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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effects of repeated administration of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior of rats.

The effects of cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) on schedule-controlled behavior of rats were determined before and during a period of repeated administration of cocaine. In rats trained to lever press on a fixed ratio 40 schedule for food delivery, cocaine (8.0--32 mg/kg) initially decreased response rate in a dose-related manner. During the period of repeated administration, the effects of cocaine on response rate and running rate were attenuated in 2 rats and did not change in 2 others. When dose-effect functions of cocaine were redetermined, a shift to the right was observed in several measures indicating the development of tolerance to these effects of cocaine on performance. In rats trained to lever press on a DRL 20" schedule for food delivery, cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) increased response rates, decreased number of reinforcements per session and shifted interresponse time distributions to the left (shorter IRT's in all rats). During the period of repeated administration, the effects of the daily dose of cocaine (16 mg/kg) on all these measures were attenuated. Tolerance to cocaine was further indicated by a shift in the dose effect function of cocaine to the right during the redetermination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of a course on self-control behavior techniques to increase adherence to prescribed frequency for self-monitoring blood glucose.

A 12-week behavioral change program consisting of a course on Self-Control Behavior Techniques, which used a self-study format and included self-management techniques, was developed and implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the course and the behavioral change techniques in helping people with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus to increase adherence to the prescribed frequency for self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). A two-group pretest-posttest experimental design was used (treatment n = 11, control n = 14). The treatment group achieved significantly higher posttest scores for the course. However, the control group achieved a significantly higher goal-adherence rate. The course was effective in teaching the knowledge and skills necessary for learning the techniques; the educational approach was an effective method for learning; and the application of the techniques resulted in an increase in frequency of SMBG but did not result in achievement of adherence to the goal for frequency of SMBG.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some effects of desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline on the schedule-controlled behavior of pigeons and rats.

The effects of desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline on schedule-controlled behavior of pigeons and rats were examined. Pigeons responded under either a multiple (mult) fixed-interval (FI) 600-sec, fixed-ratio (FR) 30-response schedule of food presentation or a mult FI 200-sec, FI 200-sec schedule, in which responding during one component was punished with electric shock. Rats responded under a mult FI 300-sec, FR 30-response schedule of food presentation. Under the mult FI, FR schedules, desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline decreased overall rates of FI and FR responding in both species. Overall rates of responding were decreased to similar extents under both the FI and FR components of the schedule. In the pigeon, but not in the rat, the effects of desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline on responding under the FI component of the mult FI, FR schedule depended on the control-rate of responding, i.e. desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline increased more or decreased less the low rates of FI responding at the beginning of the FI compared to the higher rates of FI responding at the end of the FI. In contrast, in the rat desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline did not differentially affect the low rates of responding at the beginning of the FI compared to the higher rates of responding at the end of the FI. Correspondingly, in the pigeon, but not in the rat, desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline decreased the fixed-interval quarter-life at relatively low doses. In the pigeon neither desmethylimipramine nor amitriptyline differentially affected the overall rate of punished as compared to unpunished responding.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1986

Desire for thinness among high school cheerleaders: relationship to disordered eating and weight control behaviors.

The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia are increasing in frequency among adolescent females. These increases have been linked to the cultural ideal in American society of thinness. Attempting to control weight is one behavioral manifestation of the desire for thinness. One particular group of adolescents, female cheerleaders, often experience pressure to attain and maintain weight that is lower than other adolescents of the same height. This study examined cheerleaders' desire for thinness in relationship to disordered eating and weight control behaviors. A Desire for Thinness Scale and selected scales from three eating disorders instruments were administered to 751 high school cheerleaders from the Midwest. Cheerleaders who scored in the upper third on the Desire for Thinness Scale were compared with those who scored in the lower third. Cheerleaders who expressed a strong desire for thinness had significantly higher scores (p less than .0001) on 7 of 8 eating disorders scales. The greater the desire for thinness, the more likely the tendency to report disordered eating and weight control behaviors associated with bulimia. Implications from this study include an awareness of how a cultural ideal of thinness may indirectly increase disordered eating and weight control behaviors by making weight loss a salient goal. A proactive approach to modifying negative aspects of the cultural emphasis on thinness is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Attributional style and self-control behavior in depressed and nondepressed children and their parents.

Do the reformulated model of learned helplessness and the self-control model apply to clinically depressed children? Are the related cognitive patterns specific to depression? Are the cognitive deficits associated with depression learned from one's parents? To address these questions this investigation examined three groups of children (ages 8-12) and their parents: nonclinic (n = 25), nondepressed clinic (n = 22), and depressed clinic (n = 15). Children were diagnosed depressed on the basis of Kiddie-SADS interview data. Depressed clinic children self-reported more depression, had a more depressive attributional style, and had more self-control problems. There were more depressed mothers in the clinic than in the nonclinic sample. Depressed clinic children had more depressed mothers than did nondepressed clinic children. There were no differences among the three groups of parents in their cognitive patterns. No relationship was found between the attributional style and self-control behavior of children and their parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Association brain systems as apparatus of behavior control involving dominanta and conditioning.

The author's major conception concerning the associative brain systems (thalamoparietal and thalamofrontal) as the behavior control system are presented. The participation of association systems in performance of higher brain functions, due to the entrance of the whole information spectrum of biological and signal significance and the presence of neuronal plastic mechanisms, ensures the mechanism for retrieving the whole behavior programs from long-term memory, the ability of short-term storing of behavior programs, and estimation of their adequacy on the ground of dominanta and conditioning mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor ligands: effects on schedule-controlled behavior in dogs.

The effects of diazepam and the pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor ligands CGS8216, CGS9896, and CGS9895 on schedule-controlled responding were studied in dogs. Responding was maintained under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 5-min fixed-ratio (FR) 30 response schedule of food presentation. Diazepam (PO) produced dose-related decreases in response rates under FR component. Under the FI, rates first increased and then decreased with increasing doses of diazepam. Diazepam also produced a dose-related disruption of the temporal pattern of responding under the FI as measured by decreases in quarter-life values. CGS8216 IV produced dose-related decreases in response rates under both components. The highest oral dose of CGS8216 also decreased rates in both components. CGS8216 was approximately 100 times more potent by the IV route as compared to the oral route. CGS9896 IV had no significant effect on responding under either component of the multiple schedule. However, with increasing doses of CGS9896 PO, response rates under both components first decreased and then returned to control values. CGS9895 PO was without significant effect on responding. When CGS8216 was administered concomitantly with graded doses of diazepam, the former drug blocked the rate-decreasing effects of diazepam under the FR component, but not the rate-increasing effects of diazepam under the FI. The present results demonstrate that although these three pyrazoloquinolines are benzodiazepine receptor ligands, they do not exhibit diazepam-like effects on schedule-controlled behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Disordered eating and weight control behaviors among male and female university students.

The purposes of this study were to develop an instrument capable of assessing factors potentially related to disordered eating and weight control behaviors among university students and then to compare male and female students on these factors. A 90 item instrument was developed. Sixty-four items were written by these authors, such that eight items would assess each of eight identified factors related to disordered eating. Additionally, all 26 items from the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) were included and interspersed within the instrument. The instrument was administered to 502 female university students and their responses were factor analyzed. Ten factors were identified. The instrument was then administered to 94 female and 76 male university students. Results indicate that compared to males, females report a greater desire to be thin, less tolerance for cold, more frequent use of laxatives, and a greater occurrence of eating in response to internal and external cues. There were no other sex differences. The students in this study appeared to be engaging in appropriate health practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation.

1. Multiple microelectrode maps of the hand representation within and across the borders of cortical area 3b were obtained before, immediately after, or several weeks after a period of behaviorally controlled hand use. Owl monkeys were conditioned in a task that produced cutaneous stimulation of a limited sector of skin on the distal phalanges of one or more fingers. 2. Analysis of microelectrode mapping experiment data revealed that 1) stimulated skin surfaces were represented over expanded cortical areas. 2) Most of the cutaneous receptive fields recorded within these expanded cortical representational zones were unusually small. 3) The internal topography of representation of the stimulated and immediately surrounding skin surfaces differed greatly from that recorded in control experiments. Representational discontinuities emerged in this map region, and "hypercolumn" distances in this map sector were grossly abnormal. 4) Borders between the representations of individual digits and digit segments commonly shifted. 5) The functionally defined rostral border of area 3b shifted farther rostralward, manifesting either an expansion of the cutaneous area 3b fingertip representation into cortical field 3a or an emergence of a cutaneous input zone in the caudal aspect of this normally predominantly deep-receptor representational field. 6) Significant lateralward translocations of the borders between the representations of the hand and face were recorded in all cases. 7) The absolute locations--and in some cases the areas or magnifications--of representations of many skin surfaces not directly involved in the trained behavior also changed significantly. However, the most striking areal, positional, and topographic changes were related to the representations of the behaviorally stimulated skin in every studied monkey. 3. These experiments demonstrate that functional cortical remodeling of the S1 koniocortical field, area 3b, results from behavioral manipulations in normal adult owl monkeys. We hypothesize that these studies manifest operation of the basic adaptive cortical process(es) underlying cortical contributions to perception and learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

ADDH and methylphenidate responders: effects on behavior controlled by complex reinforcement schedules.

One of the most effective treatments for children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADDH) has been the prescription of methylphenidate (MPH). While laboratory-based evidence indicates that MPH effects may be rate-dependent, little is known about changes evinced in operant behavior controlled by complex reinforcement schedules. The present study examined the effects of several doses of MPH on the operant key-pressing behavior of 20 children with ADDH who were favorable responders to the drug. Following a drug-free training period, each child performed the task across all doses in a randomly assigned sequence under double-blind placebo control conditions. Rate-dependent effects were found for both high- and low-rate reinforcement schedules. The strength of these effects varied across dose. These results have implications for the nature of rate-dependent phenomena in humans and investigations of treatment parameters in the pharmacotherapy of children with ADDH.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1986

Tolerance to effects of morphine without cross tolerance to effects of clonidine on schedule-controlled behavior of pigeons.

Schedule-controlled responding was maintained under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule in pigeons. Dose-related decreases in response rates were produced by clonidine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3-5.6 mg/kg). Chronic administration of morphine produced (1) tolerance to effects of morphine, as evidenced by a decrease in potency of morphine and (2) sensitivity to opioid antagonists, as evidenced by an increase in potency of naloxone. Dose-effect curves for clonidine were not appreciably altered by chronic morphine administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Tolerance to the effects of buprenorphine on schedule-controlled behavior and analgesia in rats.

Responding in rats was maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. When administered acutely buprenorphine (0.018-0.56 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in overall rate of responding. In addition to schedule-controlled behavior, the analgesic effects of buprenorphine were evaluated during chronic administration using the tail-flick method. Tolerance developed to the effects of buprenorphine on both measures. In general dose-effect curves for the rate-decreasing effects of buprenorphine were shifted to the right by approximately 2 log units. In one subject, however, tolerance did not develop to the rate-decreasing effects of 10 mg/kg, suggesting that behavioral tolerance to buprenorphine is dose limited. Finally, the data also suggested that tolerance may develop more slowly, yet more completely, to the analgesic than to the rate-decreasing effects of buprenorphine.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1989

Nicotine-induced tolerance and dependence in rats and mice: studies involving schedule-controlled behavior.

Tolerance to nicotine's disruptive effects on operant responding develops rapidly over a 14-36 day repeated dosing period in both rats and mice. This occurred regardless of whether nicotine was administered pre- or post- to each behavioral exposure. Thus, tolerance development appeared to depend on both behavioral as well as pharmacological mechanisms. It is suggested that the pharmacological mechanism(s) involved in the development of tolerance may be related to an up-regulation of brain area nicotinic receptors. As observed with receptor binding studies, mecamylamine did not appear to attenuate the development of pharmacological tolerance to nicotine (does not attenuate nicotinic receptor up-regulation) even though this cholinergic antagonist will antagonize nicotine's acute behavioral disruptive effects completely. However, the fact that mecamylamine may induce some cross-tolerance to nicotine does complicate our interpretation of these data. The development of nicotine tolerance, in part, appears to depend upon an interaction at some acetylcholine-sensitive nicotinic receptor as evidenced by the ability of physostigmine to induce cross-tolerance to nicotine in both the rat and mouse. These data support the view that nicotine may be inducing its effects via at least two separate nicotinic receptors, one of which may be acetylcholine sensitive. Furthermore, binding data suggest that physostigmine's effects were related to a reduction of available central nicotinic receptor sites. In contrast to what humans experience, the rat does not appear as sensitive to nicotine-induced physical dependence, at least when operant behavior is utilized as the dependent variable used to measure withdrawal signs. Other approaches such as drug discrimination and conditioned avoidance paradigms may provide a better alternative to the evaluation of nicotine-induced dependence. Research utilizing schedule-controlled behavior in the mouse, on the other hand, has provided us with an additional model of a nicotine-induced withdrawal syndrome which may be of value in evaluating mechanisms of nicotine dependence. However, as with all of these findings, much work is needed to confirm and further characterize each model in so far as they may provide us with a reliable and specific measure of nicotine dependence.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of visual feedback and self-scaling on plaque control behavior.

Psychological factors are involved in inducing patients to practice the plaque control necessary for periodontal health. It is suggested that oral hygiene behavior can be modified by increasing visual feedback by means of optical devices, and by giving patients the task of scaling their own teeth. The optical devices used for intraoral inspection must be specifically designed for this task. A pilot study was undertaken to test the modification in plaque control behavior in patients using a specially-designed optical system and performing self-scaling. Twelve patients participated in the study; six were given optical devices and taught self-scaling and plaque control, whereas the other six acted as controls, received a scaling from a hygienist, and were taught plaque control. All subjects received 3 hours of chairside time. Before treatment both groups had mean PHP indiced (plaque) of 3.2. Five months after the completion of treatment, the experimental group had a mean PHP index of 0.7, whereas the control group had a score of 1.9. The patients performing self-scaling demonstrated that they could remove supragingival calculus and extrinsic stains as effectively as a trained hygienist.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMed1988

Environmental influences on the development of tolerance to the effects of physostigmine on schedule-controlled behavior.

The influence of environmental variables on the development of tolerance to physostigmine's effects in rats was examined using multiple fixed-ratio, extinction schedules of food presentation. Initial administration of physostigmine (0.4 mg/kg) produced nearly maximal decreases in the number of food pellets delivered, running response rate, and overall response rate, under multiple FR 10, EXT and multiple FR 50, EXT schedules. With repeated administration, tolerance to physostigmine's effects was observed when 10 responses were required to produce reinforcement but was not observed when 50 responses were required to produce reinforcement. Tolerance under the multiple FR 10, EXT schedule of reinforcement was also observed when physostigmine was administered post-session. When tolerance was acquired, it was retained for up to 25 drug-free days. These results suggest that tolerance to physostigmine's effects on schedule-controlled behavior is strongly influenced by response requirement, independently of physostigmine-induced reinforcement loss. Additionally, tolerance is not dependent on experience with the schedule while under the effects of physostigmine, and is retained for a substantial period of time in the absence of continued physostigmine administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prazosin attenuates the effects of cocaine on motor activity but not on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat.

The spontaneous motor activity of rats was measured following administration of cocaine alone and in combination with the centrally acting alpha 1-antagonist prazosin. Cocaine alone (18-42 mg/kg) increased motor activity in a dose-related manner. At doses of 1 and 1.8 mg/kg, prazosin attenuated the increases in motor activity produced by cocaine. In rats responding under a fixed-ratio discrimination procedure, cocaine (10-32 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in percent errors and decreases in overall response rate. Across a range of doses (0.32-3.2 mg/kg), prazosin failed to antagonize the effects of cocaine on responding under the discrimination procedure. Rather, the combined effects were frequently greater than those obtained with cocaine alone. The data suggest that in rats activation of alpha 1-adrenergic systems may mediate the effects of cocaine on motor activity but not on schedule-controlled behavior.

Animals↗