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PubMedDate not supplied

Adherence to a strict specimen-labeling policy decreases the incidence of erroneous blood grouping of blood bank specimens.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effectiveness of a system of preventing incompatible blood transfusions resulting from the misidentification of patient specimens, a prospective analysis of all blood samples submitted to a laboratory was performed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Incorrectly labeled specimens (rejected samples) were tested for ABO and Rh type, and routine antibody screens were performed. Test results were compared to historic patient data or patient data obtained from subsequently submitted (correctly) labeled specimens. For comparison, all discrepant serologic results from appropriately labeled samples were also recorded. RESULTS: Specimens that failed to meet the criteria for specimen acceptance were 40 times more likely to have a blood grouping discrepancy. CONCLUSION: Strict adherence to the labeling requirements results in a significant decrease in erroneous blood grouping. This would accordingly diminish the likelihood of transfusing out-of-group blood components.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups among blood donors in a tertiary care centre in South India.

The distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups was studied among 150,536 blood donors screened at the Dr John Scudder Memorial Blood Bank, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, over a period of 11 years (April 1988 to March 1999). The most common blood group was found to be group O [58,330 (38.75%)], followed by group B [49,202 (32.69%)], and group A [28,372 (18.85%)]. The least common blood group was AB group [7,930 (5.27%)]. A2 or A2B groups were found in 3.01% and 1.43% of donors, respectively. The prevalence of Rh-D negative group was found in 8,225 (5.47%) donors. Bombay group (H negative non-secretor, genotype hh phenotype Oh) was found in six donors (0.004%). Although the incidence of Rh-D negative group was identical to previously published data from North India, the most common blood group was O group in our study as opposed to B group.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of PTC responses and secretor status to blood groups.

Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were investigated in 102 medical students of Delhi University, and the distribution was found similar to that observed in the north Indians. Both faster and secretors had highest percentage in AB, O and in rr, while the lowest values were obtained in B and R1r.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1950

Immuno-chemical studies on blood groups; the preparation of blood group A and B substances and an inactive substance from individual horse stomachs and of blood group B substance from human saliva.

Blood group substances have been isolated from the saliva of human beings of blood group B and from the linings of individual horse stomachs. The properties of the human B substances are similar to those of hog and human blood group substances previously isolated. The horse substances showed lower hexosamine and reducing sugar and higher total and non-hexosamine nitrogen than do the materials from the other species. Materials isolated from individual horse stomachs possess either A or B activity or both. Certain stomachs yielded products of identical analytical composition but with neither blood group A, B, or O activity as measured by their ability to inhibit isoagglutination. Fucose has been identified as a constituent of the horse blood group substances.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Extended blood grouping of blood donors with automatable PCR-ELISA genotyping.

BACKGROUND: In the past 10 years, PCR-based methods have been described to allow the detection of gene polymorphisms responsible for many blood group antigens. These methods are routinely used to test samples of fetal origin and to resolve serologic discrepancies. Another interesting application of blood group genotyping could be the extended typing of blood donors for minor antigens to facilitate the procurement of compatible blood for alloimmunized patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCR-based tests have been modified to allow multiplex amplification of specific fragments of blood group genes and the convenient detection of hybridized amplicons by ELISA in a microplate format. RESULTS: The results obtained show that fragments of the Rh (D, c, C, e, E), Kell (K, k), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), and Kidd (Jka, Jkb) genes could be amplified along with controls in multiplex PCR reactions. Labeling of amplicons with digoxigenin allowed their solid-phase detection in microplate wells previously coated with individual blood group-specific oligonucleotides. A comparative study performed with 100 individuals showed a 99.7 percent concordance between genotypes and phenotypes for the 11 antigens assayed, with only three discrepant Fyb genotypes. CONCLUSION: Extended genotyping could be performed once on regular donors and confirmed when needed by standard serologic RBC assays. The format of these tests will allow easy automation of the procedure including the interpretation and downloading of the results with existing ELISA software.

Automation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups.

Blood samples from two families and three other unrelated people contain a mixture of red blood cells of two different ABO types. Previously described causes of red blood cell mosaicism have been excluded from responsibility. Other blood group systems are not involved. The phenotypes, which have been designated ABO mos, are inherited through a variant allele at the ABO locus and appear to arise from a change in regulation of an ABO gene of some somatic cells.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1997

Sequential interchange of four amino acids from blood group B to blood group A glycosyltransferase boosts catalytic activity and progressively modifies substrate recognition in human recombinant enzymes.

The human blood group A and B glycosyltransferase enzymes are highly homologous and the alteration of four critical amino acid residues (Arg-176 --> Gly, Gly-235 --> Ser, Leu-266 --> Met, and Gly-268 --> Ala) is sufficient to change the enzyme specificity from a blood group A to a blood group B glycosyltransferase. To carry out a systematic study, a synthetic gene strategy was employed to obtain their genes and to allow facile mutagenesis. Soluble forms of a recombinant glycosyltransferase A and a set of hybrid glycosyltransferase A and B mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli in high yields, which allowed them to be kinetically characterized extensively for the first time. A functional hybrid A/B mutant enzyme was able to catalyze both A and B reactions, with the kcat being 5-fold higher for the A donor. Surprisingly, even a single amino acid replacement in glycosyltransferase A with the corresponding residue from glycosyltransferase B (Arg-176 --> Gly) produced enzymes with glycosyltransferase A activity only, but with very large (11-fold) increases in the kcat and increased specificity. The increases observed in kcat are among the largest obtained for a single amino acid change and are advantageous for the preparative scale synthesis of blood group antigens.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1980

Forensic serology in the United States. I. Blood grouping and blood transfusion--Historical aspects.

The events of three periods occurring during 1900-1980 are traced to illustrate the sources from which forensic serology evolved. The growth of blood grouping and blood transfusion, especially during the periods of military exigency, comprise the basic structure of forensic serology. Chaotic serologic procedures and confusing A-B-O terminology presented multiple challenges to workers in the field, including hospital transfusion services. The 1940s saw a beginning of standardization achieved through a combination of training, research and recommendations of the National Research Council to the Armed Services.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1989

Determination of MN blood group from blood stains by electrophoresis and immunoblotting.

The determination of blood groups from blood stains is extremely important in medicolegal practice, but there is the possibility of an error in the determination of MN phenotypes by the absorption-elution test. We investigated a new method applying electrophoresis and immunoblotting. As a consequence of various experiments, the most appropriate pretreatment of blood stains was as follows. Blood stains were immersed in physiological saline for 0.5 to 1 h and centrifuged. The supernatant was discarded. The sediment was dissolved in sample buffer (TRIS-buffered physiological saline containing 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate) and followed by thermodegradation. It was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane by Western blotting, MN phenotypes could be determined accurately from blood stains by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using commercially available polyclonal anti-M and anti-N sera. For blood stains more than 1 month old it was not easy to determine the MN phenotypes.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1991

Blood group and blood-group-related antigens in normal pancreas and pancreas cancer: enhanced expression of precursor type 1, Tn and sialyl-Tn in pancreas cancer.

Expression of blood-group antigens A, B, Le(a), sialyl-Le(a) (sLe(a)), Le(b), Le(x), Le(y), precursor type I, Tn and sialyl-Tn (sTn) was examined in non-neoplastic pancreas (n = 37) and pancreas cancer (n = 21) using mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Immunohistochemical assays were performed on sections of paraffin-embedded tissues using the avidin-biotin complex method. In normal pancreas, antibodies detecting Le(a), sLe(a) and Tn reacted with ductal epithelium, and antibodies detecting A and B reacted with acini and ducts, independently of secretor status. Le(x) was weakly expressed in ducts and acini, and sTn could not be detected in normal pancreas. Expression of Le(b), Le(y) and precursor type I was regulated by secretor status: Le(b) and Le(y) were expressed in ducts of secretor and Le(a-b-) individuals, but not in ducts of non-secretors; precursor type I was weakly expressed in acini and ducts of non-secretors and Le(a-b-) individuals, and was absent in acini and ducts of secretors. The following alterations in the expression of blood-group antigens were observed in pancreas cancer: (1) enhanced expression of Le(x), Tn and sTn; (2) enhanced expression of precursor type I independently of secretor status; (3) loss of regulation of Le(b) by the secretor gene; (4) decreased expression of Le(y). The weak expression of precursor type I. Tn and sTn in non-neoplastic pancreas, and their stronger expression in pancreas cancer, suggests that up-regulation of their expression is associated with malignant transformation of pancreatic duct cells.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2002

Conformational studies of blood group A and blood group B oligosaccharides using NMR residual dipolar couplings.

The conformations of two synthetic trisaccharides of blood group A and B (alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-[alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1-->3)]-alpha-D-Galp and alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-[alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)]-alpha-D-Galp, respectively) and of a type A tetrasaccharide alditol, Fucp-(1-->2)-[alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-GalNAc-ol, were studied by NMR measurements of one-bond C-H residual dipolar couplings in partially oriented liquid crystal solutions. The conformations of the three oligosaccharides were analyzed by generating thousands of structures using a Monte-Carlo method. Two different strategies were applied to calculate theoretical dipolar couplings for these structures. In the first method, the orientation of the molecule was calculated from the optimal fit of the molecular model to the experimental data, while in the second method the orientation tensor was calculated directly from the moment of inertia of the molecular model. Both methods of analysis give similar results but with slightly better agreement with experiment for the former one. The analysis of the results implies a single unique conformation for both blood group epitopes in solution in disagreement with theoretical models suggesting the existence of two conformers in solution.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

Structural characterization of blood group A glycolipids in blood group A liver tissue in situ perfused with O blood: the dominating presence of type 1 core chain A antigens.

BACKGROUND: Biochemical studies of organ blood group antigen expression show a mixed pattern originating from both the organ tissue and remaining blood cells trapped in the organ despite in vitro perfusion of the vascular tree. The blood group A glycolipid expression was studied in a unique case in which a human liver had been in situ perfused by recipient blood. CASE HISTORY: A blood group O recipient was re-transplanted with an ABO incompatible A1Le (a - b +) liver. Because of discrepancy in size, liver segments II and III were removed 2 h after re-vascularization. Thereafter, the removed A1 liver segment was physiologically in situ perfused with O blood, eliminating a major part of the donor blood cells/plasma. EXPERIMENTAL: Total neutral glycolipids were isolated from the liver tissue and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Purified glycolipid fractions were stained with anti-A monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS: Two blood group A reactive glycolipid compounds were isolated. One component had a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) mobility as a six-sugar glycolipid and reacted with mAbs specific for A type 1 mono-fucosyl structures. The second glycolipid fraction migrated as seven-sugar components and reacted with mAbs specific for type 1 difucosyl (ALeb) as well as Leb determinants. Mass spectrometry of the six-sugar component showed a structure similar to a blood group A hexaglycosylceramide with one fucose. Mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy of the seven-sugar fraction revealed a mixture of blood group Leb hexa- and ALeb hepta-glycosylceramides, respectively. All fractions were non-reactive with antibodies specific for A antigens based on types 3 and 4 core chain structures. In addition, TLC immunostaining of glycolipids isolated from blood group A livers, harvested for organ transplantation but discarded for various reasons, revealed trace amounts of several A glycolipids with a complex pattern. CONCLUSION: The in situ perfused liver tissue contains blood group A glycolipids based exclusively on type 1 core chains. The secretor gene (Se) codes for a fucosyltransferase acting on all core chain precursors while the H-gene fucosyltransferase only utilizes the type 2 chain precursor. Whether this explains that only A type 1 chain compounds were found has to be established.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2002

Interrelation between ABH blood group 0, Lewis(B) blood group antigen, Helicobacter pylori infection, and occurrence of peptic ulcer.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen that causes chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that individuals who are blood group 0 positive or represent non-secretors of their blood group antigens are more likely to develop peptic ulcers. The Lewis(b) blood group antigen has been reported to mediate the attachment of H. pylori to human gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to examine the interrelation between Le(a-b+) phenotype, blood group 0, H. pylori infection, and peptic ulcer occurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 330 consecutive patients (185 men, 145 women) referred to endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract for various reasons. AB0(H) blood groups and Lewis(a,b) phenotype were carried out by standard haemagglutination assays. Antibodies (IgG) against H. pylori were determined by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: 49 of the 330 patients (14.8 %) showed duodenal or gastric ulcers with a H. pylori seroprevalence of 87.8 %. The IgG immune response to H. pylori was not dependent on ABH blood group phenotype. There was also no significant association between the secretor status and the presence of H. pylori infection. Secretors, 35/238 (14.7 %), were no more likely to have gastroduodenal ulcer compared with non-secretors, 9/65 (13.8 %). CONCLUSION: Our data show no association between secretor status or specific ABH blood group on the one hand, and H. pylori infection or occurrence of gastroduodenal ulcers on the other. Determination of ABH blood groups or secretor status is, therefore, not a useful tool to characterize the individual risk for gastroduodenal ulcer or to guide any diagnostic procedures.

ABO Blood-Group System↗