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PubMed1985

Birth control use by teenagers. One and two years postabortion.

A prospective study was undertaken of the contraceptive behavior of adolescent women following a first-trimester abortion. Each women had an individual counseling session, including birth-control counseling. Effective birth control was used by 77% of the 182 respondents one year postabortion. Two years after abortion, 79% of those who remained in the study group continued to use reliable birth control methods. The repeat abortion rate for all respondents was 7% in the first year and 11% in the second year. These results suggest that teenagers who obtain abortions do not rely on the procedure as a method of contraception. Instead, they are more likely to be using reliable methods of birth control postabortion than they were before the unplanned pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1979

Birth control practices and conservatism.

This study examined the relationship of conservatism to reports of contraceptive usage, reasons for nonusage of a particular birth control method, and knowledge of birth control information. The never married high conservative subjects who were sexually experienced revealed that they had (a) a lower frequency of usage as well as a lower variety of contraceptive methods; (b) endorsed the beliefs that it was morally wrong and that it was unnatural to use a given birth control method significantly more often as reasons for not using contraceptive techniques; and (c) less knowledge of birth control methods than did low conservative subjects who were sexually experienced. Results were interpreted to support the notion that the fear of loss of control of one's impulses and hence the basis for conservative attitudes are determinants of contraceptive usage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The production and use of an attitudinal film in birth control education.

In order to help improve the effectiveness of birth control education programs, a film "It Couldn't Happen to Me" was produced focusing on the psychological motives involved in the non-use of birth control among teenagers. Preliminary evaluation of the film took place with five sample groups: high school students, university students, nursing students, health educators, and Planned Parenthood workers. Survey results indicate that the film is relevant for each of these groups. Pre and posttest measures of the attitudes of the university and nursing samples indicate that the film makes viewers more aware of the psychological factors involved in the non-use of birth control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of birth control and sexual risk behavior.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of the use of birth control and sexual outcomes across a 12-month period. METHODS: A subsample of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health database was used in the context of a prospective design. Approximately 10,000 students in grades 7 to 11 were interviewed twice, 1 year apart. RESULTS: Adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of birth control were associated with an increased likelihood of sexual intercourse over the next 12 months for virgins at wave 1. The perceptions also were related to an increase in birth control use but showed an ambiguous relation to the probability of pregnancy. High relationship satisfaction between adolescents and mothers was associated with a higher probability of birth control use and a lower probability of both sexual intercourse and pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that perceived parental approval of birth control may increase the probability of sexual activity in some adolescents. "Safer sex" messages must be conveyed by parents with thought and care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Birth control and mild therapies in Medieval Islam].

Birth control in Medieval Islam is usually permitted by tradition (hadîth), by the ijmâ c and by theologists' opinion. In fact, there is no possibility of restraining God's will. The most common means of contraception is coitus interruptus, but it can not be used without the consent of free women. Birth control is not allowed under particular conditions. The paper deals with the acquisition and reject of Islamic medicine in Western Latin texts from 12th century.

Arab World↗
PubMed1970

Birth control after 1984.

1) Eric Blair (alias George Orwell) can rest easy in his grave, because birth control by governmentally imposed methods, such as incorporation of a contraceptive agent into drinking water, is totally unfeasible by 1984. 2) Fundamentally new birth control procedures in the female (for example, a once-a-month luteolytic or abortifacient agent) and a male contraceptive pill probably will not be developed until the 1980's at the earliest, and then only if major steps of the type outlined in this article are instituted in the early 1970's. Development during the next decade of practical new methods of birth control without important incentives for continued active participation by the pharmaceutical industry is highly unlikely. If none are developed, birth control in 1984 will not differ significantly from that of today.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Use of hormonal methods of birth control among sexually active adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the use of various birth control methods among sexually active adolescent girls. DESIGN: A survey distributed as part of a larger study measuring compliance with hepatitis B vaccination. SETTING: A hospital-based and a school-based clinic. MEASURES: Demographic and health behavior data including sexual activity, contraceptive method, substance use, condom use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were collected. Birth control method was confirmed by medical record review. Associations with the outcome variable of birth control method were analyzed using chi square, Kruskal-Wallis analyses of variance, and t-tests, followed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among sexually experienced girls, 39% (n = 123) reported using oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), 5.4% (n = 17) used Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) or Norplant (levonorgestrel), and 55.6% (n = 175) used no hormonal method. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the factors most significantly associated with the use of hormonal methods were older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.33), not using a condom at last intercourse (OR = 0.55; CI, 0.34-0.90), and having had a well visit within 1 year (OR = 2.11; CI, 1.12-3.70). OCP users were less likely than Depo-Provera or Norplant users to have used alcohol (p = 0.041), cigarettes (p = 0.002), or marijuana (p = 0.018) in the past 30 days. OCP users were less likely than nonusers of hormonal methods to have smoked cigarettes (p = 0.034) or marijuana (p = 0.052). The school-based clinic had a greater proportion of subjects using long-acting progestins (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased rate of condom use among those who used hormonal birth control methods and the different rates of health risk behaviors among users of various methods require targeted counseling efforts to decrease pregnancy and STD rates among young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of birth control methods on sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk.

Awareness of the effects that birth control methods have on the enhancement or protection against risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is very important. Health care providers must be aware of these effects to advise clients about birth control. This article reviews the literature about the effects of birth control methods on STD/HIV risk.

Contraception↗
PubMed2004

Association between birth control pills and voice quality.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to extend our knowledge of the effect of birth control pills on voice quality in women based on various acoustic measures. STUDY DESIGN: A longitudinal comparative study of 14 healthy young women over a 36- to 45-day period. METHODS: Voices of seven women who used birth control pills and seven women who did not were recorded repeatedly approximately 20 times. Voice samples were analyzed acoustically, using an extended set of frequency perturbation parameters (jitter, relative average perturbation, pitch period perturbation quotient), amplitude perturbation parameters (shimmer, amplitude average perturbation quotient), and noise indices (noise-to-harmonics ratio, voice turbulence index). RESULTS: Voice quality and stability were found to be better among the women who used birth control pills. Lower values were found for all acoustic measures with the exception of voice turbulence index. Results also provided preliminary indication for vocal changes associated with the days preceding ovulation. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the traditional view of oral contraceptives as a risk factor for voice quality, and in keeping with the authors' previous work, the data in the present study showed that not only did oral contraceptives have no adverse effect on voice quality but, in effect, most acoustic measures showed improved voice quality among women who used the birth control pill. The differences in the noise indices between groups may also shed light on the nature of the effect of sex hormones on vocal fold activity. It was suggested that hormonal fluctuations may have more of an effect on vocal fold regulation of vibration than on glottal adduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

ORTHO birth control satisfaction assessment tool: assessing sensitivity to change and predictors of satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: To test the sensitivity to change of the ORTHO Birth Control Satisfaction Assessment Tool (ORTHO BC-SAT) among dissatisfied women switching to a new hormonal birth control method and to better understand which factors contribute to a woman's satisfaction with the method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women switching to a new hormonal birth control method [oral contraceptives (OCs), injections, vaginal ring or transdermal patch] completed the ORTHO BC-SAT, a questionnaire measuring satisfaction, two times over a 3-month period. Sensitivity to change was measured by examining change scores, as well as the Guyatt's statistic. Predictors of satisfaction were examined using forward-stepping linear regression. RESULTS: Fifty-six women completed the ORTHO BC-SAT twice. With the exception of Future Fertility Concerns, women reported statistically significant improvements on all scales of the questionnaire. The scales most sensitive to change were Overall Satisfaction, Assurance/Confidence, Lifestyle Impact, and Ease of Use/Convenience. Being older, switching from a nonhormonal method of birth control at baseline and more bodily pain at baseline predicted the increase in satisfaction scales. CONCLUSION: The ORTHO BC-SAT has demonstrated sensitivity to change in this population. In addition, we identified several factors at baseline that predicted an increase in satisfaction scale scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Ministry of Justice issues circular on sanctions against people who sabotage birth control plans by removing women's intrauterine contraceptive devices].

The relevant document recently issued by the Ministry of Justice pointed out that to protect women's lives and health and to facilitate birth control, severe punishments should be meted out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the criminal law to those who are guilty of the wicked practice of removing women's intrauterine contraceptive devices to defraud money and belongings, bringing about serious consequences as a result. Recently, the Ministry of Justice received a letter from the birth control office in Fuling Prefecture, Sichuan Province, reporting repeated instances in the prefecture of some people sabotaging the birth control plan by illegally removing women's intrauterine contraceptive devices to defraud the women of their money and belongings, and some women had even died as a result. The letter appealed to the judicial organs to ban these activities. In its document in answer to the letter, the Ministry of Justice pointed out, that out of greed for pecuniary and material gains, some people illicitly made iron wire hooks to remove women's intrauterine contraceptive devices, and serious consequences and even deaths have occurred. These activites have not only seriously sabotaged the birth control plan, but also constituted criminal offenses of fraud, unpremeditated injury, and manslaughter in violation of the criminal law. It called on the judicial departments throughout the country to punish the offenders according to the laws. The document also pointed out that some comrades called the illegal activities of illicitly removing women's intrauterine contraceptive devices "inappropriate removal of intrauterine rings," or said that "there are no concrete provisions about it in the laws," the result being that criminals have been allowed to go scot-free. To protect women's lives and health and to facilitate birth control, the judicial organs at all levels should coordinate with the departments concerned to ban such illegal activities and to carry out large-scale education among the masses. Severe judicial punishments should be meted out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the criminal law to those guilty of the illegal and wicked practice of removing women's intrauterine contraceptive devices to defraud money and belongings, bringing about serious consequences as a result.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Declining fertility among North American Hutterites: the use of birth control within a Dariusleut colony.

Historically, population researchers considered the Hutterites the champions of high fertility, since they most closely approximated the human fertility potential. Yet contemporary researchers have found evidence of a decline in fertility and a shift from natural to controlled fertility behavior among the Hutterite population. Various reasons for these recent changes have been suggested, including the use of birth control. Using interview data from a Dariusleut colony, this is the first paper to document the presence and prevalence of birth control among the North American Hutterites. All interviewed women recognized the use of birth control and reported that female sterilization was the most commonly used method. I address how the various forms of birth control and the reasons for its use relate to the Hutterite ideology.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Guo Feng attends birth control meeting].

The 1980 provincial population growth rate was 8.71/1000, the lowest since the founding of the PRC. In addition, the 1980 provincial birth rate was also the lowest. This reflects the fact that the province has scored great achievements in birth control work. A meeting was held today in the province to commend those collectives and individuals that have achieved advanced results in birth control work, including 10 Red Banner units, 190 advanced collectives, 73 workers, and 27 individuals. The 10 Red Banner units are Dazhong District in Shenyang Municipality; the state-run Liming machinery company; Zhangtiekou and Anjingzi Districts in Dalian Municipality; Jin County; Lishan District in Anshan Municipality; the Anshan iron and steel company; and Yingkou, Dawa, and Heishan Counties. Attending the meeting were Guo Feng, Chen Puru, Liu Wen, and Zhang Zhiyuan. Comrade Chen Puru spoke at the meeting. On behalf of the provincial CCP Committee and People's Government, Comrade Zhang Zhiyuan pointed out to the meeting that the 1981 provincial population growth rate should be set at or below 10/1000. This is an arduous goal because there are some 3 million youths in the province at the legal marriageable age set by the new marriage law. Therefore, we should not blindly hold an optimistic and complacent attitude toward this work. We should intensify propaganda and education work to enhance the ideological and political awareness of youths and continue to implement various policies concerning birth control. Those who deserve commendation should be commended and those who deserve punishment should be punished according to regulations. Comrade Zhang Zhiyuan continued: The practice of birth control is an important policy of the party and the People's Government, and is a duty of every citizen. All communists, CYL members, and cadres should play a leading role in this regard.

Asia↗
PubMed1980

Margaret Sanger: birth control's successful revolutionary.

The year 1979 marked the centennial of Margaret Sanger, birth control pioneer. Sanger worked to secure two new human rights: the right to decide whether to have a child and the right of a child to be wanted. Beginning in 1873, antipornography crusader Anthony Comstock lobbied through Congress and the state legislatures laws forbidding the distribution of contraceptive devices and even information. He equated these with erotic postcards as "obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, indecent and disgusting." Sanger's strategy was to challenge the Comstock laws in the courts. She studied birth control methods abroad and published a pamphlet, Family Limitation, in 1914. It was the first modern marriage manual; it was also illegal. The publicity her trial generated was immense and highly sympathetic. The government dropped its case when it saw it could only make her a martyr. An obstetrical nurse, Sanger had seen the plight of factory women in the poorest sections of New York City. In order to provide the medical advice and supplies women clamored for, Sanger opened the first U.S. birth control clinic, in Brooklyn in 1916. The New York City Vice Squad raided and closed it, and jailed Sanger. Margaret Sanger underwent other trials, raids, and harassments, but each time won additional public support for her organization--Planned Parenthood--and her cause.

Contraception↗
PubMed2000

Birth control method choice and use of barrier methods for sexually transmitted disease prevention among low-income African-American women.

In a prospective study of 1122 women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Alabama, consistent use of the male condom and vaginal microbicide/spermicides was promoted to reduce STD risk. This analysis evaluated: 1) baseline characteristics that may influence birth control method choice; and 2) the association of birth control method and other baseline characteristics with consistency of barrier use during follow up. Birth control method was associated with sociodemographic variables, sexual, and reproductive history. Women who adopted user-independent methods (tubal ligation, implants, injectable hormones) appear to have completed their family plan. Oral contraceptive users were of higher socioeconomic status and at lower STD risk. Barrier method users and women who used no method were young and at higher STD risk. Consistency of condom/spermicide use increased in all groups. Barrier method users were more likely than other women to use condoms and spermicides during the study. Women who used no birth control method at baseline experienced the largest increase in barrier use during follow up, although their barrier use rates were lower than in other groups. The synergism between the intention to prevent pregnancy and the intention to prevent STD should be considered in the design of interventions promoting condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Employment and the use of birth control by sexually active single Hispanic, black, and white women.

Previous studies of the use of birth control by sexually active single women tend to emphasize family background and aspirations, and restrict their attention to teenagers. We elaborate this framework by considering how labor market experiences might shape the birth control practices of women in their late teens and twenties. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Experiences--Youth Cohort provide evidence that employment histories and wages influence birth control practices, net of the effects of family background, aspirations, and educational attainment. Several pronounced racial and ethnic differences are found.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

"More than just boots! The eugenic and commercial concerns behind A. R. Kaufman's birth controlling activities".

A. R. Kaufman (1885-1979), founder of the Kitchener-based Kaufman Rubber Company, was nicknamed "Canada's Mr. Birth Control" because he established the Parents' Information Bureau (PIB)-a birth control information centre that functioned out of his factory office. Besides creating mail order/home visiting services, Kaufman also funded birth control clinics. Because he was a rubber manufacturer, it was widely believed that commercial concerns were behind his activities. This article examines recently archived material, local newspaper accounts, and court transcripts to connect A. R. Kaufman and the PIB with the manufacture of contraceptive products. It also outlines Kaufman's involvement with the eugenics movement, especially his dealings with medical practitioners who carried out sterilization procedures for the PIB.

Canada↗
PubMed1973

The revolution in birth control practices of U.S. Roman Catholics.

There has been a wide and increasing defection of Roman Catholic women from the traditional teaching of their Church on the subject of birth control over the past two decades and a resulting convergence of Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices. By 1970, two-thirds of all Catholic women were using methods disapproved by their Church; this figure reached three-quarters for women under age 30. Considering the fact that most of the one-quarter of young Catholic women conforming to Church teaching had never used any method, the percentage of those deviating may well reach 90 as these women grow older and the problems of fertility control become more important. Much of this increasing deviation has been among the more educated Catholics, who were formerly the most faithful adherents to Church teaching. The change between 1965 and 1970 was especially striking for Catholic women who had attended college. Perhaps the most significant finding is that the defection has been most pronounced among the women who receive Communion at least once a month. Even among this group, the majority now deviates from Church teaching on birth control; among the younger women in this group, the proportion not conforming reaches two-thirds. It seems abundantly clear that U.S. Catholics have rejected the 1968 papal encyclical's statement on birth control and that there exists a wide gulf between the behavior of most Catholic women, on the one hand, and the position of the more conservative clergy and the official stand of the Church itself, on the other. That many Catholics can continue in their other religious practices and simultaneously deviate on the issue of birth control is an interesting commentary on the process of social change. Ultimately this crisis of authority will probably be resolved by a change in official teaching, since it seems doubtful that such a major discrepancy can continue indefinitely without other repercussions. At a minimum, the cost to the Roman Catholic Church will be a loss of authority in a major area of life: that of sex and reproduction.

Adult↗