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PubMed2003

[History of the barber-surgery in Rzeszów].

The beginning of barber-surgeons activity in the Rzeszów area was presented in this paper. The first entry of the presence of barber-surgeons in Rzeszów dates from 1484 and informs about a conflict between them and the bath attendants. In 1626, following the example of other Polish cities, the first barber-surgeons guild was established also in Rzeszów. The names of its founders are cited in this paper. Albert Boniecki was the first head of the surgical guild. In consequence of changes in the composition of the population and religious faith, a new guild was created in 1699, whose members were both, Christian and Jews. Until to the end of the so called First Polish Republic, the surgical activity in Rzeszów was in the hands of guild-educated barber-surgeons. Two tables give the numbers and names of Christian and Jewish surgeons in particular years. Figures bring the shape of original documents.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infectious risks associated with blood exposure for traditional barbers and their customers in Morocco].

The trade of traditional barber has continued to expose its practitioners and their customers to multiple infectious diseases. The objective of this work was to study the infectious risk associated with blood exposure in this population and to assess its knowledge of this occupational risk. A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey was conducted in the Casablanca region during 2001 among 150 barbers, all men. It included a medical-social questionnaire and a serology work-up (HIV, HCV, HBV, TPHA, VDRL). The subjects' mean age was 36.5 years +/- 14.7, they had worked in the trade for an average of 17.8 years +/- 8.7, and the socioeconomic status of most was low. Hygiene conditions were deficient. The concept of infectious risk associated with blood was generally not well known, especially for hepatitis B and C; most were not vaccinated. HIV serology was negative for all barbers. On the other hand, syphilis serology was positive for 7% by TPHA and for 4% by VDRL. HBV was positive in 2% and HCV in 5%. It is essential and urgent to promote awareness of these risks among all, especially the public authorities, and to formally ban barbers from the illegal practice of medicine for their own protection. All means of prevention must be used to protect the health of these workers and of the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[From barber-surgeons' guild to medical association. A 400th anniversary].

The barber-surgeons' guild in Bergen was founded on 17 January 1597. For nearly 250 years this was the only "medical association" in Norway. The guild disappeared with the death of its latest master, Christian Wilhelm Wisbech (1740-1822). However, only nine years later his son, Christian Wisbech (1801-69), founded the Medical Association in Bergen. The barber-surgeons were craftsmen who got their education by apprenticeship. They were the medical practitioners of their times. Their empirical knowledge was more in touch with real life than was the medicine taught by the professors. This paper describes the barber-surgeons' education and work, including their conflicts with other craftsmen and doctors. During the 18th century the barber-surgeons' education was improved, and eventually was given full academic status.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMed2006

Integration of one- and two-dimensional motion signals in infants: evidence from the barber-pole illusion.

Several previous studies in adults have investigated how one- and two-dimensional moving features are integrated into a coherent global motion percept by studying the "barber-pole illusion"; when a one-dimensional moving grating is presented within a rectangular aperture, the two-dimensional line terminators at the edges of the aperture bias the perceived direction of motion toward the longer axis of the aperture. In the current study, we used barber-pole stimuli to investigate the development of motion mechanisms that integrate one- and two-dimensional motion signals. Using a directional eye movement technique, we measured responses to obliquely moving gratings presented within horizontally vs. vertically oriented apertures, in infants (ages 2-5 months) and adults. For all ages, we found that horizontal eye movements were significantly stronger when gratings were presented within horizontal than within vertical apertures, as predicted by the barber-pole illusion. Additionally, we devised a way to infer the "effective shift" in eye movement direction produced by the barber-pole illusion. Using a simple motion integration model, effective shift values were then used to calculate the relative weightings of one- and two-dimensional motion signals to direction coding. The results show that by 2 months of age, infants integrate one- and two-dimensional motion signals, and that the relative weighting of one- and two-dimensional signals remains roughly constant from 2 months of age into adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Antigenic analysis of Barber's protein antigen prepared from Salmonella typhi and demonstration of protein-specific antibodies in sera of typhoid patients.

A crude protein antigen (Barber's antigen) was prepared from Salmonella typhi by mild extraction with veronal buffer followed by repeated precipitation with trichloracetic acid according to the method of Barber. From serological studies and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Barber's antigen was found to be highly heterogeneous and contain both the lipopolysaccharide and Vi antigens in addition to the protein antigens. Nevertheless antibodies specific to the proteins in the Barber's antigen were demonstrated in typhoid patients' sera by radioimmunoassay, indicating that proteins were also a major antigenic component of S. typhi and might play a role during typhoid infection.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Leonardo Fioravanti (1517-1588): a barber-surgeon who influenced the development of reconstructive surgery.

Surgery in the Middle Ages was practiced by individuals belonging to the guild of barbers, with no basic medical education. The transformation into a scientific branch of medicine began in the sixteenth century. In this process, a great role was the one played by Leonardo Fioravanti. He was a Doctor in Medicine graduated from the University of Bologna. A controversial man, he was also an innovation in many fields of medicine, such as prevention of diseases, pharmacology, therapy, etc., and he was a surgeon himself. On the way back from one of the last Crusades, he visited the Vianeos brothers in Calabria, and he was able to learn from them the technique for reconstructing the nose that had been devised by Antonio Branca in the previous century and still practiced only by barber-surgeons. He published his experience in a book that probably inspired the contemporary, Gaspare Tagliacozzi, Professor at the University of Bologna, and allowed him to become acquainted with this kind of reconstructive surgery. Tagliacozzi understood the value of the method described by Fioravanti and transformed a barber-surgery technique into a remarkable chapter of scientific surgery by divulging in the academic circles the principles of the pedicled flap, which have been the basis for development of modern plastic surgery.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMed2005

"Respectful image": revenge of the barber surgeon.

Although some separation of surgery from the practice of medicine had begun to develop in early medieval times, this was accentuated in 1215 by the Fourth Lateran Council, a papal edict which forbade physicians (most of whom where clergy) from performing surgical procedures, as contact with blood or body fluids was viewed as contaminating to men of the church. As a result, the practice of surgery was relegated to craft status with training by apprenticeship through guilds. Physicians followed a university-directed program of education, which involved knowledge of the classics and writings of ancient medical authors such as those by Galen, which allowed no independent thought or inquiry. Competition among physicians and surgeons, including the lowest group of surgical practitioners, the barbers, continued until Henry VIII signed a charter in 1540 uniting barbers and surgeons in London. This Guild of Barbers and Surgeons, forerunner of the Royal College of Surgeons, established a regulatory agency for training and certification of surgical practice, which set the stage for legitimizing surgery as a profession.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMed1999

The extrinsic/intrinsic classification of two-dimensional motion signals with barber-pole stimuli.

The perceived direction of different barber-pole stimuli was assessed by adjusting an arrow on the screen. The terminator ratio (TR: number of terminators moving along the long side divided by the number of terminators moving along the small side) was either one or three. In this latter case, the aperture orientation was either vertical or horizontal. The grating was either in the same plane as the aperture (intrinsic condition) or behind the aperture--the frame containing the aperture had a crossed disparity relative to the grating--(extrinsic condition). A nested design with 120 observers was used for the whole study. Five grating orientations were intermingled within any session. With a terminator ratio of three, the results depend strongly on the aperture's orientation. When the rectangular aperture is horizontal, the perceived direction of an intrinsic grating is horizontal (the typical barber-pole illusion), whereas it is only slightly biased towards orthogonal one-dimensional (1D) motion signals (Vp) in the extrinsic condition. When the aperture is vertical, the perceived direction in the intrinsic condition is largely biased toward Vp, and on average it is close to Vp in the extrinsic condition. In this latter case, however, analysing the distributions of responses shows that many responses do not lie around Vp but are clustered near vertical or horizontal. This motion capture depends on the grating's orientation. With a terminator ratio of one, motion capture is present in both the extrinsic and intrinsic conditions. Moreover, a global bias toward horizontal is observed: this horizontal bias is much larger in the extrinsic condition. Altogether, these results suggest that binocular disparity alone is a weak determinant of the extrinsic/intrinsic classification of two-dimensional (2D) motion signals compared to the occlusion cues provided by unpaired regions in binocular images. Second, truly extrinsic 2D motion signals are not suppressed but rather actively compete against each other to capture the 1D motion signals. This results in a perceptual multistability which is much stronger with extrinsic signals. Finally, given the inherent multistability of barber-pole stimuli, high-level factors can alter the strength of this competition and prime any of the 2D motion signals.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Theodore X. Barber (1927-2005).

Presents an obituary for Theodore Xenophon Barber (1927-2005), one of the most prolific and influential researchers in the field of hypnosis. At the time of his death he was an active scholar in his private research enterprise, the Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute. A brief biography of Barber is followed by an overview of his published work, his theories and other influential accomplishments. Although hypnosis was the main focus of Barber's research, his interests and research encompassed other topics, including the phenomenon of investigator bias, psychical phenomena, and even comparative psychology.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2001

The directional tuning of the barber-pole illusion.

In order to study the integration of local motion signals in the human visual system, we measured directional tuning curves for the barber-pole illusion by varying two crucial aspects of the stimulus layout independently across a wide a range in the same experiment. These were the orientation of the grating presented behind the rectangular aperture and the aspect ratio of the aperture, which in combination determine the relative contributions of local motion signals perpendicular to the gratings and parallel to the aperture borders, respectively. The strength of the illusion, ie the tendency to perceive motion along the major axis of the aperture, obviously depends on the spatial layout of the aperture, but also on grating orientation. Subjects were asked which direction they perceived and how compelling their motion percept was, revealing different strategies of the visual system to deal with the barber-pole stimulus. Some individuals respond strongly to the unambiguous motion information at the boundaries, leading to multistable percepts and multimodal distributions of responses. Others tend to report intermediate directions, apparently being less influenced by the actual boundaries. The general pattern of deviations from the motion direction perpendicular to grating orientation--a decrease with aspect ratio approaching unity (ie square-shaped apertures) and with gratings approaching parallel orientation to the shorter aperture boundary--is discussed in the context of simple phenomenological models of motion integration. The best fit between model predictions and experimental data is found for an interaction between two stimulus parameters: (i) cycle ratio, which is the sine-wave gratings equivalent of the terminator ratio for line gratings, describing the effects from the aperture boundaries, and (ii) the grating orientation, responsible for perpendicular motion components, which describes the influence of motion signals from inside the aperture. This suggests that the most simple cycle (terminator) ratio explanation cannot fully account for the quantitative properties of the barber-pole illusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Marshall Barber and the origins of micropipette methods.

Current methods for the study of renal physiology depend heavily on the use of micropipettes fashioned from glass capillary tubes. The technique for making glass micropipettes and manipulating them in the field of a compound microscope appears to have been invented about 1904 by Marshall A. Barber, a bacteriologist at the University of Kansas. Barber's methods were passed on and successively modified by G. L. Kite and R. Chambers, and were finally adapted for renal studies by A. N. Richards. The apparatus for perfusing isolated segments of renal tubules in vitro is remarkably similar to the original device used by Barber over three-quarters of a century ago.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1990

[Transmission of "barber's itch" by bathing?].

Pathogenic fungi find a favourable environment in baths for multiplication and distribution. So diseases caused by dermatophytes are often observed in connection with a visit of a bath. With regard to transmission of a "barber's itch" caused by fungi in consequence of the visit of a bath, there have still no results been published. Considering previous knowledge about epidemiology, mechanism of invasion, living, and multiplication of pathogenic fungi it seems unlikely that a transmission of the germs of "barber's itch" takes place due to the visit of a public bath. The expression "barber's itch" is not uniformly used; thus, if visitors make complaints about this affection, an etiological differentiation is required.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed2006

Barber's hair sinus in a female hairdresser: uncommon manifestation of an occupational dermatosis.

Hairdressers are prone to developing occupational skin diseases, particularly hand eczema of different origins. Rather uncommon, however, is the so-called barber's hair sinus that is caused by hair fragments penetrating the skin preferably in the interdigital spaces of their hands. Whereas, to date, the disease has almost exclusively been reported to occur on the hands of male hairdressers, we herein present the first case of a female hairdresser who developed a barber's hair sinus on one of her feet.

Barbering↗
PubMed2006

Thomas Vicary, barber-surgeon.

An Act of Parliament in 1540 uniting the barbers and surgeons to form the Barber-Surgeons' Company represented an important foundation stone towards better surgery in England. Thomas Vicary, who played a pivotal role in promoting this union, was a leading surgeon in London in the middle of the 16th century. While Vicary made no direct contribution to surgical knowledge, he should be remembered primarily as one who contributed much towards the early organization and teaching of surgery and to the consequent benefits that flowed from this improvement.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1996

[Professional heritage and social origin of the Württemberg barber surgeons of the 19th century].

In nineteenth-century Württemberg, barber surgeons (Wundärzte) were subdivided into various grades. They were increasingly confronted with severe governmental restrictions that both threatened their professional image and weakened their economical prospects. Therefore an archival study has been made on behalf of the social background of surgical examines by means of their father's occupation. As a result it could be shown that more than half the registered fathers were barber surgeons themselves. About 20 percent of the surgical candidates were recruited from the craft, whereas physicians, apothecaries and other professionals could hardly be found. Even pastors, that were supposed to be professionally linked with surgeons, were rarely made reference to. The candidates were classified into two groups, according to different periods of time (1800 to 1829 and 1830 to 1873). As to the social origin of the examinees, no appreciable differences between both periods could be found.

Barber Surgeons↗
PubMed2004

Counterclockwise barber-pole sign on prenatal three-dimensional power Doppler sonography in a case of duodenal obstruction without intestinal malrotation.

Three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler sonographic imaging provides a 3D view of the blood vessels. This technique reportedly has advantages over other forms of sonography in visualizing normal and abnormal fetal vascular anatomy. We report the case of a 36-year-old pregnant woman in whom 3D power Doppler sonography with simultaneous gray-scale imaging was performed at 32 weeks' gestational age to investigate an intestinal obstruction in the fetus that was suspected on the basis of 2-dimensional sonographic findings. The 3D sonograms revealed that the superior mesenteric artery and vein of the fetus were wound counterclockwise, forming the "barber-pole" sign. At 38 weeks' menstrual age, the female infant was delivered vaginally. Only duodenal atresia and annular pancreas, but not intestinal malrotation, were found postnatally. Surgical reconstruction of the duodenum was performed, with no major complications. Previous research suggests that the counterclockwise barber-pole sign is a normal finding. On the basis of our case, we believe that this "negative finding" might be used to exclude the diagnosis of midgut volvulus, a condition that would be expected to cause these vessels to wrap around in a clockwise direction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oculoplastic approach to treating Barber-Say syndrome.

Barber-Say syndrome is a rare dysmorphic disorder with prominent facial involvement. Its primary features include skin, hair, and eyelid abnormalities, the last of which can cause significant ocular symptoms. This report describes a patient with symptomatic corneal exposure secondary to Barber-Say syndrome who benefited from surgical intervention. The patient underwent a bilateral mid-face lift, eyelid repositioning and reconstruction, botulinum toxin application, and acellular dermis grafting. Surgical exploration revealed dysfunctional features of the external and internal eyelid anatomy not previously described with this condition. Improvement was noted in overall facial symmetry and appearance. In addition, the patient noted increased comfort after the resolution of dry eye symptoms and exposure keratopathy.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1979

The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter.

The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.

Female↗