[Thoughts on the problem of accident prevention through attitude changes].
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Accident Prevention↗
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Maladie du Roger 1879: a new translation for the centenary.
A new translation of Roger's description of the clinical and anatomical findings in uncomplicated small VSD is presented. Reappraisal of Roger's observations in the light of our present understanding confirms that only our attitudes change; diseases remain the same.
Child↗
Veterans Administration hospital staff attitudes toward alcoholism.
Attitudes toward alcoholism among psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing assistants (464 subjects) were surveyed. A nine-factor questionnaire was utilized (emotional difficulties, character defect, social status, illness conception, harmless indulgence and addiction liability). All groups were homogeneous in their perceptions about emotional difficulties contributing to alcoholism, alcoholics not coming from the lower socioeconomic strata of society, and the belief that alcoholics did recover and could be helped by treatment. Age, sex, and special training in the treatment of alcoholism did not have any significant influence on attitudes. All groups believed that periodic excessive drinkers could be alcoholics. None of the groups believed that the alcoholic had a character defect. Psychologists disbelieved the concepts of illness and addiction liability. All groups disagreed with harmless indulgence. Nursing assistants tended to see the alcoholic as a harmless heavy drinker. Working on a special alcoholism treatment unit did not alter the perceptions of psychiatrists, psychologists and nursing assistants. Social workers and registered nurses showed only a minor trend toward a positive attitude change, while the trend went in the opposite direction for licensed practical nurses.
Adult↗
[Suggestibility as a factor in diagnostic decision-making, illustrated by lymphographic diagnosis (author's transl)].
Sixteen diagnosticians were repeatedly shown a series of lymphograms. On repeated viewing, the participants were informed of their diagnostic decisions at the first reading (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity). The results show that it was possible to influence the participants in their judgement and attitude. Changes in individual attitudes are demonstrated diagnostically and the individual diagnostic parameters were subjected to a quantitative analysis. The accuracy of the results are related to the method and to the diagnostician with reference to the composition of the clinical material.
Decision Making↗
The weekend workshop for dysfunctional couples: assets and limitations.
Two major new trends are emerging in the field of sexual counseling: the use of self-help programs and the increasing reliance on group therapy to overcome specific sexual complaints. The weekend sexual enhancement workshop represents a synthesis of both trends, but efficacy regarding outcome has not been well documented. In order to investigate specific changes in sexual and marital adjustment, two intensive weekend programs were conducted. Pre- and postmeasures were obtained for both groups. Based on the results of 15 couples who displayed a diversity of sexual dysfunctions, several conclusions can be drawn. The weekend workshop format appears effective in achieving three of its four major goals: (1) Couple communication improves via the stimulus of new information, group discussion, and permission to talk sexually. Marital satisfaction increases, particularly where the history of marital conflict is not chronic. (2) Attitude change occurs, and erroneous beliefs are relinquished in the face of new input. (3) The frequency of sexual interaction increases. (4) Long-standing sexual dysfunctions are not resolved as a result of group participation and information on self-help methods alone. Finally, the role of such weekend programs in sexual counseling in discussed.
Adult↗
Child development and disability: competency-based clerkship.
The training of medical students in the subject of mental retardation is important in broadening the physician's role in dealing with chronic disability. A competency-based training model is presented which specifies competencies, achievement methods, and evaluation procedures for a clerkship. The focus for training is on developing practical skills and a positive orientation toward developmental problems. Evaluative measures for 12 students rotating through the clerkship showed positive knowledge and attitude changes. Competency-based training is recommended as a model for preparing physicians to serve as advocates and resources for persons with chronic conditions.
Attitude↗
Differences in Radiological Risk Perceptions Following Online and In-Person Workshops.
Nuclear energy is widely regarded as a critical part of the pathway toward a secure, low-carbon electricity grid, yet long-term management of used nuclear fuel remains a persistent challenge. Although technically viable options for interim and consolidated storage exist, public concern and community opposition - rooted in historical distrust and risk perception - continue to complicate siting decisions. In response, recent federal efforts have emphasized collaboration-based approaches and community engagement, though empirical evidence on the effectiveness of different engagement strategies remains limited. This study examines how the structure and delivery of community engagement influence changes in public attitudes toward hosting interim used nuclear fuel storage facilities. Using survey data from 13 educational workshops around the United States, we evaluate: (1) the inclusion of trust-building content prior to technical content, and (2) engagement format, comparing online and in-person workshops. Analyses focus on participant changes in perceptions of safety, risk, and support for hosting, using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and other non-parametric hypothesis tests on surveys conducted before and after workshops. Results indicate that workshop participation is associated with some measurable attitude changes, with significant (p < 0.05) differences in response variability for some questions across workshop formats. In particular, when comparing nuclear energy to other clean energy sources, in-person workshop participants are substantially more likely to gain a more favorable opinion of nuclear energy than online participants. These findings contribute empirical evidence on how trust-building and delivery mode shape outcomes in public engagement on complex and contested energy policy issues such as storage of used nuclear fuel.
nuclear fuel cycle↗
The temporal relationship between hostility and depressed mood.
Nineteen depressed in-patients were studied in a follow-up design for 8 weeks or until discharge, using three depression scales and a hostility questionnaire. It was hypothesized within a cognitive theory of depression that, self-rated hostility being a measure of negative thoughts and attitudes, changes in hostility would precede mood changes. Analysis was by contemporaneous and cross-correlations between mood and hostility measures. High intercorrelations were obtained among the mood ratings which decreased significantly over time, as did two of the four hostility measures. The hypothesis was confirmed by the cross-correlations between nurses' mood ratings and intropunitiveness and direction of hostility. The cross-correlations with Beck and Hamilton scales supported the hypothesis at a non-significant level.
Adult↗
Attitudes toward social work in family medicine: a before and after survey.
An initial survey of attitudes among Family Medical Center staff rated social work as highly consistent with the values of family medicine, capable of competently addressing difficult problems, and contributing valuably to a team approach to continuous and comprehensive family medical care. After integration of a social worker into the practice, a repeat survey documented significant attitude changes, rating social work as more competent, passive, and difficult, and lowering the estimate of patients potentially helped by a social worker from 38 percent to 31 percent. Such attitudes may influence the evolution of the social worker's role in the family medicine patient care team.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
A study of maternal participation in preschool programs for handicapped children and their families.
This study investigates the effects on maternal attitudes toward child-rearing of preschool programs for handicapped children and their families. Two types of programs were studied: programs emphasizing maternal participation and those minimizing maternal involvement. It was hypothesized that programs which stress mothers' involvement would result in more positive attitude changes than programs de-emphasizing maternal participation. The findings indicate that maternal involvement and program support are critical variables in promoting positive attitudes toward child-rearing. The authors recommend that a multi-regional study be undertaken to determine the applicability of this study's findings. Such information would be useful in future program development and in the training of program personnel.
Adult↗
The impact of specialized training in alcoholism on management-level professionals.
Administrative and management-level social workers and nurses significantly increased their alcohol-related work activities during the year after they attended an 8-week alcoholism training program. Measures of attitude change, however, showed no appreciable differences.
Administrative Personnel↗
Group discussion and drug abuse prevention.
The present study examined the usefulness of applying a group discussion technique known as the choice shift procedure to drug abuse prevention. Choice shift discussions produced both immediate and long-term antiabusive changes in college womens' drug attitudes. A second intervention, public commitment, exerted a variable influence on immediate attitude change. These results suggest that the group choice shift procedure could prove to be a useful component of drug abuse prevention programs.
Adolescent↗
The effects of zero population growth on the incidence of cleft lip and palate in Western Australia.
A total of 613 cases of cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of both (CLP(P)) has been ascertained in the period from 1958 to 1975 in Western Australia. Near-total ascertainment of cases during this period was obtained from multiple sources. There has been a significant decline in the total incidence and the cleft lip and palate (CLP) incidence in males. The hypothesis is presented that these changes are linked to the changing fertility pattern throughout Australia (as technological improvements are made in the simplicity and efficacy of birth control), and abortion (as social attitudes change); and as the birthrate drops towards zero population growth (ZPG). The paper presents two critical observations: (i) the link between CLP(P) incidence, and demographic changes; (ii) in differing behaviour of cleft lip (CL) and CLP, which were previously regarded as linked conditions.
Australia↗
Development and evaluation of social skills training for schizophrenic patients in remission.
Investigated were measures of self-esteem, self-perceived attitudinal dimensions and locus of control to assess the effects of group social skills training for schizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. A pretest, posttest control group design was employed utilizing forty subjects currently in treatment. It was hypothesized that short-term cognitively structured group therapy would realize significant improvement in self-esteem, internal locus of control and assertive attitude change. Significant mean differences between the treatment group's level of self-esteem, perceived assertive behavior and internal locus of control as a result of treatment were realized. Discussion of training methodology, issues and import for clinical applications and research are discussed.
Behavior Therapy↗
Effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes of dental students to clinical periodontal problems.
The effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes toward clinical problems within four affective domains in periodontics was studied in undergraduate dental students. Specially prepared case presentations which highlighted clinical problems were used in the seminars as well as for the evaluation. The tests were based upon the assumption that the viewpoints of the periodontal teachers are the correct ones and can be used to identify the affective objectives. The results of the present study indicate that the students' attitudes changed and became similar to the viewpoints of the faculty as an effect of the discussion seminars. This observation speaks in favor of the use of such seminars for effective teaching as a supplement to didactic teaching and clinical instruction.
Attitude↗
[Influence of an active attitude towards induction of labour, on the occurrence of pathological amniotic fluid - a comparison of the birth years 1967 and 1976 (author's transl)].
An analysis was made of discolored amniotic fluid when our attitude changed towards artificial birth induction. Whereas during 1967 only 8.2% of all births were induced, the total birth inductions during the second comparable year increased to 23.5%. This active interference at the end of the gestation period made it possible to reduce the occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid cases from 13.6% to 6.4%. It was thereby established that the lowered perinatal mortality was partially due to this very significantly reduced occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid. The increased surgical termination of pregnancy, in this group lowered the infant mortality from 2,1% to 0,9%. Based on our observations we feel that in a secured gestation period close to the end of term, active obestrical interference is indicated and in cases of discolored amniotic fluid immediate assistance in terminating the pregnancy is required.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: effects of a community-based campaign on knowledge and behavior.
In 1972 the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program launched a three-community field study. A multimedia campaign was conducted for two years in two California communities (Watsonville and Gilroy), in one of which (Watsonville) it was supplemented by an intensive-instruction program with high-risk subjects. A third community (Tracy) was used as a control. The campaigns were designed to increase participants' knowledge of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, to change such risk-producing behavior as cigarette smoking, and to decrease the participants' dietary intake of calories, salt, sugar, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Results of a sample survey indicate that substantial gains in knowledge, in behavioral modification, and in the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease can be produced by both methods of intervention. The intensive-instruction program, when combined with the mass-medica campaign, emerged as the most effective for those participants who were initially evaluated to be at high risk. The results after two years of intervention are reported for effects on knowledge and behavioral change for the total participant samples and for the high-risk subsamples in each of the three communities.
Attitude to Health↗
Emotional and Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion, Moderating Factors, and Physiological Reactions: A Systematic Review.
Persuasion is a type of social influence aiming to produce changes in others' attitudes or behaviors. This study explores the relationship between emotions and persuasion, principal moderating factors, and physiological reactions during persuasive attempts. Following PRISMA guidelines, 28 empirical articles were analyzed, addressing emotions, affective/cognitive orientations, framing effects, and psychophysiological reactions. Mixed findings emerged regarding emotions, with fear appeals being effective in health education, while more recent studies favor the use of positive persuasive messages to increase behavior intention. Principal moderating factors included personal relevance, need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA), thought confidence, vulnerability, and efficacy beliefs. Psychophysiological studies revealed distinct physiological arousal during persuasion processing compared to a rest state. In addition, a greater misalignment between current behavior and the persuasive attempt led to perceived freedom threat and psychological reactance. These insights enhance persuasive effectiveness and deepen understanding of persuasion processes, guiding future research directions.
Humans↗