Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Antibiogram”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Antibiograms.

In most hospitals, the results of countless cultures and sensitivities are summarized and reported in the form of antibiograms. The advantages and limitations of antibiograms must be considered when contemplating empiric therapeutic recommendations. Methods to optimally utilize this resource are described. Antibiograms may also be used to guide formulary decisions, although practically they are more useful in monitoring recent additions or deletions. Antibiograms that incorporate formulary, drug of choice, dosage, cost, and hospital-specific restrictions will facilitate patient-specific decisions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of antibiogram methods employed in endodontic stomatological procedures].

The study demonstrates the importance of the antibiogram in the determination of the sensitivity of microbiocenosis of the infected dental canals. The methods and the techniques for the sampling of the pathological products are presented. The classical technique for antibiograms, consisting in horizontal diffusimetry is compared with the modern method of double-layer diffusimetry which employs a "redox" indicator (C.T.T.-triphenyl-tetrazolium-2, 3, 5-chloride) which accelerates the lecture of the results by altering the colour of the culture medium. The study was carried out in 200 patients and showed that the antibiotics with the widest spectrum on the microbiocenosis of the infected dental canals were, by order of efficiency, the following: erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. Antibiograms should be done in the shortest possible time, and the time for the lecture of the results was reduced from 36-48 hours in the case of the classical antibiograms to 16-18 hours in the case of the rapid technique. The shortening of the working time allows for a more rapid individualization of the treatment, and the preparation of antibiotic-incorporating pastes that will reduce the number of procedures to 1-2 procedures in the simple form of the pulp gangrene and to 3-4 procedures in the cases of complicated pulpal gangrene.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Antibiogram, biotyping and plasmid profile analysis of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.

Antibiogram, biotyping, and plasmid profile analysis were studied on 115 isolates (40 nosocomial and 75 community strains) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus isolated from clinical specimens. By disk diffusion method, we found 14 antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Among them, the gentamicin-resistant patterns were recovered more frequently from nosocomial origin than from community-acquired origin. Fifteen patterns of biocodes were found by using GNI card of AutoMicrobic System (Vitek System). By using rapid alkaline extraction method and agarose gel electrophoresis, 102 isolates (88.7%) contained plasmids, and 72 distinct profiles were found. No particular plasmid profile correlates with specific antibiogram or biotype. However, multiple isolates with identical antibiogram and biotype recovered from the same patient were usually of identical plasmid profile. In view of the heterogeneity of the plasmid patterns that were found, the combined use of antibiogram, biotyping, and plasmid profile analysis could be satisfactory for epidemiological investigation.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2001

Antimicrobial resistance prevalence rates in hospital antibiograms reflect prevalence rates among pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections.

To determine whether routine antibiograms (summaries reporting resistance of all tested isolates) reflect resistance rates among pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections, we compared data collected from 2 different surveillance components in the same 166 intensive care units (ICUs). ICUs reported data during the same months to both the infection-based surveillance and the laboratory-based surveillance. Paired comparisons of the percentage of isolates resistant were made between systems within each ICU. No significant differences existed (P>.05) between the percentage of isolates resistant from the infection-based system and laboratory-based system for all antimicrobial-resistant organisms studied, except methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus species. The mean difference in percentage resistance was higher from the infection-based system than the laboratory-based system for S. aureus (mean difference, +8%, P<.001) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (mean difference, +9%, P<.001). Overall, hospital antibiograms reflected susceptibility patterns among isolates associated with hospital-acquired infections. Hospital antibiograms may underestimate the relative frequency of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus species when associated with hospital-acquired infections.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2006

Identification of optimal combinations for empirical dual antimicrobial therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: potential role of a Combination Antibiogram.

To better determine the optimal combinations for empirical dual antimicrobial therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we evaluated the utility of a novel combination antibiogram. Although the combination antibiogram allowed modest fine-tuning of choices for dual antibiotic therapy, selections based on the 2 antibiograms did not differ substantively. Drug combinations with the broadest coverage were consistently composed of an aminoglycoside and a beta-lactam.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative antibiogram as a typing method for the prospective epidemiological surveillance and control of MRSA: comparison with molecular typing.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the quantitative antibiogram as an epidemiological tool for the prospective typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and comparison with ribotyping. METHODS: The method is based on the multivariate analysis of inhibition zone diameters of antibiotics in disk diffusion tests. Five antibiotics were used (erythromycin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin). Ribotyping was performed using seven restriction enzymes (EcoRV, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, EcoRI, SfuI, and BamHI). SETTING: 1,000-bed tertiary university medical center. RESULTS: During a 1-year period, 31 patients were found to be infected or colonized with MRSA. Cluster analysis of antibiogram data showed nine distinct antibiotypes. Four antibiotypes were isolated from multiple patients (2, 4, 7, and 13, respectively). Five additional antibiotypes were isolated from the remaining five patients. When analyzed with respect to the epidemiological data, the method was found to be equivalent to ribotyping. Among 206 staff members who were screened, six were carriers of MRSA. Both typing methods identified concordant of MRSA types in staff members and in the patients under their care. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative antibiogram was found to be equivalent to ribotyping as an epidemiological tool for typing of MRSA in our setting. Thus, this simple, rapid, and readily available method appears to be suitable for the prospective surveillance and control of MRSA for hospitals that do not have molecular typing facilities and in which MRSA isolates are not uniformly resistant or susceptible to the antibiotics tested.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1993

Diagnostic value of phage typing, antibiogram typing, and plasmid profiling of Staphylococcus hyicus from piglets with exudative epidermitis.

A total of 989 isolates of S. hyicus were recovered from the skin of 103 piglets (9.6 isolates per piglet) with exudative epidermitis (EE), and phage typed. Phage patterns of 806 typable isolates (81%) could be divided into 44 distinct phage types. From 1 to 6 different phage types were found on individual piglets, with an average of 1.9 phage type per piglet. Antibiogram patterns of 384 isolates from 40 randomly selected piglets with EE showed a mean of 2.3 different antibiograms per investigated piglet, ranging from 1 to 6 antibiograms per piglet. Plasmid profiles of 248 S. hyicus isolates from 25 randomly selected piglets showed an average of 2.8 different plasmid profiles per piglet. Seven EE outbreaks in pig herds vaccinated with autogenous vaccine were investigated. In all these herds, strains recovered from the present outbreak differed by two or more type markers to the strains from the previous outbreak used for production of the autogenous vaccine. This finding suggest, that lack of protection might be due to the presence of other virulent types in the investigated herd than those used for production of autogenous vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Consequences of combining cystic fibrosis- and non-cystic fibrosis-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic susceptibility results in hospital antibiograms.

BACKGROUND: In preparing hospital antibiograms for individual organisms and antibiotics, laboratories often combine susceptibility data for isolates from a variety of sources and patient types. If results from patients with known resistance patterns that vary from normal are included, the overall susceptibility value for the institution could be misleadingly skewed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of bias introduced into a hospital antibiogram by combining cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to produce one hospital-wide percent susceptible figure for each tested antibiotic. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of an academic, tertiary care medical center's microbiology database. We examined quarterly and annual susceptibility data from 2004, comparing non-CF data with combined susceptibility data for 10 antibiotics within each quarter, as well as those reported in the annual antibiogram. Differences were assessed for statistical significance using chi(2) testing with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Large differences were observed between non-CF and combined percent susceptible data in the 4 quarters (aminoglycosides 3% vs 20%, fluoroquinolones 2% vs 18%, respectively) and when comparing annual non-CF (n = 191) with annual combined (n = 266) data. With the annual figures, these differences were frequently statistically significant (70% vs 58%, 91% vs 83%, 85% vs 70%, and 72% vs 60% for gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and gatifloxacin/levofloxacin, respectively; all p< or =0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Combining CF and non-CF P. aeruginosa susceptibility into one percent susceptibility value for all isolates may produce figures that underestimate the activity of some antibiotic classes against non-CF isolates. Clinicians may make less than optimal empiric antibiotic selection choices based on such data.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiogram.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens. In April 1997, there were five MRSA-infected patients among 16 patients in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Seoul National University Hospital, which is a tertiary-care hospital with 1,500 beds. The infections had spread from twin patients with MRSA who had transferred from Hospital C. MRSA was isolated from the axilla of 15 (94%) of the 16 patients, including the two patients with obvious infections. Three (19%) of 16 doctors and nine (30%) of 30 nurses had MRSA colonization of the anterior nares. Six different PFGE patterns (A through F) were identified in the 53 isolates of MRSA tested. Twelve of 13 isolates from infected sites of five patients showed pattern F. Three MRSA strains obtained from hospital C showed closely or possibly related pattern F. MRSA of type F was isolated from three of 16 patients' axilla, and one of 3 doctors' and three of 30 nurses' nasal swabs. The antibiogram code for 12 of 13 MRSA isolates from five infected patients was 66,754. PFGE patterns of these isolates were either F, F1, F2 or Fa. Only one of three strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients in Hospital C showed the antibiogram code 66754, although they were all PFGE types F1 and Fa. In conclusion, the presumptive sources of the outbreak of MRSA infection in NICU were the twin patients transferred from hospital C. Antibiogram correlated reasonably well to the PFGE type. An effective notification system is needed when a MRSA-infected patient is transferred to another hospital to control the spread of the infection.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1998

[Is the quantitative antibiogram a reliable epidemiological marker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections? Comparison with pulsed field electrophoresis].

Epidemiologic supervision of P. aeruginosa infections is a daily care for microbiologists. The aim of this study is to evaluate quantitative antibiogram, which compare strains by calculation of euclidian distances from inhibition zone diameters on agar, compared with pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results. 53 isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from bronchial secretions of 26 patients in intensive care unit are typed by conventional disk diffusion test on agar with 11 usual antibiotics. Dendrogram of euclidian distances is performed by Taxotron computer program (P.A.D. Grimont, Institute Pasteur, Paris); results are compared with 53 PFGE patterns after restriction with Spe I (Genepath system, BIO-RAD). Quantitative antibiogram has a high discriminatory power for beta-lactamin resistant strains: 27 isolates from 11 patients clustered in 5 types where PFGE discerned 5 patterns. The discriminatory power is low for beta-lactamin sensible strains: 26 isolates from 15 patients clustered in 8 types where PFGE discerned 19 patterns, but serotyping method combined with quantitative antibiogram restore a high disriminatory power for beta-lactamin sensible strains.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1998

Antibiotic susceptibility in the surgical intensive care unit compared with the hospital-wide antibiogram.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) with hospital-wide bacterial susceptibility. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analytic study. SETTING: Eight-bed SICU in a university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All hospitalized patients with culture results positive for microorganisms. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Antibiotic susceptibility data were collected retrospectively for all bacterial isolates from SICU patients during July 1, 1994, to June 30, 1995. All duplicate and surveillance cultures were eliminated from the data set. Susceptibility testing was conducted using our standard laboratory methods. Results were compared with the hospital-wide antibiogram (HWA) for the same time period. Comparisons were made using the chi(2) test with Yates correction or the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Staphylococcus aureus (HWA, n=494; SICU, n=71) was significantly less susceptible to oxacillin (51% vs 28%; P<.001), ciprofloxacin (50% vs 25%; P<.001), erythromycin (46% vs 23%; P<.001), and clindamycin (51% vs 27%; P<.001) in the SICU. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (HWA, n=339; SICU, n=37) were significantly less susceptible to oxacillin (33% vs 16%; P=.04) and clindamycin (57% vs 34%; P=.02). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (HWA, n=513; SICU, n=96) was less susceptible to imipenem (85% vs 74%, P=.01) and more susceptible to ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (88% vs 100%, P<.001) in the SICU. Escherichia coli (HWA, n=474; SICU, n=36) was more susceptible to most penicillin-derivative antibiotics in the SICU (ampicillin [68% vs 83%, P=.06], ticarcillin [65% vs 86%, P=.01], mezlocillin [76% vs 95%, P=.01], and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid [88% vs 100%, P=.02]). CONCLUSIONS: The 2 most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in the SICU (S aureus and P aeruginosa) had significantly different susceptibility patterns compared with the HWA. Surprisingly, E coli isolated in the SICU tended to be more susceptible to penicillin-derivative antibiotics. These data indicate that empiric antibiotic choices in the SICU may be better guided by unit-specific antibiograms.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1999

Computerized antibiogram for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chest surgery.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of cases of postoperative morbidity involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been reported in thoracic surgery. To prevent its outbreak, cluster analysis using a personal computer was employed. METHODS: A total of 120 patients undergoing operations on the lung and mediastinum were included into this study. Materials were isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus newly recovered from across the hospital. The cluster analysis used antimicrobial susceptibility in 12 drugs, which were categorically valued to produce Euclidean distance to form clusters of similarity. RESULTS: Six of the 120 patients were found to be positive for the microbe before or after thoracotomy. A total of two patients (1.7%) became symptomatic postoperatively, i.e., one of four preoperatively-positive patients and one of two postoperatively-positive cases. The analysis suggested that preoperative patients shared the strains in the same non-surgical ward. DISCUSSION: A computerized antibiogram does not always strictly type Staphylococcal strains but has advantages in typing with ease and at decreased cost. The current analysis suggested that patient harboring the strains migrated across wards. CONCLUSION: Computerized antibiograms for Staphylococcal strains may assist to prevent an outbreak of their infection in chest surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Molecular and antibiogram relationships of Acinetobacter isolates from two contrasting hospitals in the United Kingdom and South Africa.

The aim of this study was to compare the molecular relationships and antibiograms of nosocomial isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from two acute-care hospitals in Nottingham, UK, and Soweto, South Africa, with different hospital infection control problems and procedures. In contrast to Nottingham, where randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting demonstrated that a single multiresistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii has predominated in the hospital intensive care unit over an 11-year period, the Soweto isolates formed a heterogeneous group of unrelated molecular clusters of different antibiograms, with numerous different strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter sp. 3 and Acinetobacter sp. 13TU apparently being endemic throughout the Soweto hospital. The contrasting results illustrate the need to maintain exemplary infection control procedures in hospitals where high standards have been achieved and warn of what might result if such measures are diminished.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinically significant differences in antibiograms of morphologic variants of blood culture isolates.

The present environment of cost containment frequently forces laboratories to reassess various strategies for the diagnostic work-up of patient specimens. The necessity for the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on all morphologic variants of blood culture isolates was examined in this study. Over a 4-year period, of 143 such organisms that were identified, 56 (39%) exhibited clinically significant differences in antibiogram profiles. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus represented the largest proportion of isolates (n = 115), 39% of which demonstrated clinically significant differences in antibiograms. The authors conclude that these results justify the current practice in their laboratory of performing separate antimicrobial susceptibility testing on all morphologic variants of isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Aerobic gram-negative pharyngeal bacilli of adult Ethiopians: carrier rates and antibiograms.

One thousand pharyngeal swab specimens were processed for aerobic culture to determine the carriage rate of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). The isolates were identified and their sensitivity determined to 11 antibacterial drugs following standard techniques. Similar pharyngeal carriage rates of GNB were found among the various groups of healthy subjects. Patients had higher colonization rates (27%) than healthy subjects (16%). The increase in prevalence of GNB seemed to be associated with underlying diseases and duration of hospitalization. Klebsiella (36%) was the most frequent genus amongst the 215 isolates of GNB followed by pseudomonas (13%), enterobacter (13%) and acinetobacter (10%). Others were less frequently isolated. Over 70% of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin (79%) and carbenicillin (72%); 55, 45 and 43% were resistant to cephalothin, tetracycline and streptomycin, respectively. The great majority of the strains were sensitive to the remaining six drugs. The hospital isolates were more resistant than the non-hospital isolates to most drugs tested. The hospital strains were also more often multiply resistant (89%) than the non-hospital strains (60%). Sixty-five different resistance antibiograms of 1-10 drugs were observed among 191 strains. More varied types of antibiograms were observed among hospital strains. The high frequency of multiple drug resistance of the isolates is an indication of the extensive use of antibacterial drugs, indicating the need for a policy for judicious use of drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Molecular, antibiogram and serological typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from Al-Makased Hospital in East Jerusalem.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial infections and a risk in patients who have either undergone surgery or are on haemodialysis. The S. aureus infections in patients admitted to the clinical departments of Al-Makased Charitable Hospital in Jerusalem during a period of one year were investigated. Isolates included were from blood, surgical wounds, or other nonsuperficial sites. Of 63 isolates available for analysis, 46 (73.0%) expressed type 8 capsular polysaccharide; 13 (20.7%), type 5 capsular polysaccharide; only 4 isolates (6.3%) did not express type 5 or type 8 antibodies. The strains fitted in 7 different antibiogram types, with the type showing resistance only to penicillin and ampicillin prevalent in 34 out of 63 isolates (54.0%). Of the 12 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (19.1%), 8(66.7%) possessed the type 8 capsule and 4(33.7%) the type 5 capsule. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all isolates with the restriction-endonuclease enzymes Sma I revealed 34 patterns demonstrating that no single methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain was endemic in the hospital. However, all MRSA isolates with a type 8 capsule showed identical PFGE patterns using the 2 restriction-endonuclease enzymes Sma I and SST II. Moreover, type 5 isolates showed identical patterns (one isolate differed from the rest with one band only). These data suggest and confirm the clonality of type 5 and type 8 MRSA isolates. Analysing the results of the capsular and antibiogram typing schemes in conjunction proved useful and suggested that such an analysis can be employed as a helpful epidemiological tool in hospitals with limited resources.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Analysis and presentation of cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility data (antibiograms): substantial variability across medical centers in the United States.

We found substantial variability in approaches to constructing antibiograms at 65 United States medical centers. Laboratories in teaching hospitals and those with more personnel were significantly more likely to offer sophisticated antibiogram approaches, including the compiling of unit-specific susceptibility data and the reporting of temporal trends in susceptibility data.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Are laboratory-based antibiograms reliable to guide the selection of empirical antimicrobial treatment in patients with hospital-acquired infections?

OBJECTIVES: Antibiograms are often taken into account to define a rational selection of an empirical antimicrobial therapy for treating patients with hospital-acquired infections. In this study, we performed a paired comparison between the antibiogram constructed with laboratory-based data and that formed with data subjected to prior clinical validation. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2005, the laboratory of microbiology printed in duplicate every individual susceptibility report corresponding to hospitalized patients and the copy was sent to the department of infection control. Every individual report was assessed in real time at the bedside of the patient by a multidisciplinary team for clinical significance and appropriateness of the specimen, as well as for the type, source and origin of the infection. Cumulative resistance rates were estimated in parallel at the laboratory with the whole data, and at the infection control department with data subjected to prior clinical validation. These rates were designated as 'laboratory-based' and 'clinically based', respectively. RESULTS: A total of 2305 individual susceptibility reports were assessed. Only 1429 (62.0%) were considered as clinically significant by the multidisciplinary team. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii group, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were significantly more frequent in the clinically based rates (P < or = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory-based data underestimate the frequency of several major resistant organisms in patients with hospital-acquired infection. Previous clinical validation of the individual susceptibility reports seems to be a suitable strategy to get more reliable data.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗