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PubMed1997

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to energy intake during pregnancy, and whether BMI, energy intake and other factors are related to net weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal, duration of pregnancy. SUBJECTS: 156 healthy pregnant women residing in Quedlinburg county, Germany. METHODS: Weighed 7 d food records and standardized anthropometric measures in the first, second and third trimester. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was used to analyze differences in energy intake, net weight gain and birthweight across BMI groups, and the Cochran-Mantel Haenszel test was used to analyze food group intake by BMI group. RESULTS: Women at the highest level of BMI were significantly less often in the high energy intake category than women at the medium or low level of BMI (15% vs 36% and 48%). Net weight gain during pregnancy was independently influenced by BMI status and energy intake. Women at the highest level of BMI gained significantly less weight (4.2 kg) from first to third trimester than women at the medium or low levels of BMI (weight gains of 6.2 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively). Women with a low daily energy intake gained 4.6 kg during pregnancy, while women with medium and high energy intakes gained 6.0 kg and 6.1 kg, respectively. Examination of net weight gain simultaneously across BMI and parity groups revealed a much lower net weight gain among multigravid women at the highest BMI level (3.3 kg). Primigravid high BMI women, in contrast, gained 6.9 kg, whereas multigravid and primigravid women at medium and low BMI levels gained average of 4.8 kg and 6.5 kg, respectively. The mean birth weight in the three BMI groups did not differ and was not influenced by age, marital status, education, parity or smoking. CONCLUSION: Because other studies have shown that weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of subsequent overweight, multigravid high BMI women may prevent an increased weight retention after pregnancy due to lower weight gain in the current gestation. A lower caloric diet may help to accomplish a lower weight gain during pregnancy in overweight women without increased risk of low birth weight infants. These findings indicate further investigation of the associations between BMI, parity and caloric intake during pregnancy are needed to increase understanding of factors affecting subsequent weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Cohort study of the effects of dietary habit on changes of BMI in middle-aged women].

OBJECTIVES: The Lifestyle Study Group of the Life Planning Center developed the "Lifestyle Survey for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (LPC Lifestyle Questionnaire) in 1982, and conducted a baseline study (questionnaire survey of lifestyle, physical measurements, blood pressure measurement and blood tests) in two cohorts residing in an agricultural/fishing village and an urban area in 1991. Based on the baseline data of 1991, the present study aimed to elucidate the effect of dietary lifestyle on changes of BMI in a cohort of a total of 173 persons residing in the agricultural/fishing village and the urban area. METHODS: Discriminant analysis was conducted using delta BMI as a dependent variable, and the 1991 scores of six dietary lifestyle scales, age, BMI and region as independent variables. The following results were obtained. RESULTS: 1. When the mean scores of 6 dietary lifestyle scales, age and BMI in the 1991 survey were compared among three sub-groups classified by the changes of BMI, significant intergroup differences were observed in sugar content score (tendency of high intake of snacks and juice), age and BMI. Compared to the -1 < or = delta BMI < +1 and -5 < or = delta BMI < -1 groups, the +1 < or = delta BMI < group had the highest sugar content score and the lowest age within group. BMI was the lowest in the group with -1 < or = delta BMI < +1. 2. When discriminant analysis was conducted using delta BMI as a dependent variable, and the scores of six dietary lifestyle scales, age, BMI in the 1991 survey and region as independent variables, the results showed that sugar content score, cooking initiative score (interest in new dishes and modifying cooking for health), age and BMI were statistically significant for the discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that even in young subjects with low BMI, if the sugar content score and cooking initiative score are high, there is a high possibility of increased BMI in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Clinical factors related to gains in body mass index (BMI) among patients under long-term antipsychotic treatment].

OBJECTIVE: Weight gain and obesity are often seen among patients taking antipsychotic drugs, the incidence being higher in this group than among the general adult population. They constitute risk factors for other diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and may also adversely affect a patient's compliance. Thus the control of weight gain and obesity is significantly related to the quality of life for those who are under long-term antipsychotic treatment. We therefore conducted a retrospective investigation on the process of BMI increase in patients treated with antipsychotic agents over an extended period. The BMI of these patients was compared with measurements in the general adult population and the clinically relevant factors contributing to weight gain were identified. METHOD: The subjects were 66 outpatients (35 males, 31 females; mean age 37.5 +/- 11.9 y.o., range 15-65 years) who satisfied the F2 category of the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, and who were on antipsychotic drugs for more than 2 years and less than 15 years. The study was conducted at two psychiatric clinics between May 1, 2000 and June 1, 2001. The results of the survey were analyzed as follows: 1) The BMI of the subjects was compared against that of the controls who visited the Health Center, the Jikei Hospital from 1999 to 2002 to observe time-related trends over the study period; and 2) The odds ratio was computed using a logistic regression model with the mean of the changes in BMI during treatment as a dependent variable and clinically related factors, gender, age, diagnosis, clinical outcome, duration of treatment, baseline BMI, and type and dose of antipsychotic drugs as independent variables, to determine those factors contributing to the gain in BMI. RESULTS: 1) When the patients' ages were stratified, there were no significant differences between the male patients and the corresponding standard, either for the baseline or recent BMI at each age level, with the exception of the 15-39 age level. Among female patients, there were no significant differences for the baseline BMI at any age level. However, the recent BMI for them was significantly higher at all age levels. 2) In the study of factors related to increase in BMI, 3 factors--gender, age, and complete remission in clinical outcome--were found to have significant difference. The odds ratio was significantly higher in the female subjects (4.94; 95% CI: 1.42-17.27) and significantly lower in older subjects (0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.99), and in those subjects who were in complete remission (0.081; 95% CI: 0.007-0.954). No other factors produced statistically significant differences. DISCUSSION: 1) Gender, age, and clinical outcome were the independent factors that contributed to the increase in BMI for those patients under long-term antipsychotic treatment. 2) The gain in BMI was greater in female patients than in male patients. 3) Age was inversely related to the gain in BMI, therefore special care must be taken after administering antipsychotic drugs because younger patients may gain excessive weight and develop weight-related complications at an earlier stage. 4) The increase in BMI was minimal for patients in complete remission, suggesting that these patients were better adapted socially and aware of maintaining an optimum BMI. In planning antipsychotic treatment for each patient, not only its efficacy on psychiatric symptoms but also the risks--such as an increase in BMI--should be taken into consideration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of a nootropic agent, BMY-21502, and its metabolites in beagle dogs.

A preliminary investigation into the pharmacokinetics of BMY-21502, a nootropic agent, and two of its metabolites, BMY-42191 and BMY-40440, was performed in 4 beagle dogs. Following oral dosing of a solution of BMY-21502 (0.61 mmoles), plasma samples were obtained for 24 h and analyzed for the three analytes by a validated HPLC assay. BMY-21502 was rapidly absorbed (Tmax = 0.5 +/- 0.3 h), followed by a rapid decline of the plasma levels (T1/2 = 0.95 +/- 0.1 h). The hydroxy metabolite, BMY-42191, was rapidly formed and the peak concentrations in plasma were obtained by 2.88 +/- 0.2 h. On the contrary, there was a considerable delay in the peaking of the ketone metabolite, BMY-40440 (Tmax = 6 h). The T1/2 values for BMY-40440 (5.58 +/- 0.5 h) were longer than those for BMY-42191 (4.28 +/- 1.2 h). Comparison of AUC values for BMY-42191 (326.43 +/- 63.3 h x microM) with those of BMY-40440 (67.52 +/- 8.4 h x microM) or BMY-21502 (69.35 +/- 7.3 h x microM) indicated that BMY-42191 was the major circulating species in dog plasma. In conclusion, the preliminary data indicate that the metabolism of BMY-21502 is complex and may encompass hydroxy-ketone metabolic interconversions, as reported for other xenobiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Predicting BMI in young adults from childhood data using two approaches to modelling adiposity rebound.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the age of adiposity rebound and the value of its associated BMI and examine their association with BMI at ages 18 and 21 y for males and females. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of a large cohort of people born in Dunedin, New Zealand between 1972-1973. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and seventy-four males and 448 females aged between birth and 21 y. MEASUREMENTS: BMI was derived from measurements of weight and height made when the participants were born and at intervals from age 3-21 y. RESULTS: When a random coefficients model was fitted to the data for those who had five or more measures of BMI between age 3 and age 18y, adiposity rebound occurred at 6.0 y of age for boys and 5.6y for girls. The values of BMI associated with these were 15.7 kg/m2 for boys and 15.5 kg/m2 for girls. The correlations between age at adiposity rebound and BMI at ages 18 and 21 y were between -0.72 and -0.65 for boys and -0.59 and -0.47 for girls. These were higher than those derived from fitting individual curves or from deriving the adiposity rebound from data collected up to age 11 y. The correlation between BMI at age 7y and BMI at ages 18 and 21 y were 0.70 and 0.61 for boys and 0.56 and 0.52 for girls. The correlations between measures of skeletal maturity at age 7y and adiposity rebound were statistically significant for boys but not for girls. CONCLUSIONS: BMI in early adulthood was associated with both age of adiposity rebound and BMI at that age. As the correlations between BMI at age 7 y and BMI at ages 18 and 21 y were similar in magnitude, BMI at age 7 y may be a more practical way of predicting BMI in early adulthood.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Reduced mortality associated with body mass index (BMI) in African Americans relative to Caucasians.

Although obesity is especially common in African-American women, the relationship between body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and mortality primarily has been studied in Caucasians, and almost exclusively in average weight populations. In order to examine the relationship between race and mortality in a predominately overweight population, we assessed mortality in 6,602 parents of obese African-American and Caucasian subjects. Most parents of both races were overweight or obese: 87.8% of African-American mothers (mean BMI = 37.7) and 78.6% of Caucasian mothers (mean BMI = 34.9) had a BMI > or =27.3; 61.9% of African-American fathers (mean BMI = 31.5) and 63.6% of Caucasian fathers (mean BMI = 31.8) had a BMI > or =27.8. Even though African Americans had equivalent (fathers) or higher (mothers) average BMI and percentage overweight or obesity than Caucasians, unadjusted mortality rates were consistently lower in African Americans than in Caucasians. In a combined sample, income, age (linear, quadratic and cubic effects), gender, BMI (linear and quadratic), and race were significant predictors of mortality. Linear and quadratic effects of BMI were significant within race and in the combined sample, after controlling for the effects of all other predictor variables. Therefore, the mortality differences cannot be due to differences in age, income, BMI, or gender distributions. In addition, there was significant heterogeneity between races for all models examined, suggesting interactions between race and all other predictor variables. Moreover, there was a strong residual effect for race after accounting for the other variables. The highly selective and cross-sectional nature of this sample limits our ability to make specific BMI-associated risk estimates. However, the consistent differences between comparably ascertained racial groups sampled from the upper extreme of the BMI distribution provide support for a lower BMI-associated mortality rate in African Americans relative to Caucasians.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[General pharmacology of BMY-28100].

General pharmacological properties of BMY-28100, a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin, were studied in experimental animals. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. BMY-28100 had no effect on gross behavior and the central nervous system in mice and rats nor on EEG activities in rabbits. 2. BMY-28100 did not affect the smooth muscle isolated from rats, guinea pigs or rabbits nor did it influence ganglionic transmission in cats. 3. Effects of BMY-28100 on the atrium and heart isolated from guinea pigs were not obvious. Several parameters of the cardiovascular system were examined and found unchanged by administration of BMY-28100 to rabbits. 4. In the digestive system, BMY-28100 had no effect on charcoal meal transport in the small intestine of mice. In rats, however, gastric secretion was reduced at a dose level of 125 mg/kg or higher and bile secretion was enhanced at a dose level of 500 mg/kg. 5. BMY-28100 had no effect on neuromuscular transmission in rabbits and showed no local anesthetic activity in guinea pigs. 6. BMY-28100 decreased urine volume and urinary excretion of electrolytes in dose-dependent manners in rats. Sulfobromophthalein excretion in rats was inhibited only at the highest dose tested. BMY-28100 had no effect on blood coagulation and red blood cell resistance in rats or rabbits. BMY-28100 revealed no antiinflammatory activity in rats. 7. BMY-28167, a trans-isomer of BMY-28100, had no or weak effects on some of above test systems when compared with BMY-28100. These results suggest that BMY-28100 has hardly any pharmacological properties leading to severe adverse reactions in clinical use.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2007

Recognition of childhood overweight during health supervision visits: Does BMI help pediatricians?

OBJECTIVE: To assess, in diverse pediatric practices, the frequency of overweight/obesity (OW/OB) identification during health supervision visits and its association with BMI curve use. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Pediatricians in public and private practice in St. Louis, MO, participated in a study of the care of chronic conditions during health supervision visits. Requested information from 30 visits per pediatrician of children 6 to 17 years of age included the visit note, the growth chart, and a one-page questionnaire about patient demographics and visit content. Pediatricians indicated the presence and discussion of common chronic conditions, including OW/OB. Identification was compared with patient BMI category, and associations between identification and patient and visit characteristics, including BMI curve use, were examined. RESULTS: Twenty-one (40%) of contacted pediatricians returned information from 557 visits. Pediatricians identified OW/OB in 27% of children with a BMI at the 85th to 94th percentile and 86% of children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. Identification was higher in adolescents but was not associated with patient sex or race, practice setting, insurance type, or visit length. Only 41% of growth charts were current, and 6.1% had BMI plotted. BMI plotting was associated with OW/OB identification when the BMI was at the 85th to 94th percentile but not when the BMI was at or above the 95th percentile. After controlling for BMI percentile, OW/OB identification was significantly associated with diet counseling (odds ratio, 7.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.42 to 16.24) and exercise counseling (odds ratio, 5.57; 95% confidence interval, 2.61 to 11.90). DISCUSSION: Despite low BMI curve use, pediatricians recognized most overweight/obese children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. BMI plotting may increase recognition in mildly overweight children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Excessive annual BMI increase after chemotherapy among young survivors of testicular cancer.

Increased body mass index (BMI) is claimed to be a complication among survivors of testicular cancer (TCSs), especially after receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This study compares changes in BMI (kg m(-2)) in TCSs with those observed in age-matched men from the population (controls). Associations between treatment, age and potential BMI changes were sought. In 1999, a survey was performed at the NRH of 444 unilaterally orchiectomised TCSs treated from 1980 to 1990. BMI at survey was recorded in each TCS. Information on principal treatment (surgery only: SURG; radiotherapy only: RAD; chemotherapy +/- surgery or radiotherapy: CHEM+/-) and pretreatment BMI was retrieved from the medical records. The age-matched controls had BMI measurements from population surveys from 1985 and 1996. The annual BMI increase was calculated based on the difference in the two BMI measurements divided by observation time. TCSs displayed a lower pretreatment mean BMI than the controls, whereas no difference was found post-treatment. However, the annual BMI increase in TCSs exceeded that of the controls (0.19 vs 0.15, P=1.4 x 10(-7)). The SURG and CHEM+/- groups showed the greatest annual BMI increase. The multiple regression analysis showed that young TC patients who received chemotherapy displayed an excessive annual BMI increase. Oncologists and young TCSs should be aware of the risk of excessive BMI increase, in particular, after the use of chemotherapy.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1998

The sugar-fat relationship revisited: differences in consumption between men and women of varying BMI.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of dietary fat and sugar consumption in men and women with different body mass indices (BMI). To determine the actual food sources for sugar intake, comparing differences between men and women across BMI groups. The effect of excluding individuals with low energy intakes (that is, invalid data) on these relationships was also incorporated in the analysis. SUBJECTS: Subjects for this analysis were those individuals who participated in the 1986-1987 Dietary and Nutrition Survey of British Adults (DNSBA). METHOD: In the DNSBA, dietary intake was assessed using seven-day weighed food records, providing estimates of dietary fat and sugar intake. From the DNSBA database food records, sources of sugar intake were classified into five sugar containing food groups (high fat sweet products, fruits, dairy products, sugar products (excluding soft drinks) and sugar products (including soft drinks)). BMI was calculated from the measurement of height and body weight. RESULT: A positive relationship between BMI and dietary fat intake was found for men, both when fat was expressed as a percentage of energy and in absolute terms (g/d). This relationship was only replicated for women when intake was expressed in absolute terms. A negative relationship was found between sugar intake (as a percentage of energy) and BMI in men, but not women. Expressing sugar consumption in absolute terms did not produce a statistically significant relationship with BMI for either men or women. In women the only sugar source associated with BMI was high fat sweet products (for example, cakes, biscuits, chocolate), where higher intakes were related to higher BMIs. The reverse relationship was found for men. In men, BMI was also negatively related to the intake of sugar products (for example, table sugar, preserves, sugar confectionery), both when soft drinks were included and excluded. The inclusion of low energy reporters (LER) in the analysis altered the relationships between nutrients and BMI, particularly among women. The association between overall fat intake (g/d) and BMI was weakened, while the negative relationship with sugar intake was strengthened. In the case of women, the inclusion of LER completely reversed the relationship between consumption of high fat sweet foods (cakes, biscuits, chocolate) and BMI (due to the reduced reporting of these products by obese women). Fewer alterations in the relationships between BMI and the sources of sugar consumed were observed in men than in women when LER were included in the analysis. CONCLUSION: The relationships between dietary fat, sugar and BMI are different in men and women, and are dependent on the inclusion of LER, particularly in women. The results suggest that among women the consumption of high fat sweet products may be a factor in understanding obesity. Furthermore, the observation of high consumption of these foods among obese women is consistent with measured preferences for these high fat sweet foods. The altered representation of the data created by LER appears to distort the relationship between sugar, fat and the degree of obesity in men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The bmi-1 oncoprotein is differentially expressed in non-small cell lung cancer and correlates with INK4A-ARF locus expression.

Genes of the polycomb group function by silencing homeotic selector genes that regulate embryogenesis. In mice, downregulation of one of the polycomb genes, bmi-1, leads to neurological alterations and severe proliferative defects in lymphoid cells, whilst bmi-1 overexpression, together with upregulation of myc-1, induces lymphoma. An oncogenic function has been further supported in primary fibroblast studies where bmi-1 overexpression induces immortalization due to repression of p16/p19ARF, and where together with H-ras, it readily transforms MEFs. It was the aim of this study to assess the expression of bmi-1 in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in association with p16 and p14ARF (=human p19ARF). Tumours (48 resectable NSCLC (32 squamous, 9 adeno-, 2 large cell, 4 undifferentiated carcinomas and 1 carcinoid); stage I, 29, II, 7, III, 12; T1, 18, T2, 30; differentiation: G1 12, G2 19, G3 17) were studied by immunohistochemistry for protein expression and by comparative multiplex PCR for gene amplification analysis. In tumour-free, normal lung tissue from patients, weak - moderate bmi-1 staining was seen in some epithelial cells, lymphocytes, glandular cells and in fibroblasts, whereas blood, endothelial, chondrocytes, muscle cells and adipocytes did not exhibit any bmi-1 expression. In tumours, malignant cells were negative/weakly, moderately and strongly positive in 20, 22 and 6 cases, respectively. As assessed by multiplex PCR, bmi-1 gene amplification was not the reason for high-level bmi-1 expression. Tumours with moderate or strong bmi-1 expression were more likely to have low levels of p16 and p14ARF (P = 0.02). Similarly, tumours negative for both, p16 and p14ARF, exhibit moderate-strong bmi-1 staining. 58% of resectable NSCLC exhibit moderate-high levels of bmi-1 protein. The inverse correlation of bmi-1 and the INK4 locus proteins expression (p16/p14ARF) supports a possible role for bmi-1 misregulation in lung carcinogenesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2 polycomb-group proteins is associated with cycling cells and degree of malignancy in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins, such as BMI-1 and EZH2, form multimeric gene-repressing complexes involved in axial patterning, hematopoiesis, and cell cycle regulation. In addition, BMI-1 is involved in experimental lymphomagenesis. Little is known about its role in human lymphomagenesis. Here, BMI-1 and EZH2 expression patterns are analyzed in a variety of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs), including small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma, mantle-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. In contrast to the mutually exclusive pattern of BMI-1 and EZH2 in reactive follicles, the neoplastic cells in B-NHLs of intermediate- and high-grade malignancy showed strong coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2. This pattern overlapped with the expression of Mib-1/Ki-67, a marker for proliferation. Neoplastic cells in B-NHL of low-grade malignancy were either BMI-1(low)/EZH2(+) (neoplastic centroblasts) or BMI-1(low)EZH2(-) (neoplastic centrocytes). These observations show that low-, intermediate-, and high grade B-NHLs are associated with increased coexpression of the BMI-1 and EZH2 PcG proteins, whose normal expression pattern is mutually exclusive. This expression pattern is probably caused by a failure to down-regulate BMI-1 in dividing neoplastic cells, because BMI-1 expression is absent from normal dividing B cells. These observations are in agreement with findings in studies of Bmi-1 transgenic mice. The extent of BMI-1/EZH2 coexpression correlated with clinical grade and the presence of Mib-1/Ki-67 expression, suggesting that the irregular expression of BMI-1 and EZH2 is an early event in the formation of B-NHL. This points to a role for abnormal PcG expression in human lymphomagenesis. (Blood. 2001;97:3896-3901)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Birth weight and parental BMI predict overweight in children from mothers with gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the growth of children from pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its association with antenatal maternal, fetal, and recent anthropometric parameters of mother and father. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 324 pregnancies of Caucasian women with GDM, BMI before pregnancy, maternal glycemic values, and measurements of the fetal abdominal circumference were recorded. The weight and height of infants were measured at birth and at follow-up at 5.4 years (range 2.5-8.5). In addition, somatic data from routine examinations at 6, 12, and 24 months and the BMI of parents at follow-up were obtained. BMI standard deviation scores (SDSs) were calculated based on age-correspondent data. RESULTS: At all time points, BMI was significantly above average (+0.82 SDS at birth; +0.56 at 6, +0.35 at 12, and +0.32 at 24 months; and +0.66 at follow-up; P < 0.001). BMI at birth was related to BMI at follow-up (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). The rate of overweight at follow-up was 37% in children with birth BMI > or =90th percentile and 25% in those with normal BMI at birth (P < 0.05). Abdominal circumference of third trimester and postprandial glucose values were related to BMI at follow-up (r = 0.22 and r = 0.18, P < 0.01). Recent maternal, paternal, and birth BMI were independent predictors of BMI at follow-up (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). Sixty-nine percent of children of parents with BMI > or =30 kg/m(2) were overweight at follow-up compared with 20% of those with parental BMI <30 kg/m(2) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Children of mothers with GDM have a high rate of overweight that is associated both with intrauterine growth and parental obesity.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1988

Effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist, BMY 7378, on 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission: electrophysiological studies in the rat central nervous system.

In the present electrophysiological studies, the effects of the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor antagonist, BMY 7378, on the response of dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT neurons and of CA3 dorsal hippocampus pyramidal neurons to 5-HT and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. The effectiveness of microiontophoretically applied 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT in suppressing the firing activity of both neuronal populations was assessed before and during the microiontophoretic application of BMY 7378. BMY 7378 reduced the effectiveness of 8-OH-DPAT, but not that of 5-HT, in depressing 5-HT neuron firing rate, whereas that of both agonists was reduced by concurrent application of BMY 7378 in the hippocampus. To assess whether endogenous 5-HT also could be antagonized, the response of pyramidal neurons to electrical activation of the 5-HT pathway was determined before and after i.v. BMY 7378. Low doses enhanced the efficacy of the stimulation, whereas higher doses decreased it. The latter finding suggests that BMY 7378 antagonizes the effect of endogenous 5-HT. Three procedures were used to investigate the enhancing effect of BMY 7378 on 5-HT synaptic transmission: 1) administration of BMY 7378 after terminal 5-HT autoreceptor blockade by methiothepin: methiothepin abolished the enhancing effect of BMY 7378; 2) blockade of the effect of RU 24969, a terminal 5-HT autoreceptor agonist: pretreatment with methiothepin, but not with BMY 7378, blocked the effect of RU 24969 on 5-HT synaptic transmission; and 3) administration of BMY 7378 during a reduced level of activation of terminal 5-HT autoreceptors, obtained by lowering the stimulation frequency from 1 to 0.5 Hz: the enhancing effect of BMY 7378 was reduced when the stimulation was delivered at 0.5 Hz. It is concluded that BMY 7378 is an effective antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors in vivo and that the mechanism of its enhancing effect on 5-HT transmission at low doses, although still undetermined, is not due to a competitive interaction at the terminal 5-HT autoreceptor.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1996

DEXA supports the use of BMI as a measure of fatness in young girls.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of body fat mass measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to BMI in young girls, according to age and normative BMI percentile groupings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observation study. SETTING: Dunedin, an urban town in the South Island of New Zealand. SUBJECTS: 196 healthy Caucasian girls aged 4-16 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, height and BMI, total fat mass and % body fat (by DEXA). RESULTS: Our BMI percentile standard groupings were < 5 centile (n = 7); 5-50 centile (n = 71); 51-75 centile (n = 50); 76-90 centile (n = 42); 91-95 centile (n = 12); > 95 centile (n = 14). In this whole population sample DEXA-derived fat mass correlates well with BMI (n = 0.934) indicating that BMI accounts for 87.2% of the variance in body fat mass. However, at the extremes of BMI the association is weaker. A nomogram for predicting DEXA fat mass from BMI in girls is presented. CONCLUSION: Because DEXA-derived fat mass correlates well with BMI throughout the 'normal' range of BMI (5-95th centiles) our study supports the usefulness of BMI as a simple measure of fatness in girls. Children with BMI values outside the normal BMI range may benefit from more exact body composition assessment using DEXA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

A test of recently proposed BMI standards with respect to old age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age on the relationship between BMI and multiple coronary risk factors, and to determine whether the BMI classification by NHLBI and WHO is applicable as a predictor of coronary risk factors in older (>65 years) as well as in younger (<65 years) men and women. Effects of age on ten coronary risk factors were examined. Sex differences in the slopes of BMI on risk factors were compared between younger and older subjects in order to examine the effects of age on these relationships. The frequency of risk factor abnormality in individual BMI groups (18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0+) was examined for four age-sex groups. The significance of an age group-BMI interaction term was tested by the logistic regression model to see whether there is a significant difference in the relationship between BMI and the individual risk factor abnormalities between younger and older subjects. Older subjects had significantly higher values for most risk factors than younger subjects. The slopes of BMI on risk factors were different between younger and older subjects for fasting glucose, total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol in men, and for diastolic blood pressure, total and LDL-cholesterol in women. The proportion of subjects with abnormal risk factor levels in each of the three BMI groups was higher in older than in younger subjects for most risk factors. There was generally a progressive worsening of the risk factor levels with increasing BMI in both age groups. There was no consistent age difference in the relationship between BMI groups and the frequency of risk factor abnormality. We conclude that, although age increases the frequency of most cardiovascular risk factor abnormalities, in general, it does not affect the trend of the relationship between the risk factors and the normal, overweight and obese BMI groups defined by NHLBI and WHO. Therefore, these BMI categories are applicable as predictors of risk factor levels in older as well as in younger men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

dGEMRIC as a function of BMI.

OBJECTIVE: Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) reflects cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution. The technique assumes that the plasma levels of the contrast agent Gd-DTPA(2-) are the same across individuals after intravenous (IV) injection, when dosing by weight. However, adipose tissue has lower extracellular water (ECW) than lean tissue. The aims of this study were to measure (1) plasma Gd-DTPA(2-) levels vs body mass index (BMI), and (2) dGEMRIC vs BMI after correcting for the dose-BMI effect. METHOD: (1) Plasma Gd-DTPA(2-) levels were analyzed at 3-90 min after IV injection per body weight in 24 individuals with BMI between 21.5 and 46.5. (2) dGEMRIC was compared with BMI in 19 asymptomatic volunteers and 23 with osteoarthritis (OA). RESULTS: (1) Plasma Gd-DTPA(2-) kinetics were similar in obese and non-obese groups, however, overall concentration was higher in the obese group. A very obese subject (BMI 45) would have 1.4 times higher Gd-DTPA(2-) concentration than a lean subject (BMI 20), which translates into a bias in dGEMRIC of up to 20%. (2) With dose bias taken into account, dGEMRIC showed no correlation with BMI in asymptomatic knees. In OA knees, unnarrowed femoral compartments demonstrated a negative correlation between dGEMRIC and BMI (R=0.57, P=0.004). No correlation was seen in radiographically narrowed compartments. CONCLUSION: BMI can be a source of dosing bias in dGEMRIC and a correction factor should be considered in cross-sectional studies with a large range of BMI. There is no correlation between dGEMRIC and BMI in asymptomatic knees, but a negative correlation in OA knees.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Associations among education, cortisol rhythm, and BMI in blue-collar women.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to test whether a biological measure of chronic stress, Delta cortisol, was related to BMI and whether the relationship between Delta cortisol and BMI varied according to education and positive affect. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred fifty-four women from a blue-collar women's health project in 11 industrial sites in rural North Carolina provided saliva for cortisol assays for a substudy on "stress." Delta Cortisol, the difference between awakening and midday cortisol measures representing diurnal decline, was calculated (lower values = greater stress). BMI was regressed on Delta cortisol, education, and positive affect. Analyses were controlled for age, race, and worksite. Standardized beta-coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: For participants with complete data (n = 129), BMI was greater (beta; 95% confidence interval) for women with less than high school education (0.56; 0.18, 0.94) and those who completed high school (0.26; -0.05, 0.57) relative to women with greater than a high school education (p = 0.009). Delta Cortisol was inversely related to BMI (-0.32; -0.59, -0.05; p = 0.022). Education positively modified the inverse relationship between Delta cortisol and BMI (p = 0.047). Positive affect was negatively associated with BMI (-0.44; -0.82, -0.06; p = 0.026) and positively modified the inverse association between Delta cortisol and BMI (0.33; -0.03, 0.69; p = 0.074). DISCUSSION: Education and Delta cortisol were inversely related to BMI, and the magnitude of the association between Delta cortisol and BMI was buffered by higher education. Positive affect was inversely related to BMI. Chronic stress is associated with higher BMI, with this relation attenuated by higher education and, possibly, a positive affect.

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