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PubMed2006

A complete physical map of a wild beet (Beta procumbens) translocation in sugar beet.

Two sugar beet lines carry homologous translocations of the wild beet Beta procumbens. Long-range restriction mapping with rare cutting enzymes revealed that both translocations are different in size, however, an overlapping region of about 350 kb could be identified. Both lines are resistant to the beet cyst nematode but only TR520 carries the previously cloned resistance gene Hs1pro-1. Hence, a second gene for nematode resistance (Hs1-1) must be located within this region. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed from line TR520. The library was screened with a number of B. procumbens specific probes and 61 BAC clones were identified. Five BAC clones formed a minimal tiling path of 580 kb to cover the overlapping region between both translocations including the translocation breakpoint. The five BACs from the overlapping region and one additional BAC distal from that contig were sequenced. The total sequence length from the five BACs of the overlapping region amounted to 524 kb which is 74.35% of the total insert size of these BACs. The frequency of retrotransposon sequences ranged between 14.7 and 43.3%. A total of 133 ORFs were identified, none of these showed similarity to known disease resistance genes. Of these, 12 ORFs showed homology to genes involved in biotic stress resistance reactions or to transcription factors. This paper demonstrates how genome specific probes can be employed for cloning an alien gene introgression into a cultivated species.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1991

The detection of beet western yellows virus and beet mild yellowing virus in crop plants using the polymerase chain reaction.

Oligonucleotide primers were synthesised corresponding to conserved sequences between three isolates of beet western yellows virus (BWYV), flanking a 913 base fragment of BWYV genomic RNA. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), these primers successfully amplified the target fragment in total RNA extracts from two oilseed rape plants infected with different isolates of BWYV. The PCR products were readily detected by staining with ethidium bromide following agarose gel electrophoresis, but the limit of detection could be increased further by Southern blotting. However, three isolates of beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) in sugar beet did not give a signal which could be detected by ethidium bromide staining, although the target fragment could be detected by Southern blotting. The primers used have the potential to detect BWYV in crops with far greater sensitivity than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or nucleic acid hybridisation (dot-blotting) and may be capable of distinguishing between BWYV and BMYV. The application of PCR to detection and distinction of luteoviruses in general is discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Sporamin-mediated resistance to beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) is dependent on trypsin inhibitory activity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) hairy roots.

Sporamin, a sweet potato tuberous storage protein, is a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. Its capability of conferring insect-resistance on transgenic tobacco and cauliflower has been confirmed. To test its potential as an anti-feedant for the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.), the sporamin gene SpTI-1 was introduced into sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. Twelve different hairy root clones expressing sporamin were selected for studying nematode development. Of these, 8 hairy root clones were found to show significant efficiency in inhibiting the growth and development of the female nematodes whereas 4 root clones did not show any inhibitory effects even though the SpTI-1 gene was regularly expressed in all of the tested hairy roots as revealed by northern and western analyses. Inhibition of nematode development correlated with trypsin inhibitor activity but not with the amount of sporamin expressed in hairy roots. These data demonstrate that the trypsin inhibitor activity is the critical factor for inhibiting growth and development of cyst nematodes in sugar beet hairy roots expressing the sporamin gene. Hence, the sweet potato sporamin can be used as a new and effective anti-feedant for controlling cyst nematodes offering an alternative strategy for establishing nematode resistance in crops.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of azadirachtin on Beet soilborne pomovirus and soil biological properties on sugar beet.

Beet soilborne pomovirus (BSBV) is an important soilborne virus disease in growing areas of sugar beet. BSBV was transmitted by Polymyxa betae Keskin. Effects of azadirachtin on BSBV and soil biological properties were studied under a greenhouse. The presence of BSBV was tested in soil samples using bait plant test and triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). The concentration of BSBV in sugar beet roots was significantly reduced by the application of azadirachtin to the soils. TAS-ELISA absorption values in 1.52, 3.04, and 7.60 ppm were lower than that 0.38 and 0.76 ppm of azadirachtin. Furthermore, in this study, it was determined the 0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 ppm doses of azadirachtin in soils had high amounts of soil biological properties (Cmic, BSR, DHA), while the 3.04 and 7.60 ppm doses had no statistical significance compared to the control treatments.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1972

An Explanation for the Difference in Photosynthetic Capabilities of Healthy and Beet Yellows Virus-infected Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris L.).

Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) infected with the Beet Yellows Virus exhibit lower rates of net photosynthesis at light saturation than do healthy plants. These Pn reductions were correlated with increases in leaf resistance to water vapor loss. Theoretical analyses demonstrated that, although the leaf resistance to water vapor loss increases could account for a major part of the net photosynthesis decreases, some other aspect of leaf functioning also was debilitated by infection. Both the levels and the activities of ribulose-1, 5-diP carboxylase were less on a leaf area basis in extracts from infected leaves than from healthy ones. Soluble carbohydrates accumulate in Beet Yellows Virus-infected leaves, but inhibiting translocation in several ways provided no evidence in support of the hypothesis that the accumulation of photosynthates in leaves has a direct, short term, feed-back effect upon the photosynthetic rate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Tissue print-immunoblotting reveals an uneven distribution of beet necrotic yellow vein and beet soil-borne viruses in sugarbeets.

An uneven distribution of the coat protein antigens of beet necrotic yellow vein (BNYVV) and beet soil-borne (BSBV) viruses in tap roots of naturally infected sugarbeets and of BNYVV coat protein antigen in leaves and petioles of mechanically inoculated sugarbeet seedlings was detected by means of tissue print-immunoblotting. BNYVV antigen-containing areas in the tap roots were usually found underneath a root beard. Occasionally BNYVV antigen was detected predominantly, but not exclusively in the xylem vessels.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1994

In situ localisation of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in rootlets of susceptible and resistant beet plants.

Mechanisms of resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were studied by comparing the multiplication and distribution of BNYVV in root tissue of some beet accessions. Seedlings were infected either by soil containing resting spores of Polymyxa betae with BNYVV, or by a viruliferous zoospore suspension. With both inoculation methods high virus concentrations were obtained in rootlets of the susceptible cultivar 'Regina'. Using infested soil, low virus concentrations were found in the partially resistant cultivar 'Rima' and in the resistant accessions Holly and WB42. When a zoospore suspension was used, similar virus concentrations occurred in 'Rima' and Holly as in 'Regina', while a low virus concentration was found in WB42. By in situ localisation studies, using immunogold-silver labelling, virus was detected in 'Regina' after infection by soil or a zoospore suspension, but it could only be detected in the resistant accessions after infection by a zoospore suspension. In rootlets of 'Regina', 'Rima' and Holly, virus was found in the epidermis, cortex parenchyma, endodermis, and interstitial parenchyma, but in general not inside the vascular tissue. In WB42 the virus, occurring in small aggregates, seemed to be restricted to the epidermis and some cortex parenchyma cells. Comparing both the multiplication and distribution of BNYVV in rootlets of the accessions studied, it is concluded that the virus resistance mechanism in 'Rima' and Holly is different from that in WB42.

Immunohistochemistry↗
PubMed1990

Inoculation of sugar beet protoplasts with beet necrotic yellow vein virus particles by mild sonication.

A novel procedure employing mild sonication for in vitro inoculation of plant protoplasts with virus particles has been established. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) protoplasts were briefly exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound in the presence of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) particles. The accumulation of BNYVV coat protein was analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The infection was detectable after 16 h and reached maximum 3-3 1/2 days after inoculation. Maximum levels of BNYVV coat protein in inoculated protoplasts were obtained by sonication for 500-600 ms at 45-60 W. This reduced the viability to 15-30%. The efficiency of the inoculation increased with the concentration of BNYVV particles up to 28 micrograms/ml. Infection was found to be optimal when the BNYVV particles were added just before sonication but low levels of infection could be obtained by addition of virus particles up to 60 min after sonication.

Capsid↗
PubMed1978

The stability properties of golden beet and red beet pigments: influence of pH, temperature, and some stabilizers.

Golden beet (Beta vulgaris var. lutea) color was found to contain 8 components, of which the most important seemed to be vulgaxanthin-I and -II. Purified vulgazanthin -I solutions are easily degraded at high temperatures. The stability is, however, strongly dependent on pH: the stability is best at pH values between 5 and 6, the poorest at low pH values, but at pH 7 the stability is better than that of betanin. Vulgaxanthin-I is more stable in the raw extract than in a purified solution. EDTA, even in ppm amounts, was found to improve the stability of betanin. The effect was dependent on pH value, being most efficient at pH 2.0 and 5.0. Stability of vulgaxanthin-I was not improved by EDTA. Tannin did not show stabilizing influence. Ascorbic acid was found to have an unfavorable influence on stability, especially in the case of betanin.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1996

[Feed intake and performance of dairy cows during feeding of fodder beets supplementing grass silage].

In a feeding experiment 3 x 12 dairy cows (German Simmental x Red Holstein Friesian) were used to investigate the influence of different amounts of fodder beets on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. The fodder beets (variety Kyros) were fed in exchange for concentrate. The amounts of fodder beets were either 22 kg cow-1 d-1 or 44 kg cow-1 d-1 or zero (control group). All groups received 4 kg hay cow-1 d-1, grass silage ad libitum, and concentrate corresponding to the milk yield. In order to balance the rations the concentrate was either rich in protein or rich in energy. Feeding 22 kg or 44 kg fodder beets increased forage intake (including fodder beets) significantly. However, the total feed intake diminished on average from 18.3 kg DM cow-1 d-1 (control group) to 17.2 kg DM cow-1 d-1 (fodder beet groups). In each treatment the intake of hay was 3.3 kg DM cow-1 d-1. However, the intake of grass silage offered ad libitum was significantly suppressed by the fodder beets. Considering the different amounts of concentrate the quantity of suppression of grass silage by feeding fodder beets was calculated at -0.8 kg DM of grass silage per kg DM of fodder beet intake. The milk yield decreased linearly with increasing fodder beets on average up to 4 kg cow-1 d-1. However, the milk composition was scarcely influenced. The fat content increased a little, the mean alterations of the protein and lactose content were below 0.1 percentage points. Therefore, the change in daily excretion of milk fat, protein or lactose were similar to the change in milk yield. In conclusion, feeding fodder beets in combination to grass silage causes a positive effect on forage intake (including fodder beets). However, the amount of concentrate should not be reduced equivalently to the energy contents of the added fodder beets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn: 1. Effects on feed intake, chewing behavior, and milk production of lactating dairy cows.

The effects of increasing concentrations of dried, pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on intake, milk production, and chewing behavior were evaluated using eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were 79 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD) d in milk at the beginning of the experiment. Experimental diets with 40% forage (corn silage and alfalfa silage) and 60% concentrate contained 0, 6.1, 12.1, or 24.3% beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on a dry matter basis. Diet concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch were 24.3 and 34.6% (0% beet pulp), 26.2 and 30.5% (6% beet pulp), 28.0 and 26.5% (12% beet pulp), and 31.6 and 18.4% (24% beet pulp), respectively. Increasing beet pulp in the diet caused a linear decrease in dry matter intake (DMI). Time spent eating per day and per kilogram of DMI increased, and sorting against NDF tended to increase, with added beet pulp. Substituting beet pulp for corn caused a quadratic response in milk fat yield, with the highest yield for the 6% beet pulp treatment. A tendency was detected for a similar quadratic response in 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. Lower plasma insulin concentration may have resulted in lower body condition gain for cows fed diets with higher beet pulp concentration. Partial substitution of pelleted beet pulp for high-moisture corn decreased intake but also may have permitted greater fat-corrected milk yield.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn: 2. Effects on digestion and ruminal digestion kinetics in lactating dairy cows.

The effects of increasing concentrations of dried, pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on digestion and ruminal digestion kinetics were evaluated using eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were 79 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD) d in milk at the beginning of the experiment. Experimental diets with 40% forage (corn silage and alfalfa silage) and 60% concentrate contained 0, 6.1, 12.1, or 24.3% beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on a dry matter basis. Diet concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch were 24.3 and 34.6% (0% beet pulp), 26.2 and 30.5% (6% beet pulp), 28.0 and 26.5% (12% beet pulp), and 31.6 and 18.4% (24% beet pulp), respectively. Ruminal dry matter pool decreased and NDF turnover rate increased as dietary beet pulp content increased. Potentially digestible NDF was digested more extensively and at a faster rate in the rumen with increasing beet pulp, resulting in increased total tract NDF digestibility. Passage rates of potentially digestible NDF and of indigestible NDF were not affected by treatment. True ruminal digestibility of starch decreased with increasing beet pulp substitution. This was caused by a linear increase in starch passage rate, possibly because of increasing ruminal fill, and a linear decrease in digestion rate of starch in the rumen, possibly because of reduced amylolytic enzyme activity for lower-starch diets. Although true ruminal starch digestibility decreased when more beet pulp was fed, whole tract starch digestibility was not affected because of compensatory digestion of starch in the intestines. Due to more thorough digestion of fiber in diets containing more beet pulp, whole-tract digestibility of organic matter increased linearly, and intake of digestible organic matter was not affected. Partially replacing high-moisture corn with beet pulp in low-forage diets increased fiber digestibility without reducing whole-tract starch digestibility.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Beet fed as such or ensiled with maize and fresh potatoes in diets for finishing bulls.

The use of beet for beef production after ensiling together with maize was studied in two experiments involving 112 and 114 White-blue bulls. In the first experiment maize silage (I) was compared with mixed silage of maize and fodder beet (II) or sugar beet (III) (ratio: 2/1, DM-basis). In the second experiment maize silage (I) was compared with mixed silage of 0.67 maize and 0.33 sugar beet (II) or maize silage and fresh sugar beet (ratio: 2/1, DM basis) (III) or fresh sugar beet and potatoes afterwards at 4% of the live weight and maize silage (IV). From day 113 onwards, mixed silage was also fed to group III and sugar beet were replaced by raw potatoes in group IV. The basic diet was always supplemented with concentrate at 0.75% of the live weight. In experiment 1 live weight gain was slightly but not significantly higher for the mixed silages, although daily net energy intake per kg metabolic weight was higher. Feed efficiency was not significantly different among groups. Mixed silages yielded more fat in the carcass. In the second experiment initial growth rates were not significantly affected by the use of sugar beet or mixed silages. Afterwards, they were increased in comparison with maize silage. Also in this experiment, daily net energy intake was increased by sugar beet, or by potatoes. Energy efficiency did not differ among groups. This experiment did not show significant differences for the carcass composition. However, EUROP fatness score was higher for diets containing one third sugar beet. Most meat quality parameters were not affected by the diets. Only the lightness was different between III and IV.

Animals↗