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Results for “Appetitive Behavior”

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PubMedDate not supplied

The role of central and peripheral cholecystokinin in mediating appetitive behaviors.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces total food consumption in mice, rats, pigs, sheep, monkeys and humans. Behaviors associated with an underlying state of satiety are reported after CCK administration. Reductions in exploration and social interactions by CCK are not due to true sedation or sleep, as measured by cortical EEG recordings. The satiety effects appear to be mediated by peripheral CCK receptors, through a feedback loop involving the vagus nerve. The conceptual link between the behavioral functions of CCK as a putative satiety signal and its established digestive functions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Appetitive behavior after jejunoileal bypass.

There is now extensive evidence that jejunioleal bypass (JIB) surgery reduces food intake in obese patients, and that in most cases this is the primary cause of their postoperative weight loss. Associated with the reduced food consumption are other behavioral changes, including alterations in meal patterns, appetite ratings, taste responsiveness, and food-related attitudes. Experimental animal research indicates that JIB surgery also reduces food intake in obese rats and alters their feeding patterns. The hypophagia and weight loss produced by the surgery in rats is dependent upon both the degree and type of obesity. The exact mechanism(s) by which JIB surgery suppresses food intake remains to be determined, although recent animal research implicates both visceral malaise and overstimulation of the lower ileum as contributing factors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of corticotropin releasing hormone on appetitive behaviors.

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-residue hypothalamic neuropeptide that has been shown to have potent behavioral effects in animals and has been implicated in clinical disorders in man. This review focuses on those aspects of the behavioral effects of CRH related to food-associated behaviors. The effects of CRH on food intake are compared with its effects on performances maintained by food presentation, and contrasted with the effects of CRH on performances maintained by other events. The effects of CRH antagonists and drugs that interact with the behavioral effects of CRH are also reviewed, particularly with respect to their direct effects on food intake. Lastly, data assessing the effects of CRH administration on central neurotransmitter levels are presented and compared with levels seen in clinical populations. The effect of CRH on food intake seen in animals is consistent with a putative role for CRH in clinical syndromes where appetite suppression is apparent. Since some of the effects of CRH on food intake are subject to pharmacological intervention, strategies directed at peptidergic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders should be explored.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pimozide on appetitive behavior and locomotor activity: dissimilarity of effects when compared to extinction.

The effects of pimozide were examined in a runway paradigm using food reward. Rats received one of three doses of pimozide, vehicle or Ringer's prior to testing. Two additional groups received pimozide or vehicle after the test trial in the home cage. An extinction group received no food in the goal box on test days. Several components of running behavior were assessed as was food consumed in the goal box. Effects of pimozide on general locomotor activity were assessed in the open-field following the runway phase. Results of the runway indicated that pimozide-treated rats differed from the extinction group in latencies to leave the start box and enter the goal box. Pimozide-treated rats consumed less saccharin-flavored food than controls. The post-treatment pimozide group showed a reduction in saccharin-food intake suggesting a conditioned taste aversion. Thus, the reduction observed in the pretreated pimozide group may be due to some unconditioned aversion induced by the drug. Open-field revealed that pimozide resulted in lower activity than controls. This study indicates that the effects of pimozide on food reinforcement are not similar to the effects seen in extinction. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of pimozide, in this paradigm, constitute an interference with motor responses as opposed to an attenuation of reward properties of the stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pulvinar and lateral geniculate neuronal activity in the cat during operantly conditioned appetitive behavior.

Cats were trained to press a lever for 0.5--1.0 ml of milk reward both in the presence and absence of ambient light. 'Floating' microelectrodes were implanted in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei to allow chronic recording from single or multiple neurons over a period of 1--16 days. Thirty-one of 36 pulvinar neurons (86%) showed a consistent periodicity in the firing rate that was clearly related to certain phases of operant behavior. In the presence of ambient light, the firing rate was maximal shortly prior to or immediately after a rewarded bar press, particularly during the animal's initial contact with reward (the first lap). This burst of activity was followed by an abrupt and strong inhibition of firing which was, in most instances, associated with high voltage slow wave (6--9 c/sec) postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) of the electroencephalogram over the visual and association cortices as well as in the pulvinar. Postreinforcement inhibition of neuronal activity was also observed in the lateral geniculate. Neuronal firing in both nuclei dropped significantly below the respective mean rate observed for each nucleus during relaxed wakefulness. In the dark, however, the reward-induced inhibition was abolished in both nuclei. Moreover, some pulvinar neurons in the dark showed a conspicuous and significant increase in firing during the consummatory response (dark reversal pattern). These findings suggest that a transient but powerful inhibitory process triggered by positive reinforcement depends on visual input. Firing patterns of some pulvinar neurons were noted to be entrained not only by the rhythm of PRS oscillations (inhibitory phasing and postinhibitory discharges) but also by the much slower 3--4 c/sec rhythm of lapping and licking. Furthermore, the patterns of entrainment by initial lapping appear to be different from those observed during the later phase of the consummatory response, thus indicating that the pulvinar may receive information regarding the content of the delivery cup. No entrainment of neuronal activity was observed in the lateral geniculate. These findings reveal remarkable plasticity in the pulvinar neurons that is consistent with their role in polysensory integration.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

Appetitive behavior after gastric bypass for obesity.

Eating behavior patterns were studied in 80 gastric bypass patients at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Significant reduction occurred in the amount of food eaten and in the frequency of eating. An unexpected result was the selective reduction of food eaten in certain food categories. The reduction of calorically-dense high carbohydrate foods indicates that gastric bypass surgery may have an effect on the digestion and absorption of food as well as the mechanical impairment of food intake secondary to the small stomach pouch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Frank A. Beach award. Homologies of animal and human sexual behaviors.

Theoretical models of animal and human sexual behavior have evolved from two very different literatures, yet they contain many common behavioral components that may reflect the action of similar neuroendocrine and neurochemical systems. The study of animal sexual behavior has been largely concerned with mechanisms that underlie the pattern of consummatory behaviors observed during copulation, behaviors that tend to be highly stereotyped, sexually differentiated, and species-specific. There are important species differences in the behavioral topography, endocrine control, and neural substrates of consummatory behaviors, which tend to be extreme when comparing animals and humans. Although this has led to an increased interest in comparative animal behavior, it has also helped to foster a general perception that animals and humans are fundamentally different. In contrast to consummatory behaviors, appetitive behaviors (which serve to bring animals and humans into contact with sexual incentives) are more flexible, less sexually differentiated, and less species-specific and span a variety of situations other than sexual interactions. Appetitive behaviors are thus viewed as "sexually specific" when they are displayed under sexual circumstances and reinforced by sexual incentives. Interestingly, an appetitive/consummatory dichotomy has emerged in the human literature which distinguishes measures of sexual desire or arousal from "performance" measures of masturbation or copulation. In fact, sexual desire, which reflects fantasy and behavioral excitement, has been further differentiated from sexual arousal, which reflects genital blood flow. The present analysis attempts to pull together these seemingly disparate literatures into a coherent theoretical framework that emphasizes similarities and differences in the structure of sexual behavior across rats and humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Appetitive sexual behavior in male rats: 2. sexual reward and level-changing behavior.

Anticipatory level-changing behavior is a form of appetitive sexual behavior displayed by male rats prior to introduction of a female in a bilevel testbox. Analysis of this level-changing behavior may serve as assessment of sexual motivation. Because ejaculation affects appetitive aspects of sexual behavior, measures purporting to assess sexual motivation should be effected by ejaculation. We observed that ejaculation prior to testing reduced the number of anticipatory level changes of a male rat. This reduction was greater when tested after two than after one ejaculation. Our results support the concept that analysis of anticipatory level-changing behavior can be used to measure sexual motivation.

Animals↗