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PubMed1982

Lipids in the classification of Nocardioides: reclassification of Arthrobacter simplex (Jensen) lochhead in the genus Nocardioides (Prauser) emend. O'Donnell et al. as Nocardioides simplex comb. nov.

Representative strains of Nocardioides, Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens were degraded by acid methanolysis and the fatty acid esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. Branched-chain 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-16) was the predominant component in all but one of the Nocardioides strains. Arthrobacter simplex also contained major amounts of this acid whereas A. tumescens had only minor amounts. All of the test strains possessed 15 and 17 carbon straight chain acids, tuberculostearic acid (10-methyloctadecanoic acid) and its 17 and 18-carbon homologues. The fatty acid profiles of Nocardioides strains lacked 13-methyltetradecanoic and heptadecanoic acids which were both present in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens. The profiles of these latter organisms were quantitatively different from each other. The polar lipids of the test strains all contained diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol but only Arthrobacter tumescens contained phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified polar lipids. Nocardioides and Arthrobacter simplex strains all contained two very characteristic closely related polar lipids. All of the test strains contained tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenologue. The results of the present study support the integrity of the genus Nocardioides and provide a reliable way of distinguishing it from other actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces, which also have LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in the peptidoglycan. The lipid data, together with results from chemical, genetic and phage host range studies, provide sufficient grounds for the transfer of Arthrobacter simplex to Nocardioides as Nocardioides simplex comb. nov. An emended description of the genus Nocarioides is given.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1967

Inhibition and agglutination of arthrobacters by psuedomonads.

The bacterial flora of water in Narragansett Bay, R.I., was observed semimonthly from 1962 to 1964. Dominant isolates were keyed to genus, and the isolates for each genus were expressed as percentage of total isolates. There was a consistent inverse relationship between arthrobacters and the dominant pseudomonads. Pseudomonad growth on agar plates markedly inhibited arthrobacter cross-streaks. Agar from inhibition zones as well as supernatant fluids from pseudomonad broth cultures inhibited arthrobacter motility and caused the cells to agglutinate. Gummy pseudomonad residues from vacuum-evaporated broth cultures readily passed a G-25 Sephadex column. This material agglutinated arthrobacter cells, but failed to cause arthrobacter inhibition in filter-pad assays. In contrast, sterile medium inside a dialysis sac, inoculated externally with a pseudomonad, was inhibitory to arthrobacters in pad assay but failed to agglutinate arthrobacter cells. Pseudomonad isolates from soil showed similar inhibiting and agglutinating activities for both soil and seawater arthrobacter isolates. The inhibitory and agglutinating activities of pseudomonad isolates appeared to diminish on prolonged laboratory cultivation.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2005

Six novel Arthrobacter species isolated from deteriorated mural paintings.

A group of 21 bacterial strains was isolated from samples of biofilm formation in the Servilia tomb (necropolis of Carmona, Spain) and the Saint-Catherine chapel (castle at Herberstein, Austria). A polyphasic taxonomic study of these isolates, including morphological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characterization, rep-PCR fingerprinting, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, DNA base ratio and DNA-DNA relatedness studies, allocated them to the genus Arthrobacter. The isolates represent six novel species, for which the names Arthrobacter castelli sp. nov., Arthrobacter monumenti sp. nov., Arthrobacter parietis sp. nov., Arthrobacter pigmenti sp. nov., Arthrobacter tecti sp. nov. and Arthrobacter tumbae sp. nov. are proposed. The respective type strains are LMG 22283(T) (=DSM 16402(T)), LMG 19502(T) (=DSM 16405(T)), LMG 22281(T) (=DSM 16404(T)), LMG 22284(T) (=DSM 16403(T)), LMG 22282(T) (=DSM 16407(T)) and LMG 19501(T) (=DSM 16406(T)).

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1981

Inhibition of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, the causal agent of pine pitch canker, by the soil bacterium Arthrobacter sp.

A species of Arthrobacter was recovered during culture of the causal organism of pitch canker of southern pines. Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans (FMS). Arthrobacter is a relatively common soil bacterium and is lytic to several fungal pathogens in the soil. Soil samples from two seed orchards with pitch canker and one from a healthy pine plantation all yielded Arthrobacter. These isolates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of FMS isolates from pitch canker tissue and from soil in areas with high pitch canker disease incidence, and to several other species of Fusarium isolated from the same soil samples where Arthrobacter was recovered. Generally the pitch canker isolates were more sensitive to Arthrobacter than the soil fusaria. There was variation in the ability of the Arthrobacter isolates to inhibit the growth of the fusaria recovered from the soil at the three different test sites. Light and scanning electron microscope observations revealed that hyphae of FMS growing near an isolate of Arthrobacter were enlarged, producing many vesicularlike structures. The surface of these hyphae was warped and wrinkled in comparison with normal hyphae.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed1997

Heavy metal resistant Arthrobacter sp.--a tool for studying conjugational plasmid transfer between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

The role of two heavy metal-resistant strains of the Gram-positive genus Arthrobacter sp. as a tool in studying conjugational plasmid transfer between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is described. The high nickel resistance and the cobalt resistance of Arthrobacter sp. strain RM1/6 could be transferred to Arthrobacter sp. strain WS14. IncQ plasmids (pKT240, pKT240::czc, pML10) could be mobilized from E. coli into Arthrobacter spp. strains; antibiotic (Km, Ap, Tc) and heavy metal (Co) resistance genes were expressed in the recipient stains. IncQ plasmid pKT240 could be mobilized between Arthrobacter spp. strains. IncP plasmid RP4::Tn4371 was transferred from A. eutrophus to Arthrobacter sp., RP4-mediated antibiotic resistance to Km was expressed in the recipient strain.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2002

Simultaneous horizontal gene transfer of a gene coding for ribosomal protein l27 and operational genes in Arthrobacter sp.

Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial L27 ribosomal proteins showed that, against taxonomy, the L27 protein from the Actinobacteria Arthrobacter sp. clusters with protein sequences from the Bacillus group. The L27 gene clusters in the Arthrobacter sp. genome with six genes responsible for creatinine and sarcosine degradation. Phylogenetic analyses of orthologue proteins encoded by three of these genes also showed a phylogenetic relationship with Bacillus species. Comparisons between the synonymous codon usage of the Arthrobacter sp. genes and those from complete genomes showed that Arthrobacter genes encoding the L27 ribosomal protein and the proteins responsible for the degradation of creatinine and sarcosine have a codon usage that is more similar to that of Bacillus species than that of Arthrobacter. We suggest that the Arthrobacter sp. genes encoding the L27 ribosomal protein and the proteins responsible for the degradation of creatinine and sarcosine were acquired simultaneously through horizontal gene transfer from an unknown Bacillus species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Arthrobacter roseus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from an antarctic cyanobacterial mat sample.

Strain CMS 90rT, a red-pigmented bacterium, was isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample from a pond located in McMurdo, Antarctica. Based on its chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain CMS 90r(T) was identified as a member of group I of Arthrobacter. It shared 16S rDNA similarity of 98% with Arthrobacter oxydans ATCC 14358T and Arthrobacter polychromogenes ATCC 15216T, while DNA-DNA similarities determined for these three organisms were less than 70%. It also differed from all 17 reported Arthrobacter species with A3alpha-variant peptidoglycan in that it possessed a unique peptidoglycan (Lys-Gly-Ala3) and contained galactose, glucose, ribose and rhamnose as cell-wall sugars. These data and the presence of diagnostic phenotypic traits support the description of CMS 90r(T) as a novel species of Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain CMS 90r(T) (= MTCC 3712T = DSM 14508T).

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed2003

Arthrobacter gandavensis sp. nov., for strains of veterinary origin.

Three strains of a previously undescribed, Gram-positive, coryneform bacterium, which were isolated from cattle, were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the unknown isolates were members of the genus Arthrobacter and were phylogenetically closely related to Arthrobacter luteolus. However, DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that the strains belonged to a new sub-lineage within the genus Arthrobacter. The unknown isolates can be distinguished from related species by biochemical tests. It is proposed that the Arthrobacter-like bacteria of veterinary origin should be classified in the genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter gandavensis sp. nov., with the type strain LMG 21285(T) (=DSM 15046(T)).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of xylose(glucose) isomerase synthesis in Arthrobacter strains].

The substrate specificity of isomerases produced by six strains of Arthrobacter sp. was studied. The role of utilizable carbon sources in controlling enzyme biosynthesis was established. All of the strains studied were found to produce xylose isomerases efficiently, converting D-xylose into D-xylulose and D-glucose into D-fructose. All but A. ureafaciens B-6 strains showed low activity toward D-ribose, Arthrobacter sp. B-5 was slightly active toward L-arabinose, and A. ureafaciens B-6 and Arthrobacter sp. B-2239, toward L-rhamnose. In Arthrobacter sp. B-5, the synthesis of xylose/glucose isomerase was constitutive (i.e., it was not suppressed by readily metabolizable carbon sources). The synthesis of xylose/glucose isomerase induced by D-xylose in Arthrobacter sp. strains B-2239, B-2240, B-2241, and B-2242 and by D-xylose and xylitol in A. ureafaciens B-6 was suppressed by readily metabolizable carbon sources in a concentration-dependent manner. The data obtained suggest that D-xylose and/or its metabolites are involved in the regulation of xylose/glucose isomerase synthesis in the Arthrobacter sp. strains B-5, B-2239, B-2240, and B-2241.

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases↗
PubMed1975

Ecology of soil arthrobacters in clarion-webster toposequences of iowa.

Toposequence variations in soil properties were characterized and related to variations in populations of total isolatable bacteria and arthrobacters. Increases in soil NO(3)-N, available phosphorous, NO(3)-N-producing power, Arthrobacter counts, and the percentage of the total counts represented by arthrobacters were correlated with decreases in soil acidity. The total bacterial counts were not correlated with soil acidity but were associated with percentage of soil organic matter and percentage of clay. The percentage of the total counts represented by arthrobacters was lowest at the summit position and increased downslope to the highest value in the toeslope position. Factor analysis of the data revealed that 67 to 81% of the total variance exhibited by all variables per site-sampling period could be accounted for by soil acidity, soil structure, soil fertility, soil moisture, and bacterial factors. A selective medium was developed for soil arthrobacters and tested on a wide variety of central Iowa soils to determine its potential as a medium for enumeration as well as isolation. The medium developed in this study was found to be superior to the other available direct-isolation media for soil arthrobacters.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Arthrobacter woluwensis subacute infective endocarditis: case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of endocarditis due to Arthrobacter woluwensis and review the published reports of Arthrobacter species isolated from human clinical samples. A 39-year-old injection drug user presented with fever and a new heart murmur. A. woluwensis was isolated from blood cultures, and a diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis of the native mitral valve was made. The patient was successfully treated with a 6-week course of intravenous teicoplanin. From our review of the literature, we were able to retrieve data on 41 cases of Arthrobacter species isolated from human clinical samples. However, Arthrobacter species was documented as a cause of human disease on only 5 other occasions (2 cases of bacteremia, 1 case of postoperative endophthalmitis, 1 case of a Whipple disease-like syndrome, and 1 case of phlebitis). Because of the difficulty of identifying Arthrobacter strains by conventional biochemical assays, it is likely that infections with these coryneform bacteria are underreported.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Arthrobacter rhombi sp. nov., isolated from Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides).

Two strains of a hitherto undescribed Gram-positive coryneform bacterium isolated from Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that the unknown strains constitute a new line within the genus Arthrobacter. The nearest relatives of the bacterium from fish were members of the Arthrobacter nicotianael Arthrobacter sulfureus group. The unknown bacterium was readily distinguished from these species by phenotypic methods. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Arthrobacter rhombi sp. nov. The type strain of Arthrobacter rhombi is CCUG 38813T.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of Arthrobacter strains isolated from unconsolidated subsurface sediments.

Forty strains of Gram-positive, aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria isolated from saturated subsurface lacustrine, paleosol and fluvial sediments at the US Department of Energy's Hanford Site in south central Washington State were characterized by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and by determination of selected morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA sequences from subsurface isolates in the context of similar sequences from previously described bacterial species indicated that 38 of the subsurface strains were most closely related to Arthrobacter: The other two strains appeared to be most closely related to Kocuria. The subsurface isolates fell into seven phylogenetically coherent and distinct clusters, indicating that there was a significant degree of diversity among them. Additional diversity was detected by analysis of cellular fatty acids and physiological traits. The general morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the subsurface strains were consistent with those of Arthrobacter, Micrococcus and genera recently separated from Micrococcus, such as Kocuria. Some of the subsurface strains were phylogenetically closely related to certain species of Arthrobacter. (16S rDNA sequence similarities >99%). However, most of the subsurface isolates did not cluster with previously established species in phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences or with hierarchical cluster analysis of cellular fatty acid profiles. Moreover, many of the subsurface isolates that were most closely related to Arthrobacter. also differed from all established species of that genus in several of their specific physiological characteristics. Most of the subsurface isolates, then, are likely to be novel strains or species of Arthrobacter.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed2004

Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus sp. nov., isolated from an alpine ice cave.

On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, a novel species belonging to the genus Arthrobacter is described. A facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, strain AG31(T), was isolated from an alpine ice cave. The aerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile strain exhibited a rod-coccus growth cycle and produced a yellow pigment. Good growth and phenol biodegradation occurred at a temperature range of 1-25 degrees C. Up to 10 mM phenol was utilized as a sole carbon source. Glucose was not assimilated. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain AG31(T) represents a distinct lineage within the genus Arthrobacter, being most closely related to Arthrobacter sulfureus. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness to the type strain of A. sulfureus was 29.9 %. Anteiso-C(15 : 0) was the predominant fatty acid (72 %). Strain AG31(T) exhibited A4alpha l-lys-l-Glu-type peptidoglycan and contained glucose as the only cell-wall sugar. MK-10 was the predominant menaquinone, and the polar lipid pattern consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain AG31(T) (=DSM 15454(T)=LMG 21914(T)) is assigned as the type strain of a novel Arthrobacter species, Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus sp. nov.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2005

Polyphasic taxonomic study of strain CCM 2783 resulting in the description of Arthrobacter stackebrandtii sp. nov.

Strain CCM 2783, previously classified as representing Arthrobacter aurescens, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and chemotaxonomic characteristics such as peptidoglycan type A3alpha Lys-Ala(2), major menaquinone MK-9(H(2)) and fatty acid composition confirmed assignment of the strain to the genus Arthrobacter. The results of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA relatedness experiments and physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicate that CCM 2783 differs from its nearest phylogenetic relative Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus and from other recognized Arthrobacter species. Therefore, a novel species, Arthrobacter stackebrandtii sp. nov., is proposed with the type strain CCM 2783(T) (=DSM 16005(T)).

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1975

A nutritional and taxonomic survey of Arthrobacter soil isolates.

One hundred and sixty Arthrobacter soil isolates, four groups of 40 from each of four soil types, and 17 Arthrobacter named strains were characterized on the basis of 203 different nutritional tests performed on each culture. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were examined as sole sources of carbon, 44 compounds as sole sources of nitrogen, 22 carbohydrates for the production of acid, and 16 tests were done for tolerance to various dyes. The four groups of soil arthrobacters differed markedly in acid production from carbohydrates, and in utilization of aliphatic amino acids and aromatic hydrocarbons as sole sources of carbon. The named strains did not exhibit as much nutritional diversity as any of the four groups of soil isolates. The results of the nutritional tests were subjected to a computerized taxonomic analysis. Eighty-four of the isolates were contained in nine separate clusters with 87 to 94% similarity; 39 isolates were contained in five mixed but recognizable clusters with 84 to 86% similarity; 60 isolates were randomly mixed with no recognizable clusters and similarity of 72 to 83%. All clusters were composed of nearly equal numbers of isolates from each of the four soils; the named strains were not found associated with any of the clusters of soil isolates. The results indicated that the diversity of the genus Arthrobacter is not represented by the named species already described, and the possibility of using a series of standardized tests to categorize soil arthrobacters into readily identifiable nutritional groups is discussed.

Acids↗
PubMed1977

Effects of temperature on the macromolecular composition and find structure of psychrophilic Arthrobacter species.

A facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, Arthrobacter SI 55, grows at 20 degrees C, but growth, as measured by increase of viable cell count, is inhibited at 32 degrees C. Corresponding temperatures for an obligate psychrophile, Arthrobacter glacialis SI 137, are 10 degrees C and 19-20 degrees C. At the higher temperatures for each organism increases of cell mass, as measured by turbidity and of DNA, RNA, and protein, were not inhibited. At the upper temperatures, fewer septa were formed in Arthrobacter SI 55, and cells appeared as distorted filaments with irregular brancehs. Arthrobacter glacilis grew as single cells at the lower temperature, but as clumps of coccoid cells with well marked septa at the higher temperature. It appears that in Arthrobacter SI 55 septum formation may be inhibited at the higher temperature. In contrast, in A. glacialis septation occurs but the cells do not separate.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Plasmids for biodegradation of 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, and pyridine in strains of Arthrobacter].

Arthrobacter crysallopoietes strain KM-4 degrading 2,6-dimethylpyridine and strain KM-4a degrading both 2,6-dimethylpyridine and pyridine, Arthrobacter sp. KM-4b degrading 2,4-dimethylpyridine were isolated from soil. Arthrobacter crystallopoietes KM-4 and Arthrobacter sp. KM-4b contain 100 Md plasmids pBS320 and pBS323. Arthrobacter crystallopietes KM-4a harbours a 100 Md and 80 Md plasmids. Plasmid curing and conjugation transfer results confirm that these plasmids are involved in degradation of 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine and pyridine. A mutant with lost ability to degrade 2,6-dimethylpyridine was isolated during the growth of strain KM-4 rifR at 42 degrees C. Electrophoretic analysis of the plasmid from temperature sensitive mutant revealed the deletion the size of 26 Md from pBS320 plasmid.

Arthrobacter↗