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PubMed1993

[Medical biography: living fossils and return of the subject].

Biography, long shunned in the universities, has taken a dazzling revenge since the early 1980s--against the "Annales", to be sure, but also under the influence of "new history". As regards the history of medicine, the situation remains ambiguous. Biography, marrying ethics and progress, has always enjoyed a special place in the hearts of traditionalists; the partisans of "problem history" consider the genre pre- or ahistoric. However, for the last twenty years several authors, fascinated by the richness of individual destinies and anxious to transcend their irreducible singularities, have opened up new paths to reconciling the individual with anthropological and social history.

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMed2001

[Occupational choice and biography - biographical diagnostics as an approach to accessing the individual's perceptual horizons and resources in the context of vocational rehabilitation].

This contribution is focused on the core tenet that the process of choice of occupation must encompass in its everyday routines the disabled person's biography, his or her life experiences, biographical self-appraisals as well as action orientations. Unless this is achieved, its professional strategies and interventions will remain prone to missing, or even counteracting, the biographical resources as well as thinking and perceptions of its clients. Biographical Diagnostics is presented here as a method seeking to access the individual in the process of choice of occupation in an understanding manner. It constitutes a new concept in terms of a biography-based, hermeneutic case approach conceived for implementation in the everyday routines of vocational rehabilitation. Two case examples serve to explicate the method of Biographical Diagnostics and set out the relevancy of a biographical orientation in the process of occupational choice.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Psychiatrists' biographies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on publications dealing with psychiatrists' biographies. RECENT FINDINGS: Compared with scientific mainstream topics in psychiatry, the present area constitutes a small but nonetheless highly heterogeneous field. The selected papers are categorized with regard to what relevance is given to biographical data in a narrow sense or to conceptual issues for which the biography of a certain author functions as an illustration. Mere hagiographic biographical notes were not taken into consideration, and nor were plain polemics. Although the differentiation mentioned above seems useful in order to get an overview, it is de facto not possible to clearly separate biographical from conceptual aspects. This may be true for all fields in the history of science, but it is definitely true in the history of psychiatry with its numerous long-standing theoretical controversies - many of them still unresolved and all of them closely linked with the lives of their prominent representatives. SUMMARY: The biographical approach can be helpful in proving that research on the history of psychiatry--if done beyond mere hagiography or simple polemic--is of crucial importance for the understanding and development of theoretical and practical issues in our field.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Biography as therapy.

The feeling that life has had no meaning is an impediment to a peaceful death. Life review enables a person to identify events that have been of worth and so enhances self-esteem. This approach has been extended and formalized by establishing a biographer service to compile oral and written biographies of patients who may be expected to benefit from such a re-examination of their lives. The service is now also being offered to patients whose disability precludes most other forms of activity. The value of biography as therapy is considered and it is concluded that it has much to offer in the circumstances described.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

The cultural context of polio biographies.

Cultural contexts influence the ways individuals interpret and experience functional losses associated with post-polio sequelae. Using in-depth multiple interview case studies from two National Institute on Aging projects, the concept of "biographies" is presented to place the individuals' polio-related experiences within the context of their lives. Two major cultural contexts shape the construction of polio biographies: normative life course expectations and developmental tasks; and traditions associated with polio recovery and rehabilitation. The authors identify key dimensions of personal concern among polio survivors that can be used as entrance points for effective clinical intervention and to promote treatment compliance.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Life events in the biography of French male and female alcoholics.

The fundamental research techniques used for stressful life events (i.e. questionnaires about main life events and rating of their consequences) were applied to study the biographies of 119 male and female alcoholics. Findings were compared with those of 60 non-alcoholics. The alcoholic sample was heterogenous with regard to age, sex and social and cultural level as well as with regard to the troubles induced by alcohol intake. However, despite the disparity, great homogeneity was seen in the representation of the biography of alcoholics. Most alcoholics attach great importance to events occurring during the first year of alcohol dependence (which seems to be rich in events, particularly negative ones) and alcoholism is the determinant factor in their weighting of events.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Significance of biographies for aging research (gerontology as a social science)].

The main purpose of the paper is to show the importance of biography, within the framework of life-events and social needs. Gerontology always deals with life history, although this often is done quite in an one-sided manner. The author tries to characterise the relations between past, actual situation on future in social terms. Personality and its ideas about life play the most important role. The paper also refers methodical aspects of biography.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tell me a story: MMPI responses and personal biography in the case of a serial killer.

The interpretation of MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) profiles has emphasized a language of pathological attribution that often serves the interests of clinical description and actuarial prediction better than those of individual case formulation and an understanding of the adaptive forces involved in the production of symptomatic behavior. In this article, I illustrate a contrasting approach, one that emphasizes MMPI items and scales as instruments of personal biography, with the case of the serial murderer Jeffrey Dahmer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Constructing history in biography: a symposium on William Osler: a life in medicine. Introduction.

William Osler's medical career spanned two centuries and three nations: Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. Though not an especially noted scientist, he was an innovative teacher, a professional organizer, and mentor and colleague to many grateful--indeed, sometimes adoring--students and colleagues, some of whom became influential in the Anglo-Saxon medical world. Since his death, Osler has been the subject of an enormous body of literature, fed by numerous Osler societies throughout the world. Among these is the American Osler Society, upon whose recent review panel this symposium is based. In it, three Oslerians--Philip Teigen, Earl Nation, and Joseph Lella--use Michael Bliss's book as the starting point for reading historical themes in Osler's life from their own standpoints. Bliss responds to these views by stressing the factual underpinnings of his book and by interpreting it, the first major biography of Osler since Cushing, in the context of his other works in the history of medicine as another study of the emergence of "health care as a secular replacement for traditional religious faith in the supernatural."

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMed2000

[Microhistory or biography? On the meaning of the life of Joannes Groenevelt].

The main goal of the microstoria, a genre that was coined by Carlo Ginzburg in his book about the world view of a sixteenth-century Italian heretic, seems to be to criticize the grand narratives of history. By zooming in on the life of atypical persons, microhistory sets out to show that historiography has a tendency to blur the complexities of the past by reducing it to a set of sweeping statements about kings, generals, and geniuses. Recently, Harold Cook has written a book about Joannes Groenevelt, an 'ordinary doctor' who lived at the end of the seventeenth century, who moved in the circles of the Royal Society and who was found guilty of malpractice by the London College of Physicians. Although Cook claims his book to be a microhistory, Groenvelt was far from 'atypical'. Instead, he is being presented as an exponent of that important watershed in the history of science labelled 'Scientific Revolution'. It is argued that Cook's book - which is a traditional biography rather than a microhistory -- is important for at least two reasons. First, because it shows how the life of an ordinary physician can shed light on the nature of medicine and its workings in society; and second, by playing with dormant notions about the period, it shows the heuristic value of period labels like the Scientific Revolution.

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMed1996

[Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen. Biography and significance of his osteopathologic work after more than 100 years].

Even today the name of F.D. von Recklinghausen is often mentioned in connection with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. He was one of the first physicians and scientists to render outstanding services to the classification of structural changes of bones, and in many aspects his work remains valid today. He succeeded through precise and comparative studies in making the disease and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism known and thus distinguishing it from other known structural bone diseases. He also described the phenomenon of "bone remodeling" which has become relevant today again. Although his written macroscopic and microscopic observations include meticulously precise differentiations which make it difficult to study them today, they are still of interest in order to follow his basic ideas. This article does not constitute a comprehensive biography, but it contains a description of F.D. von Recklinghausen's important work on bone pathology against the background of the main stages of his life.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2003

Biography: Selman A. Waksman, PhD (1888-1973): pioneer in development of antibiotics and Nobel Laureate.

Selman Abraham Waksman is regarded today as the foremost authority on soil biology. A Nobel Prize recipient for his work on antibiotics, he also coined the term. Waksman started life in humble surroundings in Priluka, the Ukraine, and later, as a young man, emigrated to the United States, where he later became a renowned scientist. His work on antibiotics has changed the lives of many people, far more than he could possibly have imagined. This brief biography seeks to honor this individual and his contributions to the war against infectious diseases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Albert and Gustav Döderlein -- a critical view to the biographies of two German professors].

Albert Döderlein and his son Gustav had as professors in Munich and Jena a formative influence on the German gynecology in the first half of the 20(th) century. Albert Döderlein discovered the lactobacillus named after him and its function, he was one of the first who employed radiotherapeutics in cancer therapy and introduced the rubber glove in obstetrics and gynecology. But he also wrote the gynecologic text to the "Bill for prevention of progeny suffering from an inherited disease dated 14(th) June 1933". After his time at the university hospital Charité, between 1936 and 1945 he was medical superintendent of the department of gynecology and obstetrics at the Police Hospital in Berlin. He can be regarded as the founder of antenatal care in Germany. Both scientific and historic aspects of the biographies of these two professors are critically looked right past.

Eugenics↗
PubMed1997

[Adolescence and chronic suicidal tendencies--the biography of the Italian poet Cesare Pavese (1908-1950)].

Suicide is widely understood as a failed solution of a crisis triggered by actual stress in a psychologically predisposed person. This description of the biography of the Italian author Cesare Pavese (1908-1950), who committed suicide at the peak of his career, emphasizes that chronic suicidal tendencies may be a feature of certain life-styles. A diary published posthumously shows that he had been reflecting on suicide for many years. A psychodynamic interpretation of his chronic suicidal tendencies stresses the importance of developmental goals in adolescence and early adulthood. Pavese did not establish a firm ego-identity. He remained through-out his life in a state of ambivalence between intimacy and autonomy, typical of adolescence. He increasingly experienced his writing as a surrogate for real life. His suicide was the paradoxical attempt to experience himself as a person acting in reality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urological works and biography of Dr. Felipe Alcalá Santaella Nuñez (1927-1977). Historical documentary analysis].

OBJECTIVES: In the middle of the 20th century, Urology in Valencia was fully consolidated as a surgical speciality since Prof. Molla started it about the end of the 19th century; Dr. Felipe Alcala Santaella Nuñez stands out as the chairman of the Department of Urology of the "Hospital Provincial de Valencia", after his father Dr. Rafael Alcalá Santaella. He achieved to form a group of renowned professionals, some of which still are in active practice. METHODS: We reviewed all his scientific work and the journals it was published in, mainly Archivos Espaioles de Urologia, through the Department of Medical History of the University of Valencia. His biography was reconstructed using the "Biographic and Bibliographic History of Spanish Urology" by Drs. E. Maganto Pavón and M. Pérez Albacete, as well as direct interviews with family members. DISCUSSION: We emphasize the magnificent approach to the clinical presentations of tuberculosis he does in his doctoral thesis, analyzing its types by location, main features, and most adequate treatment. He also emphasized the importance of relapse in lithiasic patients and recommendations to be follow, as well as the condition of bladder neoplasias. CONCLUSIONS: We consider Dr. Felipe Alcalá Santaella Nuñez as a wide-experience-professional who mode solid contributions to the regional urology in his times, thanks to his excellent surgical abilities and dedication.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1997

[Two unedited letters from Baron Louis Suetin: their significance in the biography of a surgeon (1816-1817)].

The author reveals and comments two letters written by the surgeon Louis Seutin and discovered in 1994. They were sent in February 181 6 and July 1817 to lieutenant Ferdinand Doignon, a native from Tournai. Circumstances which created Seutin's friendship for lieutenant Doignon in 1813, during the campaign of Saxony of the Great Army, are described. These two letters are different by their tone. Consideration is given to the periods and places in which they were written. Their significance in Seutin's biography is enlightened through explanatory comments.

Belgium↗
PubMed1994

[Doctor Francisco Pérez Cascales. Biography and odontologycal chapter of his work].

Given the absence of odontological texts and against the background of the very poor development of this branch of surgery during the XVII century, we have thoroughly investigated the medical, surgical and paediatric texts of the century, all scattered around and of different length, and have bumped against the text of the noteworthy "paediatrician" of the Rénaissance, Francisco Pérez Cascales who, in his "Liber de affectionibus puerorum", tackles, in hand with the Greek and Roman classical authors, only one oral and dental problem: mouth ulcers, and lingers on their aethiology, diagnosis and clinical treatment. We are also remaking the biography of the author, trying to fill in the many blanks found in it and correct the multiple errors through the incorporation of appropriate documents and references.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Encouraging adolescents toward mental health careers via website biographies.

This project designed, developed, implemented and is currently evaluating the effectiveness of an interactive, multi-media website designed to encourage adolescents to consider careers in mental health. This Web-based learning environment features biographies of mental health scientists. Evaluation is conducted in a systematic, structured way using cognitive achievement, usability (ease of use), and affective scales (e.g., fun to use) as outcome measures

Adolescent↗