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Results for “Body Patterning”

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PubMed1993

A scaffold for basal body patterning revealed by a monoclonal antibody in the hypotrich ciliate Paraurostyla weissei.

In the hypotrich ciliate Paraurostyla weissei, the infraciliature consists of basal bodies on which cilia are anchored together with associated dense material and microtubular rootlets. This is renewed at each morphogenesis, which occurs both in the fully differentiated cell and in a transient dedifferentiated stage, the zygocyst. In both situations, the cell must reconstitute its typical ciliature by properly patterning its basal bodies. Insights into these morphogenetic processes were obtained through an immunocytochemical study using an antipericentriolar material antibody displaying remarkable properties. In Paraurostyla, this antibody decorates the electron-dense material associated with the basal bodies in the interphase cell (as it does with centrosomes on metazoan cells) but, during morphogenesis, the antibody decorates a transient system of tracks which appear prior to basal body patterning and along which basal bodies will later be distributed. In all cases, tracks are initiated close to parental organelles and then elongate to form a system linking the anlagen together during their migration. During zygocyst morphogenesis, they extend along three main cellular meridians. As this antibody decorates an antigen associated with early steps of morphogenesis, it visualizes a proteinaceous system upstream to basal body patterning and provides a structural continuity between parental and newly assembled basal body systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recreational patterns, body composition and socioeconomic status of Western Australian secondary school students.

A study of 4672 secondary school students was carried out in order to assess the relationship between body composition, recreational patterns, and socioeconomic status as indicated by parental occupation and the school attended. Results indicated that there were more girls than boys participating in organized sport, and health and fitness activities; and more boys than girls involved in informal recreational activities and home-based passive pursuits. A higher proportion of participants came from the higher socioeconomic status (SES) group. More high-SES students revealed weight appropriate to their height.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Computational detection of genomic cis-regulatory modules applied to body patterning in the early Drosophila embryo.

BACKGROUND: Regulation of gene transcription is crucial for the function and development of all organisms. While gene prediction programs that identify protein coding sequence are used with remarkable success in the annotation of genomes, the development of computational methods to analyze noncoding regions and to delineate transcriptional control elements is still in its infancy. RESULTS: Here we present novel algorithms to detect cis-regulatory modules through genome wide scans for clusters of transcription factor binding sites using three levels of prior information. When binding sites for the factors are known, our statistical segmentation algorithm, Ahab, yields about 150 putative gap gene regulated modules, with no adjustable parameters other than a window size. If one or more related modules are known, but no binding sites, repeated motifs can be found by a customized Gibbs sampler and input to Ahab, to predict genes with similar regulation. Finally using only the genome, we developed a third algorithm, Argos, that counts and scores clusters of overrepresented motifs in a window of sequence. Argos recovers many of the known modules, upstream of the segmentation genes, with no training data. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated, in the case of body patterning in the Drosophila embryo, that our algorithms allow the genome-wide identification of regulatory modules. We believe that Ahab overcomes many problems of recent approaches and we estimated the false positive rate to be about 50%. Argos is the first successful attempt to predict regulatory modules using only the genome without training data. Complete results and module predictions across the Drosophila genome are available at http://uqbar.rockefeller.edu/~siggia/.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

The expression of pannier and achaete-scute homologues in a mosquito suggests an ancient role of pannier as a selector gene in the regulation of the dorsal body pattern.

The Drosophila gene pannier (pnr) has recently been assigned to a new class of selector genes (Calleja, M., Herranz, H., Estella, C., Casal, J., Lawrence, P., Simpson, P. and Morata, G. (2000). Development 127, 3971-3980; (Mann, R. S. and Morata, G. (2000). ANNU: Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 243-271). It specifies pattern in the dorsal body. On the dorsal notum it is expressed in a broad medial domain and directly regulates transcription of the achaete-scute (ac-sc) genes driving their expression in small discrete clusters within this domain at the sites of each future bristle. This spatial resolution is achieved through modulation of Pnr activity by specific co-factors and by a number of discrete cis-regulatory enhancers in the ac-sc gene complex. We have isolated homologues of pnr and ac-sc in Anopheles gambiae, a basal species of Diptera that diverged from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) about 200 million years ago, and examined their expression patterns. We found that an ac-sc homologue of Anopheles, Ag-ASH, is expressed on the dorsal medial notum at the sites where sensory organs emerge in several domains that are identical to those of the pnr homologue, Ag-pnr. This suggests that activation of Ag-ASH by Ag-Pnr has been conserved. Indeed, when expressed in Drosophila, Ag-pnr is able to mimic the effects of ectopic expression of Dm-pnr and induce ectopic bristles. These results are discussed in the context of the gene duplication events and the acquisition of a modular promoter, that may have occurred at different times in the lineage leading to derived species such as Drosophila. The bristle pattern of Anopheles correlates in a novel fashion with the expression domains of Ag-pnr/Ag-ASH. While precursors for the sensory scales can arise anywhere within the expression domains, bristle precursors arise exclusively along the borders. This points to the existence of specific positional information along the borders, and suggests that Ag-pnr specifies pattern in the medial, dorsal notum, as in Drosophila, but via a different mechanism.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Scale of body pattern adjusts to available cell number in amphibian embryos.

In many embryos, the removal of cells whose descendants would normally have formed entire parts of the body pattern is followed by apparently normal morphogenesis, which implies an ordered readjustment of the activities of the remaining cells before their potentialities become restricted. Special cell lineages cannot underly the generation and regulation of pattern in such embryos. It is proposed instead that there must be some regulatory communication system in the developing embryo that normally ensures an appropriate spatial pattern of differentiation but which is also able to adjust to the removal, addition or transposition of material at a sufficiently early stage. Precise models for such a mechanism have recently been suggested, and have been tested experimentally. I have performed surgical manipulations at pre-gastrula embryonic stages in two distinctly related amphibian types, Xenopus and Ambystoma, and report here an assessment of the regulation achieved in terms of pattern proportions. The results are problematical for most current theories of pattern control.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1989

Localized surface activity of torso, a receptor tyrosine kinase, specifies terminal body pattern in Drosophila.

The subdivision of the Drosophila body into distinct terminal and central domains depends on the torso (tor) protein, a putative receptor tyrosine kinase that is active at both ends of the early embryo. We show that the tor protein is uniformly expressed along the surface membrane of early embryos despite its localized activity at both poles. Further, we present evidence that polarized activity of this protein depends on other terminal gene functions, one of which may be a localized extracellular ligand generated during oogenesis. Finally, using the temperature-sensitive gain-of-function mutation torRL3, we show that different levels of active tor protein can specify distinct portions of the terminal pattern. Thus, we argue (1) that for functions as a ubiquitous surface receptor that is activated by a spatially restricted ligand, and (2) that localized activity of the tor kinase may generate one or more gradients of intracellular signals that control body pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Dynamics of the control of body pattern in the development of Xenopus laevis. I. Timing and pattern in the development of dorsoanterior and posterior blastomere pairs, isolated at the 4-cell stage.

Xenopus embryos have been selected in which the second cleavage is occurring in a frontal plane, i.e. one tending to lie at right angles to the prospective plane of bilateral symmetry for the body pattern. Some of these have been used to deduce a map of the disposition of materials for the normal mesodermal pattern (the normal 'fate map') by injecting blastomeres to found fluorescently marked clones from 4- to 32-cell stages. Other such 4-cell embryos have been separated into two isolates across this second cleavage; in fate-map terms, prospective dorsoanterior and posterior isolates. These have been allowed to develop to control axial larval stages, with examination of the time schedule of their gastrulation movements in relation to cofertilized whole controls. The patterns of mesoderm produced have been examined and interpreted in the light of quantitative knowledge about the normal pattern, and our current understanding of the map. A meaningful fate map exists for the egg material even at this early, essentially acellular stage, and it differs appreciably from what might have been expected in view of that traditionally shown for early gastrula stages. The patterns developed in the isolates show that at least in many eggs, widespread information that positively specifies material as to its body position is available from at most 1 h after the events that give rise to bilateral symmetry upon fertilization. This information usually leads to a mosaic development of the appropriate mesodermal part-pattern in dorsoanterior isolates, and frequently allows development that approximates to this in the reciprocal posterior part. Regulation, i.e. the replacement of removed information to specify a development more complete than the normal contribution in isolates, is not observed. The results suggest a revision of former claims for regulative ability in at least this amphibian embryo. They also imply that systems for ascribing position value (positional information) to early embryonic tissue can be diverse in dynamics, even among embryos whose body plans are obviously homologous as are those of vertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The restrictive effect of early exposure to lithium upon body pattern in Xenopus development, studied by quantitative anatomy and immunofluorescence.

We have carried out an anatomical study of Xenopus larval and gastrula stages resulting from treatment of synchronous early blastulae for brief periods with Li+. We confirm the proposal that such treatment causes a particular transformation, and partial elimination, of the normal body pattern. Coordinated restriction of pattern, without appreciable loss of cell number, is seen in all three germ layers. The distortion has been investigated by quantitative study of mesoderms at a standard stage, in relation to the normal fate map for mesoderm, and with the help of immunofluorescence on sections for somitic muscle and for blood. In the extreme syndrome, mesoderm arises from all around the blastula as usual, but is symmetrical and corresponds to that arising near the dorsal/anterior meridian of the normally specified egg or embryo with a large posterior subset of the normal pattern values thus missing. The effect is independent of any inhibition of archenteron formation or mesoderm migration (i.e. the cell mechanics of gastrulation) incurred by the treatment. It is also quite separate from a syndrome caused by more prolonged exposure to Li+ during gastrulation. A small, but distinctive, anterior pattern region is also not expressed and, anomalously in relation to their general nature, these forms differentiate considerable blood tissue. We consider the implications of some details of the pattern restriction for our understanding of interaction in the normal development and propose that the Li+ embryo is likely to be useful as a specific 'differential screen', in relation to the normal, during the search for those gene products that mediate initial regionalization of the body.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Germline autonomy of maternal-effect mutations altering the embryonic body pattern of Drosophila.

Nine maternal-effect loci Drosophila melanogaster were tested in germline mosaics to determine whether the wildtype gene activity is required in somatic or germline components of the maternal ovary. Mutations in these loci affect the anterior-posterior or dorso-ventral body pattern. In all nine loci (torso, trunk, exuperantia, vasa, valois, staufen, tudor, dorsal, Toll) a mutant genotype in the germ cells is sufficient to produce all aspects of the mutant embryonic phenotype, even when those germ cells are surrounded by wildtype somatic tissues.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A molecular gradient in early Drosophila embryos and its role in specifying the body pattern.

After fertilization, the protein products of the Drosophila homeobox gene caudal (cad) accumulate in a concentration gradient spanning the anteroposterior axis of the developing embryo. Mutations in the cad gene that reduce or eliminate the gradient cause abnormal zygotic expression of at least one segmentation gene (fushi tarazu) and alter the global body pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Mind-body patterns of symptom generation.

Effective ways for joining family therapy with other treatment modalities are becoming increasingly important as the efficacy of family therapy gains acceptance in the medical and mental health community. When one interfaces family therapy with medical and psychopharmacological treatments, which find the sources of symptoms within individuals, rather than interpersonal systems, careful attention must be paid to the mind and body relationships that guide interactions between family behavior and the somatic physiology of each family member. We present six mind-body patterns of symptom generation found to be particularly useful for designing multimodality treatments and for communicating the treatment rationale to medical and psychiatric clinicians or to family members. Case examples illustrate their clinical use.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1998

Inductive interactions regulating body patterning in planarian, revealed by analysis of expression of novel gene scarf.

Subtractive hybridization was used to search for the early difference in gene expression between anteriorly and posteriorly regenerating tissues of the same region of the planarian body. A sequence (named scarf) specific for posteriorly regenerating tissue was isolated, encoding a soluble C-type lectin consisting of two slightly different carbohydrate-recognition domains. Such an unusual bivalent structure allows attribution of the protein to a novel subfamily of C-type lectins. scarf expression in intact planarian is rather abundant and follows a characteristic pattern not linked to any known morphological structure. We performed a series of experiments using scarf as a molecular marker. Its expression was monitored during different types of regeneration by whole-mount in situ hybridization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The obtained data suggest that scarf expression is positively regulated by anterior tissues closely adjacent to the scarf-expressing region, so that their surgical removal results in rapid scarf switch-off. In turn, tissues expressing scarf seem to inhibit its activation anteriorly. This indicates that at least some of the body patterning events in planarians are based on a system of reciprocal inductive interactions rather than on a global morphogen gradient.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Trilobite body patterning and the evolution of arthropod tagmosis.

Preservation permitting patterns of developmental evolution can be reconstructed within long extinct clades, and the rich fossil record of trilobite ontogeny and phylogeny provides an unparalleled opportunity for doing so. Furthermore, knowledge of Hox gene expression patterns among living arthropods permit inferences about possible Hox gene deployment in trilobites. The trilobite anteroposterior body plan is consistent with recent suggestions that basal euarthropods had a relatively low degree of tagmosis among cephalic limbs, possibly related to overlapping expression domains of cephalic Hox genes. Trilobite trunk segments appeared sequentially at a subterminal generative zone, and were exchanged between regions of fused and freely articulating segments during growth. Homonomous trunk segment shape and gradual size transition were apparently phylogenetically basal conditions and suggest a single trunk tagma. Several derived clades independently evolved functionally distinct tagmata within the trunk, apparently exchanging flexible segment numbers for greater regionally autonomy. The trilobite trunk chronicles how different aspects of arthropod segmentation coevolved as the degree of tagmosis increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Skilled motor performance and working memory in rowers: body patterns and spatial positions.

Previous studies using unfamiliar laboratory tasks (e.g. Smyth & Pendleton, 1990) have shown that working memory for movements to targets external to the body (positional movements) is dissociable from working memory for movements made to recreate specific configurations of body parts (patterned movements). In Experiment 1 this dissociation is replicated using tasks that were adapted for use in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2 the timing of experienced rowers performance of patterned and positional elements of the rowing stroke was selectively disrupted by concurrent performance of patterned and positional memory tasks, respectively. These results suggest that patterned and positional elements of well-practised everyday motor tasks, which involve a complex interaction of the two types of movement, are controlled separately and place dissociable demands on working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The expression of the mouse Zic1, Zic2, and Zic3 gene suggests an essential role for Zic genes in body pattern formation.

We examined the expression of Zic1, Zic2, and Zic3 genes in the mouse embryo by means of in situ hybridization. Zic genes were found as a group of genes coding for zinc finger proteins that are expressed in a restricted manner in the adult mouse cerebellum. We showed that the genes are the vertebrate homologues of Drosophila odd-paired, which may play an essential role in parasegmental subdivision and in visceral mesoderm development. The expression of the three Zic genes was first detected at gastrulation in a spatially restricted manner. At neurulation, the expression became restricted to the dorsal neural ectoderm and dorsal paraxial mesoderm. During organogenesis, the three genes were expressed in specific regions of several developing organs, including dorsal areas of the brain, spinal cord, paraxial mesenchyme, and epidermis, the marginal zone of the neural retina and distal regions of the developing limb. For all stages, significant differences in the spatial expression of Zic1, Zic2, and Zic3 were observed. Furthermore, the expression of Zic genes in Pax3, Wnt-1, and Wnt-3a mutant embryos suggested that Zic genes are not primarily regulated by the three genes which were expressed in dorsal areas similar to Zic genes. However, in open brain, a mutant with severe neural tube defects, and in the Wnt-3a mutant mice, the expression of Zic genes was changed. The changed expression pattern in Wnt-3a mutant mice suggests that Zic genes in the neural tube are regulated by the factors from notochord. Our findings suggest that Zic genes are involved in many developmental processes. Furthermore, analysis of gene expression patterns in different mouse mutants indicated that Zic genes may act upstream of many known developmental regulatory genes.

Animals↗