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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of basin baths, tub baths, and showers on cardiovascular responses in 51 health men and women.

Heart rate and blood pressure during rest and bathing are generally lower in healthy individuals than in hospitalized patients. However, medications can exaggerate or attenuate patients' responses. Heart rate and blood pressure are highest during showering and lowest during basin baths in both patients and healthy subjects, but the differences among the three types of bathing are not clinically dramatic. In addition, the vigor of the activity can be easily controlled; hospitalized patients naturally conserve effort and move more slowly and deliberately than healthy individuals. A tachycardic response to bathing seems to be common in both healthy subjects and hospitalized patients. Careful control of water temperature and heart rate monitoring during bathing appear to be indicated when hospitalized cardiac patients bathe. Comparison of responses to sitting and standing showering would be worthwhile. The findings of this study help delineate the typical cardiovascular responses of healthy adults to three methods of bathing. The findings also emphasize gender differences and the importance of studying both men and women. Only by determining normal responses in men and women can abnormal responses be recognized. More study on cardiovascular responses to bathing and other common activities in both healthy and sick persons is clearly needed to better describe, explain, predict, and control responses to activity and to build a scientific foundation for activity prescription and restriction.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Innovative balneotherapy with reduced bath volume: foil baths].

Balneo-phototherapy, in which salt baths are followed by UV-B irradiation, has proved successful in the treatment of psoriasis. Because of practical problems, the major one of which is the large turnover of bath solution volumes, balneotherapy has so far been limited to specialized treatment centres. With the aid of a polyethylene foil the volume of bathing solutions needed can be reduced to a total of 41 per bath. Balneotherapy using small bath solution volumes for total body treatment can now be applied as an outpatient regimen for salt bath and bath-PUVA therapy. The methods for establishing balneotherapy with restricted water volumes and the advantages of bath-PUVA over conventional oral psoralen therapy are described.

Balneology↗
PubMed2000

Correlation between bathing time and photosensitivity in 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) bath PUVA.

Bath PUVA (psoralen plus ultraviolet A) using 8-methoxypsoralen has become increasingly popular in recent years as an effective treatment option for a continuously expanding range of skin disorders. Among the various variables of bath PUVA treatment, the impact of bathing time on photosensitivity has never been investigated in detail. We therefore determined the threshold UVA dose for erythema induction after different bathing periods. A marked influence of bathing time on photosensitivity was found. Increasing the soaking period from 5 min to 30 min resulted in a greater than 60% reduction of the minimal phototoxic and minimal perceptible phototoxic dose. Our results demonstrate that the duration of the psoralen bath is a critical parameter in bath PUVA treatment and has a major influence on UVA dose requirements.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Assisting cognitively impaired nursing home residents with bathing: effects of two bathing interventions on caregiving.

PURPOSE: When cognitively impaired nursing home residents exhibit agitated and aggressive behaviors during bathing, nursing home caregivers are in a unique position to improve residents' experience. This report addresses whether certified nursing assistants (CNAs) who received training in a person-centered approach with showering and with the towel bath showed improved caregiving behaviors (gentleness and verbal support) and experienced greater preparedness (confidence and ease) and less distress (hassles) when assisting residents with bathing. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a crossover design and randomized 15 nursing homes into two treatment groups and a control group of 5 facilities each. In one treatment group, CNAs received person-centered training, first with showering for 6 weeks (Time 1) and then with the towel bath for 6 weeks (Time 2). We reversed the treatment order in the other treatment group. Control group CNAs used usual showering procedures without person-centered training. We collected observational and self-report data at baseline and at the end of Time 1 and Time 2 on five caregiving outcomes. We analyzed data from 37 CNAs assisting 69 residents by using 3x2 repeated measures analyses of variance to compare the three groups on change from baseline. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, treatment groups significantly improved in the use of gentleness and verbal support and in the perception of ease. IMPLICATIONS: A person-centered approach with showering and with the towel bath improved not only how care is given to residents who become agitated and aggressive during bathing but also how CNAs perceive their experience when bathing these residents.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from 24 hr-home bath water and an eradication trial of the bacteria from the bath].

Contamination of 24 hr home bath with Legionella pneumophila is recently well recognized. Eradication of the water-bath contamination from L. pneumophila and other bacteria is an important matter to prevent the infection because the 24 hr-bathing facility is widely accepted in Japanese houses. Among the 16 bathing water samples we tested, Legionella pneumophia was isolated from 6 cases (37.5%) when the bathing water was not treated with disinfectants. Number of L. pneumophila increased up to 10(3) cfu/ml and total culturable bacterial counts reached to 10(5) cfu/ml within 5 days when the water was not treated. We selected 5 water baths among 6 positive cases to study the bactericidal effect of chlorine. As a result we concluded that the growth of L. pneumophila in 24 hr-water bath could be stopped by the 2 ppm chlorination program every day.

Baths↗
PubMed1994

'To bathe or not to bathe' during the first stage of labor.

OBJECTIVE: Does a warm tub bath relieve labor pain? How is it experienced by the parturient? METHODS DESIGN: prospective randomised trial. SETTING: labor ward of a teaching hospital with a uniform active labor management. PARTICIPANTS: one hundred and ten nulliparous low risk women, at term, in true spontaneous labor. Fifty-four women had a bath, 56 women served as controls. MEAN OUTCOME MEASURES: labor pain (assessed by means of a visual analogue scale) and post partum patients' bathing experience (by means of a self-made questionnaire). RESULTS: The study group and the control group were comparable with respect to maternal age, weight, length, duration of gestation, cervical status and labor pain sensation before randomisation. Absolute values of labor pain were not statistically different between the two groups, yet this latter progressed differently: in the bathing group the initial pain sensation (V.A.S.) was 6.8, and this remained stable during the first 25 minutes (V.A.S. = 6.7) and then rose to 8.2 after a mean of 53 minutes. In the control group, labor pain rose progressively from 6.3 to 7.3 after 25 min and to 8.7 after a mean of 52 min (p < 0.01, Student t-test). There was no difference in the use of epidural analgesia. There were no differences in labor duration nor in the frequencies of either operative deliveries or neonatal complications. Eighty percent of the bathers experienced soothing of the pain and all but one reported body relaxation. Ninety percent wanted to bathe again during a next labor. CONCLUSION: Bathing provided no objective pain relief. It had, however, a temporal pain stabilizing effect possibly mediated through the improved ability to relax in between contractions. No side effects were found. It gives great satisfaction to users. Bathing, in conjunction with other forms of analgesia, is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Phototesting in bath-PUVA: marked reduction of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) activity within one hour after an 8-MOP bath.

It is not known how long after 8-MOP bath-PUVA administration erythema can be induced. Therefore, after determination of dose-dependence and kinetics of bath-PUVA erythema, we investigated the development of erythema using an erythematogenic UVA-dose (3 J/cm2) in time course experiments. Our results show that there is a loss of biological 8-MOP activity already 1 h after 8-MOP bath. This has important consequences for clinical practice with bath-PUVA, concerning the optimum time interval between the 8-MOP bath and irradiation as well as the persistence of photosensitivity in normal skin after bath-PUVA.

Baths↗
PubMed2005

An assessment of the impact of the proposed EU bathing water directive on Irish coastal bathing area compliance.

An assessment of the impact of the new microbial water quality standards of the proposed EU Bathing Water Directive on the classification of designated Irish coastal bathing areas is presented. The new standards are applied retrospectively to the microbial water quality results for the bathing seasons of 1999, 2000 and 2001, and the outcome is compared with that recorded under the present Bathing Water Directive. A Microsoft EXCEL application was developed to generate the retrospective bathing area classifications according to the proposed Directive (Excellent, Good, Poor). It was found that the number of Irish coastal bathing areas not attaining 'Excellent' classification (as would be required at present for the Blue Flag award) was trebled; the number attaining 'Good' classification was increased by about 50%, and the number attracting 'Poor' classification (equivalent to 'Fail' under the present Directive) was increased nine-fold. Some of the shortcomings of the proposed Directive and suggestions for its revision are discussed.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of bath additive concentration and the water temperature on the refatting effect of oil bath additives].

The refatting effects of three different oil bath products was tested in 30 healthy subjects. In each case the concentration of the therapeutic bath oils and the temperature of the bath water were varied. It could be demonstrated in 2 of the tested products that a threefold increase in the concentrations (as recommended by the companies) significantly enlarges the refatting effect. A further increase in the concentrations significantly reduces this effect. An increase in the temperature of the bath water from 32 degrees to 38 degrees C significantly lessened the refatting effects of all 3 products.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[No difference in effectiveness measured between treatment in a thermal bath and in an exercise bath in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hydrotherapy in a thermomineral institution is superior to the same hydrotherapy in an ordinary hospital exercise-bath. DESIGN: Controlled therapeutic trial. SETTING: The thermomineral institution at Arcen and the exercise bath at the Maasland Hospital in Sittard, the Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 46 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated in a by a skilled physiotherapist, according to a standardized exercise-scheme: 27 were treated in the thermomineral institution and 19 (control-group) in the hospital exercise-bath. Each patient received 12 treatments in 12 weeks. ENDPOINTS PARAMETERS: Morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Ritchie index, amount of pain, answers to 11 questions concerning the activities of daily life, and psychosocial aspects of the disease. The various subjective and objective parameters were scored by the same physician. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement was observed in both groups concerning morning stiffness. Other subjective parameters improved, but did not reach significance. Objective parameters did not change significantly. Between-group differences were not found. CONCLUSION: Hydrotherapy has a positive effect on some subjective but not on objective parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whether it is applied in a thermomineral institution or an ordinary hospital exercise bath.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1991

Ultrasonic baths as substitutes for shaking incubator baths.

An easily assembled incubation bath for enzyme work is described. The bath is made from commercially available units: an ultrasonic bath of the type used for cleaning and a temperature-controlling device. The device is not only much cheaper, quieter, and more compact than a commercially built shaking-type bath, but is also gives superior mixing of heterogeneous enzyme incubation samples, particularly those containing tissue homogenates or subcellular particles.

Environment, Controlled↗
PubMed2000

'The day of the soft towel?': comparison of the current bed-bathing method with the soft towel bed-bathing method.

The impressions of 200 patients (both medical and surgical) and 200 nursing staff (registered, enrolled and trainee enrolled nurses) in relation to two bed-bathing methods were compared by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Data regarding costs were obtained from appropriate cost centre managers. The results of the study found the soft towel bed-bathing method to be more cost effective and provide more patient and nurse satisfaction than the current bed-bathing method.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

[Immersion in a bath despite a safety bath chair].

A case of submersion is described. A mother left her child aged 8 1/2 months sitting in a "safety bath chair" in a full bath and found the child lying under the water shortly afterwards. The infant was hypotonic for a brief period but rapidly recovered without sequelae. Use of a "safety bath chair" gives a false sense of security and its use is warned against.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1995

Bag baths: an alternative to the bed bath.

A financial analysis compares the cost of a traditional bed bath to a bag bath. The study measured labor, laundry and supply costs. Results show some predicted and unexpected advantages.

Baths↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) in a Spanish speaking population with spondyloarthropathies.

OBJECTIVES: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) are the most commonly used instruments to measure disease activity and functioning in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aim of this study was to translate, adapt and validate these instruments into the Spanish language. METHODS: The BASDAI, BASFI, and DFI questionnaires were translated into Spanish by three independent bilingual physicians who were familiar with the medical aspects of AS and by one professional translator. Two rheumatologists familiar with instrument validation, and who were aware of the purpose of the study, examined semantic, idiomatic and conceptual issues and produced by consensus unified versions of each instrument. English back-translations from the Spanish were done by a professional translator unaware of the original version. Both English versions were compared, and where needed, modifications to the Spanish versions were made. The Spanish versions were administered to 61 ambulatory patients with AS and to 80 patients with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy for validation purposes. Reliability and responsiveness were measured in 28 patients participating in a physiotherapy program. RESULTS: Reliability showed an acceptable 24-hour test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)--BASFI ICC: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.29-0.85; BASDAI ICC: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.52-0.88 and DFI ICC: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-0.94. The construct validity of the instruments was evaluated, and BASDAI was correlated with disease activity measured by the total enthesis count (rs: 0.34); general well being in the last week (rs: 0.7); spinal pain (rs: 0.53) and duration of morning stiffness (rs: 0.64). BASFI correlated with Schöber's test (rs: -0.4); occipital-wall distance (rs: 0.38) and thoracic expansion (rs: -0.3). DFI correlated with Schöber's test (rs: -0.36); occipital-wall distance (rs: 0.29) and chest expansion (rs: -0.3). The correlation among DFI and BASFI was rs: 0.83. All instruments showed clinical responsiveness in the physiotherapy program (baseline and end of program; mean +/- SD): BASDAI: 6.25 +/- 1.97 and 3.07 +/- 2.04 (p = 0.0001); BASFI: 5.68 +/- 2.29 and 2.88 +/- 1.77 (p = 0.0001); DFI: 16 +/- 7.6 and 8.0 +/- 5.5 (p = 0.001) with effect sizes and standardized effect sizes > 1. CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican Spanish versions of the BASDAI, BASFI, and DFI showed adequate reliability, validity and responsiveness to clinical change. These instruments can be used in the clinical evaluation of Spanish-speaking patients with AS.

Activities of Daily Living↗