilus microplus antigens were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lymphocyte blastogenesis assay (LBA) and intradermal skin tests. Responses against soluble salivary gland extracts (SGS), salivary gland membrane (SGM), soluble gut extracts (GS), gut membrane (GM), soluble larval extracts (LS) and larval membrane (LM) antigens were tested. In one experiment, cattle infested with up to 160,000 ticks had positive cellular responses to SGS and significant antibodies against LM, GM, SGM, and SGS. Cellular responses to Concanavalin A were not depressed following infestation. Cattle vaccinated with GM, using Quil A as adjuvant, had positive cellular responses to gut and salivary gland antigens and significant antibody responses to all antigens tested. The antibody levels of vaccinated cattle were significantly higher than the antibody levels of infested cattle (P less than 0.05). In a second experiment, immune responses of cattle infested with 40,000 ticks were studied during 38 days. Cellular responses in LBA to several tick antigens were transiently elevated and significant levels of antibody were measured against LM, GM, SGM and SGS, from day 25 (P less than 0.05). Infested cattle had positive skin reactions following intradermal injection of larval and adult tick antigens (P less than 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Identification of antigenic differences that discriminate between cattle vaccinated with Anaplasma centrale and cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale.

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the vaccine strain of Anaplasma centrale used in Australia. A monoclonal antibody that reacted with an 80 kDa antigen was used to develop an A. centrale-specific fluorescent antibody test that will be useful for confirming species identity in patent infections. Another monoclonal antibody that reacted with a 116 kDa antigen was used to develop an A. centrale-specific competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological identification of vaccinated cattle. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 100% in cattle experimentally infected with A. centrale, 97.1% in a vaccinated beef herd and 98.3% in a vaccinated dairy herd. The specificity of the ELISA was 98.6% in non-vaccinated cattle outside the Anaplasma marginale-endemic area, 97.9% in non-vaccinated cattle within the A. marginale-endemic area and 100% in cattle experimentally infected with A. marginale. The ELISA detected antibodies to A. centrale in cattle up to 9 years after vaccination with no apparent decrease in sensitivity. The assay has proved extremely valuable in Australia for investigating reported failures of multivalent live vaccines used to protect cattle against anaplasmosis and babesiosis, and should be similarly useful elsewhere in the world where these types of vaccines are used, e.g. Israel and South America.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1977

Tuberculin sensitivity of cattle inoculated with atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, feral pigs and trought water.

Each of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of liver atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy-eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat-concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation. Organisms were cultured from caseous granulomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid-fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of a 1% lambdacyhalothrin cattle Pour-on (Saber) against sucking and biting lice infesting beef cattle.

Four studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of a 1% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on (Saber Pour-on, Schering-Plough Animal Health) for control of sucking lice (Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus) and biting lice (Damalinia bovis) on beef cattle. Seventy-four mixed-breed cattle naturally infested with one or more species of lice at locations in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and North Dakota were included in the study. Pretreatment lice samples were taken and identified by genus with the exception that sucking lice were not identified by genus at the North Dakota site. In January or February, half of the cattle at each location received a single application of 1% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on at 10 ml per head for cattle weighing less than 273 kg (600 lb) or 15 ml per head for cattle weighing 273 kg or more. The other cattle at each site served as untreated controls. Lice on designated body areas were counted 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, and the sum of all lice observed on each counting area was reported for each animal. The collective efficacy 6 weeks after treatment against three species of sucking lice (L. vituli, H. eurysternus, S. capillatus) was 88.4% at the Wisconsin site, 92.0% at the North Dakota site, and 100% at the Nebraska and Oklahoma sites. The 1% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on eliminated all biting lice within 2 weeks after treatment, and no biting lice were detected 8 weeks after treatment. A single treatment of 1% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on administered when lice populations were highest (January or February) provided effective season-long control of both biting and sucking lice on cattle.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1980

Factors associated with mortality in feedlot cattle: the Bruce County Beef Cattle Project.

The design of and the analysis of data from the Bruch County Beef Cattle Project, particularity the field study, are presented and discussed. A major value of the study may lie in its ability to relate laboratory findings to events in the field. The factor most strongly related to mortality was ration, with cattle on hay based rations having a much lower mortality on average than cattle on corn based rations. In general, management activities associated with growing cattle (as opposed to fattening) over the first winter were sparing for mortality. Groups of cattle given prophylactic vaccines or drugs within two days of arrival tended to experience higher mortality (not statistically higher) than those cattle not receiving those measures, or cattle groups recieving the same prophylactics more than 48 hours after arrival. However, these results require validation in the remaining years of the study. Fibrinous pneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis in the calves on postmortem examination.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Use of cattle farm resources by badgers (Meles meles) and risk of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) transmission to cattle.

Nocturnal observations, radio telemetry and time-lapse camera surveillance were used to investigate visits by badgers (Meles meles L.) to two cattle farms. During 59 half-nights (ca. 295 h) of observation and 17 nights (ca. 154 h) of camera surveillance, 139 separate visits to farm buildings, by at least 26 individually identifiable badgers from two social groups, were recorded. The badgers, which included three individuals infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), used cowsheds, feedsheds, barns, haystacks, slurry pits, cattle troughs and farmyards to exploit a range of food resources, including cattle feed and silage. Cattle feed was contaminated with badger faeces and badgers also came into close contact with cattle. The minimum number of badgers visiting farm buildings per night was negatively correlated with local 24 h rainfall. We conclude that exploitation by badgers of resources provided by cattle farms constitutes a potentially important mechanism for tuberculosis transmission from badgers to cattle.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Humoral immune responses of Hereford cattle vaccinated with midgut antigens of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.

Vaccination of cattle with midgut membrane (GM) antigen derived from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, infected with the adjuvant Quil A, resulted in significant increases in total immunoglobulins, mainly in the IgG1 and IgG2 fractions of the serum. Analysis of the anti-GM antibody levels of vaccinated cattle showed that the levels of IgG, IgG1 and complement-fixing antibodies were significantly correlated to protection against infestation with cattle ticks. Anti-GM antibodies of the IgG2 and IgM isotype were not correlated to protection against infestation with cattle ticks. Anti-GM antibodies fixed complement (C') in the presence of GM, larval membrane antigen and live, midgut cells, but not in the presence of live, larval cells. Anti-GM antibodies were able to fix C' equally well in the presence of GM antigen and live, midgut cells. None of the antigens tested activated the alternate pathway of complement under the conditions tested. Levels of anti-GM IgG1 antibodies were used to develop a regression model for predicting levels of protection against infestation with cattle ticks in vaccinated cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in 20 dairy herds in two counties in central Michigan and comparison of prevalence of antibody-positive cattle among herds with different infection and vaccination status.

All cattle in 20 dairy herds randomly selected from herds participating in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association program in 2 counties in central Michigan were tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virus-positive animals were retested to ascertain persistent infection with the virus. A total of 5,481 animals were tested for presence of BVDV. In 9 of the herds, all animals were also tested for virus neutralizing antibody titer. Based on infection and vaccination status, these 9 herds were divided into 3 different herd categories: A, 5 herds with currently no cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV and without any vaccination program against BVDV in recent years; B, 2 herds with no current PI cattle but using killed BVDV vaccines; and C, 2 herds with PI cattle. PI cattle were detected in 3 out of 20 herds (15%). A total of 7 of 5,481 animals (0.13%) were PI. The mean prevalences of antibody carriers in herd categories A, B, and C were 28.8%, 76.4% and 90.6%, respectively. For one herd in category A, antibody analyses indicated that mostly young stock was seropositive, suggested recent BVDV infection in a previously closed and naive herd. Cattle in category B herds were vaccinated with killed vaccine from the age of 15 months. These herds had several antibody negative animals among the younger cows, suggesting incomplete protection against BVDV infection. In the 3 herds in which PI animals were detected, all cattle had been vaccinated with killed vaccine. The antibody-positive animals had antibody titers that were significantly different both among herds and among herd categories.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of POU1F1 gene polymorphisms in Qinchuan cattle and Chinese Holstein cattle].

PCR-RFLP was applied to analyze the polymorphisms of POU1F1 gene in 218 Qinchuan cattle (QQ) and Chinese Holstein cattle (HC). Results demonstrated Hinf I polymorphisms in the 451 bp PCR product in the two populations. The frequencies of alleles A/B in QQ and HC populations were 0.232/0.768 and 0.132/0.868, respectively. The frequencies of three genotypes AA, AB and BB were 0.030/0.403/0.567 and 0.007/0.251/0.742, respectively. Qinchuan cattle population was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus, but Chinese Holstein cattle population was not. The gene heterozygosity/effective allele gene number/Shannon information entropy/polymorphism information content of Qinchuan cattle and Chinese Holstein cattle populations were listed for 0.356/1.553/0.541/0.292 and 0.229/1.297/0.390/0.203, respectively. All indices were higher in the Qinchuan cattle population.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immunogenetic influences on tick resistance in African cattle with particular reference to trypanotolerant N'Dama (Bos taurus) and trypanosusceptible Gobra zebu (Bos indicus) cattle.

In sub-Saharan Africa, tick infestation and tick-borne infections together with tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis arguably constitute the main parasitological disease complex constraining livestock production. Resistance to tick attack and tick-borne micro-organisms (TBMs) varies among different breeds of cattle. The magnitude of losses due to these parasites is related to an extent to the degree of breed resistance. Generally, zebu (Bos indicus) cattle possess a higher resistance to ticks and TBMs than European (Bos taurus) cattle. The host's immune system would appear to be the single most important factor that regulates this resistance. This paper reports on the main effector immune mechanisms governing resistance against ticks and TBMs. The cellular immune response appears more effective and stable than humoral immunity in modulating resistance to ticks and TBMs. Similarities between the immune mechanisms employed by trypanotolerant N'Dama (B. taurus) cattle, when infected with trypanosomes, and those elicited by tick bites and TBMs seem to exist, particularly at the skin level in the early phases of parasitic invasion. Moreover, there is evidence that in the N'Dama breed, resistance against ticks per se also has a genetic basis. Therefore, the N'Dama appears to be a unique breed in that it exhibits resistance to several parasitic diseases and/or infections, including helminths, when compared to other cattle breeds in West Africa. It is concluded that the multi-parasite resistant traits of the N'Dama breed should be exploited in those areas where trypanosomosis, ticks and tick-borne diseases constrain animal production. This should be of benefit for low-input farming systems where the use of chemicals for prophylaxis and therapy is limited by their relatively high cost. Additionally, the potential contribution of multiple disease resistant N'Dama cattle should be considered in crossbreeding programmes with exotic dairy breeds for increasing milk production in West Africa.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1990

Studies of experimental Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. I. Transmission and persistence of the infectious agent in ruminants and pigs, and resistance of recovered cattle to re-infection.

The agent causing Jembrana disease, an enzootic disease of Bos javanicus (Bali cattle) occurring in Bali, Indonesia, was shown to occur at high titres in the blood of animals during the febrile period of the disease and to persist in cattle for 25 months after clinical recovery. During the febrile period of the disease, most of the infectious agent appeared to be associated with the plasma fraction of whole blood. There was a linear relationship between the number of organisms inoculated into susceptible Bali cattle and the incubation period, which varied from 4.5 to 12 days. Seventeen of 18 animals in which Jembrana disease had been experimentally induced up to 22 months previously did not develop clinical signs when re-challenged with the infectious agent. Ongole cattle (Bos indicus), Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and pigs, but not sheep or goats, developed a mild febrile response, but no other overt clinical signs of the disease after inoculation with the Jembrana disease agent. Ongole and Friesian cattle, buffaloes, and sheep developed a persistent infection after inoculation; the infectious agent persisted in blood or spleen for at least 9 months in buffaloes and for shorter periods in the other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular epidemiological confirmation and circumstances of occurrence of sheep (S) strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cases of paratuberculosis in cattle in Australia and sheep and cattle in Iceland.

Distinct strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with a tendency to segregate in either sheep, or cattle and other ruminants, have been described and are known as S and C strains, respectively. These strains can be distinguished by a polymorphism in the IS1311 element and other DNA-based methods. C strains are relatively easy to culture from tissues and faeces of animals with paratuberculosis but S strains are difficult to culture. A retrospective survey of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from culture negative Australian paratuberculous cattle was undertaken to determine whether infection in these cases was due to S strains. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis of the amplified product was used to identify the polymorphism in IS1311. Three cases of bovine paratuberculosis due to S strain were confirmed from three different farms. A serological survey led to the identification of a further two cases on one of these farms. S strains were also identified in archival tissues from paratuberculous sheep and cattle from Iceland, confirming epidemiological and microbiological evidence that paratuberculosis in Iceland was due to S strain following importation of infected sheep from Europe. In each bovine case in both Iceland and Australia there had been direct or indirect contact of calves with paratuberculous sheep. We were unable to determine whether S strains had established endemic infection in cattle or whether repeated infection from sheep had occurred. Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that transmission of S strains to cattle in Australia has been uncommon under extensive grazing conditions. In Iceland, different husbandry practices appear to have favoured transmission of S strains to cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations on Zebu cattle in western Kenya: seasonal dynamics of four species of ticks on traditionally managed cattle.

A study was conducted on the population dynamics of four tick species infesting livestock on Rusinga Island. Infestations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, Amblyomma variegatum (F.)., and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) were monitored on East African shorthorn Zebu cattle at monthly intervals for 2 yr. These cattle were of unimproved stock under traditional husbandry without any tick control practices. Most ticks were on cattle between September and March, with a peak in December-February. Following the onset of the rainy season in April, tick numbers on the cattle declined markedly; this decline continued until July or August, when numbers started to increase again. No significant correlation could be made between these population changes and any of the four climatic factors recorded. Instead, there was a notable relationship between tick population changes and local farming practice. The area and duration of cattle grazing activity were severely curtailed during the cropping season from April to September, which reduced tick-host contact and thus the tick burdens of the cattle at that time.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Working practices of cattle foot trimmers used for footcare in dairy cattle compared with those of veterinary surgeons for treatment of lameness in large animal practice.

A questionnaire was sent to 270 veterinary surgeons and 135 cattle foot trimmers, investigating their perceptions on lameness and associated pain, with particular emphasis on dairy cattle. Response rates were 58 and 51%, respectively, but the number of respondents fully answering each question varied. Cattle foot trimming methods, opinions on pain associated with lameness and methods used to control pain were investigated. Responses of both groups were compared. No veterinary surgeon attended more than 50 lame cattle per month. The 'Dutch Method' of foot trimming was always used by 47% of veterinary respondents and 89% of trimmers. Both groups considered lameness to be potentially painful. Orthopaedic shoes were used by 79% of responding veterinary surgeons and 97% of trimmers (P < 0.001) to alleviate weightbearing by diseased digits. Housing lame cows on straw was regularly recommended by approximately one-third of both groups. Around a third of veterinary surgeons used local anaesthetics when treating lame cattle. Only 27% used analgesics when treating lame cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pathogenicity for cattle of atypical mycobacteria isolated from feral pigs and cattle and the correlation of lesions with tuberculin sensitivity.

Two experiments involving the inoculation of cattle with atypical mycobacteria are described. In the first experiment groups of 5 cattle were inoculated either subcutaneously or into a mesenteric lymph node with a strain of M. scrofulaceum or M. intracellulare. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous PPDs. The pathological changes observed were similar within each group of cattle inoculated with the same strain of mycobacteria. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the strain and the route of inoculation. In the second experiment 17 cattle were similarly inoculated by either of the two routes with 1 of 6 strains of M. intracellulare, a strain of M. scrofulaceum or a strain of Runyon Group IV, all of which had been isolated from feral pigs, or a strain of M. intracellulare of bovine origin. Tuberculin tests were carried out after 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the isolate from a bovine lymph node produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD. Cultural isolation of the mycobacteria from autopsy material was not correlated with the presence of macroscopic lesions nor with sensitivity to bovine PPD. The response to bovine PPD of cattle infected with these atypical mycobacteria decreased between 48 h and 96 h after injection of the tuberculins. As the maximum difference in the response to bovine and avian tuberculins occurs at 72 h a comparative tuberculin test should be read at this time to eliminate non-specific reactors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Distribution of T-lymphocyte subpopulation in blood and spleen of normal cattle and cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis.

Immunocytochemical and flow cytometry techniques were used to examine T-lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and spleen from cases of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in adult cattle, and from normal cattle (adult and young), with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against bovine leucocyte differentiation molecules. Both in PBLs and spleen, the percentages of T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and WC1 + gamma delta T lymphocytes) of EBL-affected and normal adult cattle were significantly lower than those of normal young cattle. The percentages of these T-lymphocyte subpopulations in the PBLs of adult cattle with EBL were lower than those of normal adult cattle, but the converse was true in the spleen. It is suggested that tumour immunity occurred in the spleen. Histological examination revealed no follicular hyperplasia in the spleen, and the proliferation of neoplastic cells began in the red pulp. It is concluded that the spleen is not the organ initially responsible for the transformation of EBL lymphoma and that neoplastic cells migrating from peripheral blood are metastatic.

Age Factors↗