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PubMedDate not supplied

Study of unment need for family planning among married women of reproductive age in urban health central field practice area of Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad.

A community based cross sectional study was carried out in married reproductive age group women in Urban Health Centre field practice area of Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad. The study aimed to find out extent and socio-demographic correlates of unmet need for family planning. 20.54% of married women in reproductive age had unmet need for contraception, 3.61% for spacing births and 16.93% for limiting births. The main reasons for unmet needwere, littie perceived risk of pregnancy due to perimenopausal age (32.471/o) lactation (31.16%), ignorance (12.32%) etc.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A field trial of Billings' ovulation method for spacing and limitation of birth.

In spite of constant efforts by health and social workers, existing family planning measures are not used by a vast majority of eligible couples. This is because of the fear that the method may affect their health and happiness. Billings' ovulation method is based on the scientific observation that by noting the changes in cervical mucus, which is clear, slippery and copious in periovulatory period, it is possible to prevent pregnancy by avoiding intercourse during this period. As this method does not require the use of drugs or devices it was decided to promote this method in the urban areas and slums of Patna, Bihar where couples were not using other methods. This is not a comparative study of the cost-effectiveness of Billings' ovulation method versus other contraceptive measures at all. An analysis of 501 cases (267 in urban and 234 in slums) over a period of 2 1/2 years has been presented and it is gratifying to note that the couples from all religions and strata of the society (nearly 47% were slum dwellers) agreed to continue this method.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of infant deaths on the risk of subsequent birth: a comparative analysis of DHS data from Ghana and Kenya.

This paper examines the conditions under which there might be a strong or weak relationship between childhood mortality and fertility at the micro level. The premise is that as a society undergoes transition during which a conscious effort is made to space and limit birth, the effect associated with infant death on the risk of subsequent birth reduces. Using the 1998 DHS data from Ghana and Kenya, our multivariate hazard models show that women who have experienced infant deaths tend to have a higher risk of subsequent births than those without any infant deaths at all parities studied in both countries. In a comparative context, however, the magnitude of the effect associated with infant death was weaker in Kenya at all parities, corroborating the hypothesis that the effect indeed reduces in the course of transition. Besides infant deaths, other demographic, socioeconomic and sociocultural factors were also found to associate with the risk of births. The limitations and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Is fertility declining in Benin?

This study analyzes reproductive changes in Benin, a West African country with high fertility and low prevalence of use of modern contraceptive methods, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Findings indicate that an irreversible fertility transition has started as the result of an emerging pattern of birth limitation and continued desire for the traditional long birth intervals. The data suggest that changes in childhood mortality in combination with an increase in women's education, although modest, have created a demand for fertility control among women; that induced abortion may be one of the means through which such demand is being met, particularly in urban areas; and that the economic crisis of the 1980s was the main catalyst that precipitated the onset of transition. Changes in reproductive preferences and practice suggest a diffusion process, from urban and more educated women to rural and less-educated ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories.

There has been long-standing interest in the effects of maternal age, birth rank, and birth spacing on infant and child mortality. Contradictory inferences about the role of these factors have arisen on occasion because of the absence of adequate controls, the use of cross-sectional or incomplete reproductive histories, and inattention to the effect of family size goals and birth limitation practices. This study analyzes completed reproductive histories for German village populations in the 18th and 19th centuries, a period when deliberate fertility control was largely absent. Our results confirm previous studies of the association of infant mortality with maternal age, although in the present data these differentials are largely limited to neonatal mortality. They also confirm the importance of birth interval as a factor in infant mortality. Sibship size is positively related to infant mortality even when birth rank is controlled. However, once sibship size is controlled, there are no systematic differences in infant and child mortality by birth order. The mechanisms relating sibship size and mortality are explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Is there a lower limit for birth-weight/gestational age and antenatal steroid therapy?

The aim of this study was to determine if there is a lower limit for birth-weight/gestational age below which antenatal steroid therapy may not improve fetal survival. The association between antenatal steroid therapy and survival to 2 years of age was assessed in 2 cohorts of children of birth-weight below 800 g or of gestational ages below 27 weeks. Antenatal steroid therapy was associated with significantly higher survival rates in infants of birth-weight 500-599 g and 700-799 g, and at gestational ages of 25 and 26 weeks. There were few survivors before 25 weeks and none below 500 g birth-weight. After adjustment for extraneous prognostic variables, antenatal steroid therapy was associated overall with approximately a doubling of the survival rates of infants of birth-weight 500-799 g, and of gestational ages 24-26 weeks. In the absence of maternal contraindications, if the goal is to deliver a surviving infant, this study suggests that the obstetrician may assist the survival chances of the tiniest and most immature infants by treating the mother with steroids before birth, with no apparent lower limit of birth-weight or gestational age.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1987

Analyzing fertility histories: do restrictions bias results?

The straightforward tests we have conducted lead to two major conclusions. First, parameter estimates, such as the proportions that practice contraception or that breastfeed, can be biased in data restricted to the last closed and open interval. This is particularly true the further back in time one goes. However, the second conclusion is that these restrictions do not bias estimates of the structure of the relationships predicting fertility. This may seem surprising, and perhaps even magical. The reason is that multivariate life table techniques allow one to reach the same conclusion even if the proportions in various categories are altered by a criterion such as limiting the analysis to intervals begun by the last and next-to-last live births. Limiting the analysis in this way means that there are fewer short intervals and thus fewer cases of intervals with characteristics associated with short intervals (e.g., no contraceptive use, no breastfeeding, or infant mortality). As long as the model specified in the multivariate life table is an appropriate one, that is, it is not misspecified, and as long as the skew produced by the WFS restriction is not too extreme, then the multivariate life table procedures can produce unbiased estimates of the structure of the relationships predicting birth interval dynamics. Thus even though the WFS data are in fact inappropriate for some simple parameter estimation procedures, they appear to be adequate for the more complex multivariate procedures of the sort used here. Several caveats must be added to the foregoing results. First, we have performed this test in only one country, Korea; it is possible that the same results might not be obtained in other countries. We expect, however, that they would. Second, our procedure only looks at the first 40 months of experience in the birth interval. A procedure that incorporates the long tails of the birth interval distribution may obtain different results. In fact, we caution against analyzing the tail of the distributions using data from the normal WFS sample, since these would be most affected by the restriction to last closed and open intervals. Third, the extent to which these results are generalizable to other types of substantive problems is unknown at present. We suspect, however, that examining the determinants of lengths of breastfeeding will produce similar results. Finally, even with multivariate procedures, it would be highly misleading to impose the WFS restrictions and then examine trends in the length of birth intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1998

Occupational factors and reproductive outcomes among a cohort of female veterinarians.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate absolute and relative risks of preterm delivery (PTD) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births among a cohort of female veterinarians in relation to selected occupational factors, including clinical practice type (CPT). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 2,997 female graduates from US veterinary colleges between 1970 and 1980. PROCEDURE: Relevant health and occupational data were collected through a self-administered mail questionnaire with telephone follow-up of nonrespondents. Absolute and relative risks of PTD and SGA births were estimated in relation to maternal CPT at the time of conception and exposure to 13 occupational factors. Attempts were made to control confounding by use of multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Absolute and relative risks of PTD were highest for veterinarians employed in exclusively equine clinical practice. Although several increased, none of the CPT-specific relative risk estimates were significantly different from the null value of 1. Exposure-specific analyses indicated that occupational involvement with solvents among exclusively small animal practitioners was associated with the highest relative risk of PTD. A small number of SGA births limited information that could be obtained from these analyses. Overall absolute risks of PTD and SGA births among cohort members were much lower in comparison with the general female population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Given the large number of women currently practicing and entering the profession of veterinary medicine, clinical tasks associated with potential reproductive hazards should be approached with heightened awareness and increased caution, especially activities that may involve exposure to solvents.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2002

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC)--case report.

AMC (which can be also described as fetal muscle cicatrisation) is a term describing the presence of various arthrogenic contractures at the moment of birth, limiting, to a certain degree, the range of joints mobility. The incidence of the disease is low--1 per 3,000 births and it is usually not determined genetically. In a 12-year-old patient treated in Paedodontic Dentistry Department of the Medical University of Lublin the contractions were observed in elbow joints, wrist joints and ankle joints. Dental examination revealed microgenia, limited mobility in temporo-mandibular joints and delayed teething. DMF mean value of permanent teeth was 4. Earlier the patient has not undergone any dental treatment. The conservative and orthodontic treatment applied was difficult due to limited mandible abduction (2-3 cm) and limited lateral movements. Children and adolescents with such diseases should undergo intensive prophylactic procedures because their dental treatment is very complicated.

Arthrogryposis↗
PubMed1982

Fetal loss, gravidity and pregnancy order: is the truncated cascade analysis valid?

Methods of studying birth order effect after controlling for final number of pregnancies or the elimination of women with a large number of pregnancies are shown to produce misleading results. The 'cascade' method of analysis is only valid in any population where birth limitation is practised if all pregnancy histories are included and there are no efforts made to control for number of pregnancies. It is suggested that in populations where any form of birth control is practised, so-called longitudinal analyses of perinatal risk should be treated with great caution.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1981

[Childrearing environment and fertility in contemporary Japan (author's transl)].

This study focused on the decrease in the marital fertility rate and attempted to clarify some traits in childrearing behavior which are responsible for the low fertility. Regarding the increase in difficulties in childrearing, the author pointed out the necessity and possibility of fertility study from the viewpoint of childrearing. The author proposed to regard childbearing behavior as a part of childrearing behavior and to explain childbearing behavior by childrearing environment which surrounds the couple's childrearing behavior and childrearing consciousness. Childrearing environment is composed of family formation in the household, labor force status of the mother, housing conditions, nursery facilities, and physical environment in the community; these components are all closely allied. Data obtained from 2375 mothers with preschool children were studied. There were great differences in the degree of mother's participation in the labor foce but there was a large ratio of mothers who did not live with their parents and who wanted to work outside the home if nursery facilities could be affored. Clearly the desire of women of reproductive age to work is very strong and the differences in the labor force participation rate are the result of insufficient socialized child care. The authors found a stratum of women who were strongly orientated towards working but who had chosen to live with the parents as a solution to their child care problem. We could only find small differences in fertility by family formation in the household and by work history of mother when observed. However, when the 2 were combined, there were relatively large differences (1.94-2.65 after 10 years of marriage) which has rarely been observed in social analyses of fertility thus far. The lowest fertility by work history was observed among women who had worked since before their marriages, and the largest differences in fertility between 2 family formation types was found among these women (1.94:2.24). This difference in fertility can be supposed to reflect the difference in child care conditions by family formation in household. As to the reasons for limiting births, differences were not found between these 2 family formation types. Working mothers who relied upon their parents for child care expressed relatively greater anxiety about their child's development status than those mothers in nuclear families where child care was supplied by the nursery schools. It is likely that the trend of working mothers will not diminish, and we must thus anticipate the limit of the mechanism of maintaining the fertility by child care supplied by cohabiting parents. Physical environment in the community was found to be a factor in limiting childbirth and the effect was most conspicuous among women who had continued to work in the nuclear family.

Asia↗