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PubMed1995

The utility of a bilateral breast pumping system for mothers of premature infants.

Mothers of premature infants have difficulty maintaining their milk supply as a result of the separation that occurs between the mother and the baby. The hypothesis in the present investigation is that use of a bilateral (simultaneous) breast pumping system will increase the volume of milk expressed in these mothers. Thirty-two breastfeeding mothers of premature infants were randomly assigned to either the control (single) or the experimental (bilateral) breast pump group. Mothers pumped at least four times a day. Data collection included a daily milk production log, weekly serum prolactin levels, and a weekly State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Participation lasted from four to six weeks. Data analysis included average STAI scores; average prolactin levels; and weekly averages for number of pumping sessions, hours of pumping, and milk production in milliliters. The two groups did not differ on several demographic characteristics, STAI scores, prolactin levels, number of pumping sessions per week, or weekly milk production. The amount of time spent pumping, however, was statistically less for mothers who used the bilateral pump (7.6 +/- 3.0 hours/week) versus those who used the single pump (11.1 +/- 3.1 hours/week) (p = .003). Although use of either the single pump or the bilateral electric pump resulted in similar milk production, the bilateral pump significantly reduced the time invested in pumping. Health professionals should advocate use of the bilateral pump for mothers of premature infants. Additional studies are needed to determine strategies for increasing milk production in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of vacuum profile on breast milk expression using an electric breast pump.

The authors compared milk expression using 5 experimental vacuum patterns and a commercially available vacuum pattern ranging in cycle times (20 to 78 cycles/min) and vacuum curve dynamics in 30 mothers using an experimental, software-controlled electric breast pump. The volume of milk removed over 5 minutes differed (P = .0072) between patterns (range = 62.8 +/- 6.6 mL to 47.2 +/- 5.1 mL). However, there was no difference in the percentage of available milk removed (range = 99.4% +/- 15.1% to 70.6% +/- 8.6%). The rate of milk removal differed between patterns at both the beginning (1 minute) and end (1.5 minutes) of the expression period (P < .05). Peak vacuum chosen differed between patterns (P = .0085) but was not related to either the volume or percentage of available milk expressed. Breastfeeding characteristics did not differ between poor and successful expressers. These results show that breast milk expression by an electric breast pump can be influenced by the vacuum pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

When the mother of a premature infant uses a breast pump: what every NICU nurse needs to know.

Although pumps may seem readily available in the community, their effectiveness, as measured by the amount of negative pressure they generate and their cycling pattern of pressure and release, must be considered when recommending a particular model to the breast feeding mother of a premature infant. The neonatal nurse needs to assist the mother as she selects a breast pump by helping her pick the one that works best for her and by instructing her in its appropriate use. Such use needs to be oriented to obtaining maximum milk volume with minimal expenditure of energy without incurring breast or nipple pain or trauma. Sound breast pump recommendations and pumping instructions based on a clear understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the breast and knowledge of the lactation process will enable many women to give their infants the best possible nutritional and emotional start in life even before direct breast feeding begins.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing contamination of breast pump kit attachments in the NICU.

Premature infants are at higher risk of infection because of their immature physiological status as well as environmental factors. The 2 principle sources of newborn infection are the nursery environment and the mother. There is limited information available regarding appropriate cleaning of breast pump attachments to minimize the risk of infection. The following article describes one hospital's efforts to minimize the risk of infections to the infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, that could result from ineffective cleaning of breast pump kit attachments used in the hospital. On the basis of the findings, the cleaning policy was revised for the neonatal intensive care unit.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of breast milk expression using an electric breast pump.

The authors compared breastfeeding and expression characteristics in 30 mothers of exclusively breastfeeding, healthy term infants. Mean (+/- SD) volume per breastfeed from one breast was 71.8 +/- 26.3 mL, and mean duration per breastfeed for one breast was 16.6 +/- 10.5 minutes. Mean volume of milk expressed in 5 minutes from one breast was 60.6 +/- 39.0 mL and corresponded to the expression of 99.4 +/- 82.6% of the milk stored in the breast. The rate of milk expression differed greatly between mothers (P = .0001) but remained constant for the first 2.5 minutes before decreasing with time (P = .0001). These results show the mean breastfeed volume was similar to the volume of milk expressed in a 5-minute period. Furthermore, this study is the first to establish protocols that allow for the objective determination of breast pump efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Infection risks from electrically operated breast pumps.

Using formula milk seeded with Staphylococcus epidermidis as indicator, bacteria were observed to pass beyond the collecting bottles of three electrically operated breast pumps. Bacteria were recovered from sites distal to the level of visible contamination, the incidence increasing with repeated use of the apparatus. Despite use of a sterile collecting bottle, retrograde contamination of freshly collected milk may occur from previously contaminated components of the pumps. The results suggest that a terminal in-line air filter is essential to ensure aerosols containing potentially pathogenic bacteria do not contaminate the suction source or be emitted to the environment with the exhaust air. Where a single pump is used by more than one person adequate sterilization of all removable components is essential.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2005

The use of ultrasound to characterize milk ejection in women using an electric breast pump.

This study aimed to use ultrasound imaging to investigate the milk ejection characteristics of women during a 10-minute expression using an electric breast pump capable of applying 2 markedly different vacuum patterns. The classic pattern (47 cycles/min) and 3-phase pattern (pre-milk ejection: 120 cycles/min, post-milk ejection: 20 cycles/min for 2 minutes post-milk ejection then 55-78 cycles/min for 8 minutes) were tested, and the milk expressed was collected in 30-second intervals. Multiple milk ejections (96%) were detected (classic: 3.27+/-2.05; 3-phase: 3.72+/-1.19) and associated with increases in milk flow. Almost half of the total volume of milk expressed was removed during the first milk ejection (classic: 41.38+/-21.48%; 3-phase: 46.72+/-26.60%). There was no correlation between the number of milk ejections and both the total volume of milk and percentage of available milk for either pattern. In conclusion, milk ejection characteristics and efficiency of milk expression did not change in response to different expression patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of hand- and electric-operated breast pumps.

Volume, fat and energy contents were measured in human milk samples collected over 2 24-h periods with either an electric or hand-operated breast pump. The energy content was significantly higher and the variance for this measurement was significantly lower in samples obtained by the electric pump. The type of pump used is an important consideration when the content of energy and other nutrients associated with the fat compartment in human milk is to be evaluated. This observation is especially pertinent to cross-study comparisons, eg studies of well- and malnourished populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Results of 317 contraction stress tests with controlled nipple stimulation using an electric breast pump.

Nipple stimulation is widely used for producing uterine contractions. High rates of hyperstimulation have been reported with various manual methods of stimulation. A study was undertaken in an effort to standardize the mode and amount of stimulation. Three hundred seventeen contraction stress tests were done using an automatic electric breast pump with precise pressure control. This method was successful in achieving adequate contractions in 84.2%. Hyperstimulation of the uterus was encountered in 4.1% of all tests performed. Side effects and complications were minimal.

Breast↗
PubMed1952

[Breast pumps].

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Breast↗