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PubMed1999

Characterization of putative Haemophilus somnus isolates from tonsils of American bison (Bison bison).

Three Haemophilus somnus isolates (2a, 3a, and 27b) and one H. somnus-like (13b) isolate from tonsils of commercially reared American bison were compared with 2 known H. somnus isolates from cattle, namely, 2336, shown to cause respiratory disease, and 129Pt, from the prepuce of an asymptomatic bull. All H. somnus isolates, but not the H. somnus-like isolate, required CO2 for growth. Biochemical utilization profiles were identical for bison and bovine H. somnus isolates with the exception of alpha-fucosidase production by isolate 3a. Isolate 27a varied from 2a, 2336 and 129Pt by hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes. Isolate 13b hemolyzed sheep but not bovine or bison erythrocytes and varied from other isolates in biochemical utilization tests. Outer membrane protein profiles of 2a, 3a and 27a were almost identical with those of bovine isolate 2336 and similar to that of 129Pt, but quite different from that of 13b. Western blots of bison isolates were similar to that of the virulent bovine 2336 isolate, including detection of high molecular mass antigens above 100 kDa and the 76 kDa antigens associated with bovine IgG2 Fc binding characteristic of virulent strains, as well as antigens of approximately 78, 60 and 40 kDa. Producers and veterinarians should be aware that H. somnus may be carried by bison and may have potential for causing diseases in bison similar to those described in cattle and sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Abortion and placentitis in pregnant bison (Bison bison) induced by the vaccine candidate, Brucella abortus strain RB51.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccination. ANIMALS: 10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months' gestation. PROCEDURE: Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Two cows, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks after vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion. After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy. RESULTS: Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51. Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cells that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen. Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however, strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine candidate B abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vaccine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2001

Typing of IS 1311 polymorphisms confirms that bison (Bison bison) with paratuberculosis in Montana are infected with a strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis distinct from that occurring in cattle and other domesticated livestock.

Isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from nine bison (Bison bison) from Montana, United States of America, were compared with those from other species from the United States of America. All 16 isolates had a novel IS 1311 genotype in which all copies of the element possessed a thymidine-cytosine nucleotide variation at base position 223. Isolates from bison were termed B strain. Thirteen isolates from cattle and goats were polymorphic at this locus, a status previously recognised in isolates from cattle which are termed C strains. Differences in cultural phenotype between B and C strains which were noted upon primary isolation did not manifest upon subculture to Herrold's egg yolk medium or modified Middlebrook 7H10 agar. Rapid differentiation of these strains from each other and from S strains from sheep is possible using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis in bison in Montana appears to be distinct from that in cattle and other farmed livestock investigated thus far.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free-ranging bison (Bison bison) by PCR.

Bacterial culture is the 'gold standard' for detecting Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, but is time consuming, laborious, and recovery of organism varies with species of animal tested. PCR has been used for detection of MAP DNA in feces and tissues. We used PCR to detect MAP DNA isolated from tissues from 25 free-ranging North American bison (Bison bison), each with clinical signs compatible with Johne's disease. We report the performance of PCR to detect MAP DNA in both frozen and paraffin-embedded ileum, jejunum, and ileocecal lymph node samples collected at the time of slaughter. Specific oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification were derived from 16S rRNA sequence M. avium subspecies (MAs) and insertion elements IS1245 (MAs avium), IS901 (MAs avium), IS900 (MAP), and hspX (MAP). Genomic DNA samples were prepared three different ways; crude DNA from frozen tissues, crude DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues, and purified DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues. An animal was considered infected if MAP DNA was detected in at least two separate tissues using the IS900 primer set. Using these criteria, 25 of 25 bison tested were positive for MAP. The data indicate that these free-ranging bison have been infected by MAP.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Endocrine and behavioral observations during transition of non-breeding into breeding season in female American bison (Bison bison).

This study provides endocrine data in relation to behavioral events during the transition of the non-breeding into the breeding season in American bison (Bison bison). Fecal progesterone metabolite patterns (20-oxo-P) were obtained in 13 adult female American bison and hormonal data were correlated with behavioral observations; i.e. copulation, male tending, female tail-up behavior and gestation length. Based on fecal progesterone metabolite patterns, the breeding season started between the middle of July and early August. Predictable short cycles reflected the transition from non-breeding to the breeding season; the luteal phase of these cycles was 4.10+/-0.86 days. Copulations and female tail-up behavior were reliably associated with the hormonally detected ovulation. Male tending behavior was more loosely associated with hormonally detected ovulation. The observed hormonal pattern in the study females indicated that 9 of 10 pregnant cows conceived during the second ovulatory period in the breeding season. One other cow conceived during her third ovulatory period, and one cow did not conceive until later in the breeding season by beginning of October. Gestation duration was on average 266.30+/-1.00 days. In summary, this study confirmed that the bison is a seasonally polyestrous species; the transition from the non-breeding into the breeding season was characterized by short cycles with low progesterone metabolite values.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Haemophilus somnus bronchopneumonia in American bison (Bison bison).

Immunoperoxidase assays were performed on 21 archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from from American bison (Bison bison) with bronchopneumonia. Seven of the 21 bison had positive staining for Haemophilus somnus in alveolar exudate, visceral pleura, lung parenchyma, and chronic necrotic lesions, and H. somnus was isolated from tissues from 1 of these 7 animals. Results suggest that H. somnus is a respiratory pathogen in bison.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Seroprevalence of OHV-2, BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV in ranch-raised bison (Bison bison).

Serum samples were collected at slaughter from 226 24-30-month-old American bison (Bison bison) bulls from Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Manitoba and assayed for antibodies to ovine herpesvirus type-2 (OHV-2), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Antibodies were detected by serum neutralization for BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV, while antibodies to OHV-2 were detected by competitive inhibition-ELISA (CI-ELISA). Detectable antibodies were found against all viruses: 10 of 226 (4.40%) against OHV-2, 125 of 226 (55.3%) against BVDV, 99 of 226 (43.8%) against BHV-1, and 208 of 226 (92.0%) against BRSV. Titers from 93.6% of the BVDV-positive animals, 79.8% of the BHV-1-positive animals, and 98.1% of the BRSV-positive animals were > or = 1.25. These data indicate that a low percentage of clinically normal bison are seropositive for OHV-2 while a high percentage of bison sampled are seropositive for BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Hepatic lipidosis in pregnant captive American bison (Bison bison).

Hepatic lipidosis, a hallmark lesion of lipid mobilization disorders in ruminants, was noted in four 3-year-old, pregnant bison (Bison bison) after periods of anorexia that progressed to recumbency and death. The affected bison were part of a herd at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) that was used for brucellosis vaccine research. Microscopically, the liver contained swollen hepatocytes with numerous, variably sized, round, smoothly contoured vacuoles that displaced cytoplasmic structures. Hepatocytes in all zones of the lobule were affected equally. Hypoglycemia, decreased total carbon dioxide, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and increased nonesterified fatty acid levels were noted. As in the case of cattle, altered nutritional demands of late gestation combined with management factors such as obesity, nutrition, stress, and concomitant disease may be critical in the pathophysiology of lipid mobilization disorders in bison. Additionally, stressors unique to this research herd likely contributed to fatal hepatic lipidosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pregnancy and ovulation detection in bison (Bison bison) assessed by means of urinary and fecal steroids.

Sexually mature bison (Bison bison) cows were tested for both pregnancy and ovulation by means of urinary steroid metabolites and fecal steroids. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was determined among 18 bison cows, in approximately the third month of gestation, by means of urinary pregnanediol-3 delta-glucuronide (PdG), urinary estrone conjugates (E1C), and fecal total estrogens (TE). Urinary PdG was 100% accurate, urinary E1C was 89% accurate, and fecal TE was 100% accurate in predicting pregnancy. Fecal progesterone (P4) and TE, as well as urinary E1C and PdG concentrations all increased from conception (August) through January, but significant differences were not apparent until November. During the rutting season ovulation was detected by increases in either urinary PdG or fecal P4 concentrations. Both pregnancy and ovulation were detected in uncaptured bison with reasonable accuracy by means of urinary and fecal steroids or their metabolites.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Enteric coccidia in free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) in Montana.

Four Eimeria species have been reported from American bison (Bison bison): E. auburnensis, E. bovis, E. brasiliensis, and E. canadensis. We report on finding two additional species: E. ellipsoidalis and E. zuernii. In 1993, the prevalence of these six species in 31 yearling bison in a recently-established herd on private ranchland in Montana (USA) was: E. bovis, 97%; E. canadensis, 90%; E. zuernii, 32%; E. ellipsoidalis, 32%; E. auburnensis, 9.7%; and E. brasiliensis, 3.2%. Eimerian oocysts also were recovered from five (14%) of 36 bison in 1993 from West Yellowstone; the species involved were: E. canadensis, E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. auburnensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Capture of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) using carfentanil-based mixtures.

Between 1986 and 1991, 155 wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) (33 adult females, 92 adult males, twelve 6 mo-old calves, eighteen 1 to 2 mo-old calves) in the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Northwest Territories, Canada, and adjacent area were captured by dart immobilization. Initial trials with carfentanil, xylazine and R51163 as immobilizing agents were conducted. Subsequently, carfentanil alone, or in combination with xylazine, was used. Small doses of xylazine were used when required to control head and hind limb movement of recumbent bison. The mean dose of carfentanil used was 7.0 micrograms/kg. Narcotic antagonists used were naltrexone, naloxone and M5050. Narcotic recycling was seen in animals treated with naloxone and low doses of naltrexone. Furthermore recycling was suspected in the deaths of several animals treated with these antagonist regimes. No recycling was seen when doses of naltrexone in excess of 90:1 naltrexone:carfentanil were used. We recommend using a naltrexone:carfentanil dose in excess of 125:1 to ensure uneventful recovery.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1976

A macroscopic study of the brain of Bison bison bison, the American plains buffalo.

The macroscopic anatomy of the brain of the American Plains Buffalo (Bison bison bison) is detailed herein for the first time. Many features vary significantly from most previously described ungulate species including its large size, fissural pattern of the cerebral hemispheres and well developed insular cortex. The midbrain, particularly the tectum, is outstanding: the superior colliculi appear to be the largest reported for any mammal and occupy most of the dorsal midbrain by surface area and volume estimates. The cerebellum is small relative to the total brain volume, a peculiarity reported elsewhere for other ungulates. Morphometric criteria further indicate the brain of bison is highly specialized. Drawing from various lines of evidence, it is suggested that the anatomical uniqueness of the present day bison brain may represent a vestige of the past, remaining largely unchanged over a broad expanse of geologic time.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Experimental transmission of bovine malignant catarrhal fever to a bison (Bison bison).

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was transmitted to a bison (Bison bison) by intravenous inoculation of whole blood obtained from a calf showing signs of experimental MCF. Clinical signs evident on the 25th day following inoculation included depression, weakness, epiphora, serous nasal discharge, watery diarrhea and multifocal ulcerations of oral mucosa. Gross and histopathological lesions observed in the bison were similar to those in cattle with a few qualitative differences. Compared to bovine cases, MCF in bison was characterized by more severe edema, congestion, and hemorrhage and accumulation of fewer lymphoid cells in lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparative analysis of Mhc DRB3 polymorphism in the American bison (Bison bison).

The degree of genetic polymorphism at the DRB3 locus in the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) of the North American bison was investigated by PCR and DNA sequence analysis. Nine different alleles were characterized in a selected sample of 20 animals. The genetic distances between alleles were as large as usually found at highly polymorphic Mhc loci in other species. A comparative analysis of the DRB3 polymorphism in bison and cattle revealed an extensive sharing of sequence motifs. The result clearly shows a transspecies persistence of DRB3 allelic lineages in the two species. Consequently a significant amount of Mhc polymorphism has been maintained through the population bottleneck that bison experienced in the late nineteenth century. An analysis of the pattern of sequence polymorphism among bison and cattle DRB3 alleles strongly suggested that interallelic recombination has contributed significantly to the generation of allelic diversity at this locus.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of exon 2 of the MhcBibi-DRB3 gene in American bison (Bison bison).

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers specific to exon 2 of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 gene were successfully used to amplify the equivalent region in 469 American bison (Bison bison). In domestic cattle, alleles of DRB3 are assigned through a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the patterns of fragment lengths observed after digestion with the restriction enzymes RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII. In bison, using the same procedure, the observed RFLP patterns provided evidence for the strong conservation of restriction sites previously reported in cattle.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Malignant schwannoma in an American buffalo (Bison bison bison).

A case of a malignant schwannoma in a 20-year-old male American buffalo (Bison bison bison) from the Grand Park Zoo, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea is reported. The animal showed no apparent clinical signs before death except for wound on the neck. Grossly, neoplastic nodules of various sizes were observed on the skin, lung, heart, liver, stomach, mesentery and kidney. Histologically, the neoplastic nodules were composed of fusiform cells that formed multidirectional bundles. The tumour cells were arranged in interlacing bands and bundles. The nuclei were atypical, hyperchromatic, with blunt or round ends. In addition, few mitotic figures were observed in the skin, lung, heart, liver, stomach, intestine and kidney. Several immunohistochemical stains, e.g. vimentin, cytokeratin (CK), smooth muscle actin (SMA), S-100 and HMB45, were used in an attempt to differentially diagnose the tumour. The neoplastic cells tested positive to S-100, but negative to vimentin, CK, SMA and HMB45. Based on the above findings, this case was diagnosed as a malignant schwannoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a schwannoma in an American buffalo (B. b. bison).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mycotic rumenitis in American bison (Bison bison).

Necropsies were performed on 2 American bison (Bison bison) cows, I of which died acutely and the other that died after a week of illness. Gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with severe mycotic infection of the forestomachs. Both animals had been abruptly placed on a breeder ration 1 month after calving, and had developed acidosis and subsequent fungal invasion of tissues. History and lesions in this case indicate that bison are susceptible to rumen acidosis and its sequelae.

Acidosis↗
PubMed2001

Chronic otitis externa/media with total ear canal ablation and bulla curettage in a North American bison (Bison bison).

An adult female North American bison (Bison bison) with a chronic otitis externa/media of the right ear was examined because of a 4-mo history of intermittent anorexia, apparent painful behavior, and auricular discharge from the right ear. Computerized tomography (CT) demonstrated osteolysis of the tympanic, petrous, and squamous aspects of the temporal bone with soft tissue replacement and sclerosis of the right bulla. A total ear canal ablation with bulla curettage was performed, and cefazolin-impregnated polymethacrylate beads were left within the right bulla and the remnant temporal bone. Six months after the surgery, the bison had no clinical signs of otitis media.

Animals↗