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PubMedDate not supplied

Ciliate protozoa in the rumen of sassaby antelope, Damaliscus lunatus lunatus, including the description of a new species and form.

Composition of rumen ciliate fauna in five Zambian, sassaby antelopes was determined. Six genera, 18 species, and four forms were identified. One new species and form, belonging to the subfamily Diplodiniinae, were found, then labeled Ostracodinium damaliscus n. sp. and Diplodinium bubalidis f. aspinosum n. f., respectively. Only ophryoscolecid species were present while isotrichids were absent. Twelve of 18 total species are commonly found in African antelopes. Three of those 12 species, Entodinium fyferi, Enoploplastron garstangi and Opisthotrichum janus, are only found in African antelopes. Percentage composition was low in the genera Enoploplastron, Eudiplodinium and Entodinium, and high in the genus Opisthotrichum. The average density of ciliates was 3.1 x 10(5)/ml of rumen fluid, and the average number of ciliate species per host was 17.2.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of Theileria species associated with mortality in four species of African antelopes.

Pathogen DNA was isolated from roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and common gray duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) in South Africa whose deaths were attributed to either theileriosis or cytauxzoonosis. We developed Theileria species-specific probes used in combination with reverse line blot hybridization assays and identified three different species of Theileria in four African antelope species. The close phylogenetic relationship between members of the genera Theileria and Cytauxzoon, similarities in the morphologies of developmental stages, and confusion in the literature regarding theileriosis or cytauxzoonosis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anaesthesia of roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) with a combination of A3080, medetomidine and ketamine.

A dose range was determined for anaesthesia of 20 recently boma-captured roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) with the synthetic opiate A3080 combined with medetomidine and ketamine. A dose of 10-30 micro/kg A3080 (x = 20+/-8 microg/kg) combined with 5-21 microg/kg medetomidine (x = 13+/-7 microg/kg) plus 0.29-1.11 mg/kg ketamine (x = 0.71+/-0.24 mg/kg) was found to be safe and effective for the field conditions in this study. The anaesthesia produced by this drug combination was predictable and characterised by a short induction time, good muscle relaxation, and acceptable physiological parameters for anaesthesia periods ranging from 49-103 min (x = 64+/-19 min). The wide range (3-4-fold) of doses with acceptable results is also an indication that this drug combination has a wide margin of safety in roan antelope, making it desirable for field use. When 2 dose levels (2-3-fold dif ference) were retrospectively evaluated, no statistical difference was found in induction times, and no observable clinical differences in the anaesthetic episodes were seen. Based on this study, the recommended dose range in roan antelope for this combination is 10-13 microg/kg A3080, 5-6 microg/kg medetomidine and 0.3-0.6 mg/kg ketamine. The anaesthesia produced by this combination was rapidly and completely reversed by i.m. or i.v. injections of naltrexone at 30 times the A3080 dose (x = 0.60+/-0.25 mg/kg) and atipamezole at 3 times the medetomidine dose (x = 38+/-20 microg/kg). No residual effects from ketamine were noted following reversal of A3080 and medetomidine. No mortality was associated with this protocol.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1976

Reovirus-like agent associated with neonatal diarrhea in pronghorn antelope.

Reovirus-like particles were demonstrated by negative stain electron microscopic examination of the feces from antelope fawns with diarrhea. Fluorescent antibody tests on frozen sections of ileum from one dead antelope fawn and immunoelectron microscopy tests on feces from two live fawns provided evidence that the antelope agent was serologically related to the neonatal calf diarrhea reovirus-like agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Studies on pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) as reservoirs of anaplasmosis in Montana.

Twenty-six pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) were collected in an area of eastern Montana where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. Their sera were examined for evidence of anaplasmosis by the complement-fixation test. Strong false positive reactions (3+ and 4+ reactors) occurred for 19 of the sera tested; 6 sera were anticomplementary. Inoculation of antelope blood into anaplasmosis, and anaplasma bodies were not found in stained blood smears of antelope or recipient calves.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2002

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in captive pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Nebraska.

Lesions in four captive pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) naturally infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in eastern Nebraska (USA) are described in this report. Animals were bright and alert with hind limb ataxia that progressed to sternal or lateral recumbency between July 28 and October 17, 1998. Animals were euthanized due to disease progression despite therapy. Multifocal decubital ulcers over bony prominences occurred in two animals and chronic unilateral otitis media was present in one animal. Histopathologic examination revealed severe Wallerian degeneration randomly scattered throughout the spinal cords of all four animals. Spinal cord sections from two animals contained adult nematode parasites consistent with P. tenuis. This is the first report of naturally occurring P. tenuis infection in pronghorn antelope. Pronghorn antelope should be considered susceptible to P. tenuis infection and contact with infected white-tailed deer as well as intermediate gastropod hosts of P. tenuis should be prevented in endemic areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in captive reindeer and sable antelope.

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis caused neurologic disease in 6 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and 2 sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) that were housed at the National Zoological Park Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Va. Progressive hindlimb ataxia and weakness were seen in all affected animals. The parasite was recovered from the subdural space of one reindeer and was seen histologically within the neuropil of another reindeer and a sable antelope. In the other reindeer and sable antelope, diagnoses of parelaphostrongylosis were based on clinicoepidemiologic findings and microscopic lesions. Because parelaphostrongylosis is a density-dependent disease and because the number of white-tailed deer probably will increase, the incidence of P tenuis infections in domestic and nondomestic animals probably will increase as well. Zoos and wildlife parks especially should be cautious when introducing exotic hoofstock to areas with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis-infected white-tailed deer.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Some uterine parameters in antelopes and a giraffe.

Uteri of 69 African antelopes and a giraffe were morphologically examined and numbers of caruncles and their rows in each horn were recorded. Antelopes of subfamilies Taurotraginae, Aepycerotinae, Antilopinae, and Alcelaphinae had about 50 to 100 caruncles arranged in four rows in each uterine horn. Hippotraginae had about 100 to 200 caruncles in six to eight rows in each horn, and Reduncinae had about 10 to 20 caruncles in two rows in each uterine horn. The giraffe had about 70 caruncles arranged in four rows in each uterine horn. Uterine caruncles in some antelopes had specific features such as pigmentation of apices, caruncles on stems, and caruncles with honeycomb structure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Nitrogen metabolism and renal function in the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus kirkii).

Nitrogen metabolism and kidney function of the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus kirkii) were studied under a range of controlled, experimental conditions and diets. Dik-dik antelope remained in nitrogen balance even when fed a diet low in protein and high in fibre. When fed a diet high in protein (20%) and water ad-libitum, 55.3% of the urea filtered by the kidney was reabsorbed. Limiting water intake increased urea reabsorption to 77.2%. The U/P urea concentrations were maintained at similar ratios on all diets, as well as during dehydration and solute loading. Minimum endogenous nitrogen excreted was 74mg/kg(0.75)/day. Dehydration (water deprivation) and solute loading (intraruminal infusion of 0.25M NaCl) had varying effects on nitrogen metabolism. It is concluded that the metabolic nitrogen economy of the dik-dik antelope is qualitatively similar to that of other domestic and wild ruminants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of estrous cyclicity in the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) through fecal progestagen monitoring.

Fecal progesterone metabolite monitoring techniques were validated for the sable antelope and used to characterize ovarian cycle dynamics and reproductive seasonality in a captive population at the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center. Hormone was homogeneously distributed within fecal samples. Longitudinal fluctuations in fecal progesterone metabolites were consistent with typical luteal phase patterns and corresponded closely with changes in serum progesterone. The lag time from an im injection of progesterone to peak excretion in feces was 16 h. The pattern of births showed a slight peak in the summer (May-July), but year-round endocrine monitoring of six nonpregnant females showed no evidence of seasonality in ovarian activity. Females exhibited 11-14 estrous cycles per year, averaging 24.2 +/- 0.9 days in length. Luteal and interluteal phases were 18.4 +/- 0.9 and 5.8 +/- 0.4 days in length, respectively. Although only a small number of hippotragine antelope species have been studied, data indicate that they exhibit considerable interspecific variability in estrous cycle length and reproductive seasonality and thus may be a useful group for further investigation of factors regulating fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The design and the role of the nasal passages in temperature regulation in the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus kirkii) with observations on the carotid rete.

Exhaled air temperatures (Tex) and rectal temperatures (Trec) were measured in five dik-dik antelopes under controlled environmental temperatures (Ta) between 15 and 40 degrees C. In addition morphometric analysis of the nasal passages, gross and histological identification of the carotid rete were carried out in an attempt to illustrate a possible brain cooling system in this small ungulate. Below Ta of 30 degrees C, Tex decreased with decreasing Ta leading to the establishment of a temperature gradient of about 20 degrees C between Ta and Trec at a Ta of around 15 degrees C. At Ta of 30 degrees C Tex was approximately half a degree lower than the Trec. Gross and histological studies revealed the presence of carotid rete and profuse vascularisation of the nasal turbinates. Morphometric analysis established a mean volume density of the nasal passages (np) in the splanchnocranium (sp) (VV(np,sp], surface density (SV(np,sp] and harmonic mean width of the nasal passages (W) of 9.5%, 2.15 cm2/cm3 and 1.23 mm, respectively. Combined physiological and anatomical measurements suggest that the dik-dik may possess an efficient brain cooling and water conserving system. The design of the upper respiratory system in these antelopes may help these animals to tolerate the extremes of temperatures and insolation encountered in their habitat.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Thermoregulation and heat balance in the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus kirki): a field and laboratory study.

Experiments were conducted in the field to study the physiological responses of dik-dik antelope to direct solar radiation and shade. The results were compared to those obtained in the laboratory. The rates of metabolic heat production when the animals were exposed either to the sun or the shade were identical. Dik-dik antelopes lost about 50% more heat evaporatively when exposed to the sun compared to the shade at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 28 degrees C or a Ta of 40 degrees C in a climatic chamber. Heat storage in the laboratory at Ta 40 degrees C or at Ta 28 degrees C in the shade accounted for between 30 and 35% of the total heat production. The corresponding value in the sun was 55%. The net rate of heat gain under the sun was four times greater than under shade at 28 degrees C or in the laboratory at 40 degrees C. Behavioural mechanisms for avoidance of high insolation must constitute important adaptations that the dik-dik uses to avoid dehydration and dependence on drinking water in their natural environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Physiology of the dik-dik antelope.

1. The East African dik-dik antelope represents a miniature model ruminant for comparative studies. 2. Dik-diks are browsers, consuming a diet consistently high in fermentable and digestable plant material. 3. Their foregut structure is designed for a relatively rapid passage of food and effective absorption of fermentative products. 4. Dik-dik antelopes are very economical in their use of water, having a low daily water exchange and excreting a highly concentrated urine. 5. Dik-diks have been observed to employ three thermoregulatory mechanisms; thermopanting, active sweating and a labile body temperature. 6. Their reproductive cycle is polyestrous with peak breeding in June and December, having a gestation period of between 170 and 174 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Erythrocyte morphology and haemoglobin types of neonatal roan antelopes (Hippotragus equinus) with hypochromic poikilocytic anaemia.

Neonatal, poikilocytic anaemia in some members of the Hippotragini has previously been documented but not fully investigated. This study was undertaken to describe the erythrocyte morphology of roan antelopes (Hippotragus equinus) during the first 4 weeks after birth and to identify aspects of haemoglobin (Hb) production that might be implicated in this syndrome. Twenty-nine roan antelope calves were sampled on, or close to, 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after birth. Erythrocyte morphology was characterized, and microhaematocrit values and Hb parameters determined, for each sampling occasion. Findings indicated a significant change in erythrocyte morphology during the neonatal period and two haemoglobin types, fetal and adult, were identified. The perinatal onset of adult Hb synthesis was delayed relative to the termination of fetal Hb production, resulting in the observed anaemia. Haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte morphology were significantly correlated. These findings suggest an intimate relationship between Hb synthesis and the observed poikilocytosis. An imbalance in the synthesis of the alpha- and beta-globin chains of Hb (a thalassaemia) may prove to be the underlying pathophysiology of this syndrome.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of a novel pestivirus originating from a pronghorn antelope.

A unique pestivirus, isolated from a pronghorn antelope (Antilocopra americana), was characterized. Serum neutralization studies suggested that this virus was antigenically related to pestiviruses. Genomic characteristics, unique to pestiviruses, indicated that this virus belongs to the Pestivirus genus. These characteristics included the organization of the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR), the presence and length of a viral Npro coding region, conservation of cysteine residues in Npro, conservation of predicted amino acid sequences flanking the cleavage sites between viral polypeptides Npro and C and between C and Erns and conservation of predicted hydrophobicity plots of Npro protein. While this data indicated the virus belongs to the Pestivirus genus, phylogenetic analysis in 5'-UTR, Npro and E2 regions suggested that it is the most divergent of the pestiviruses identified to date. This conclusion was also supported by the amino acid identity in coding regions. The corresponding values were much lower for the comparison of pronghorn pestivirus to other pestivirus genotypes than only between previous recognized genotypes. These results suggest the virus isolated from pronghorn antelope represents a new pestivirus genotype. It also represents the only pestivirus genotype first isolated from New World wildlife.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1999

Synchronization of oestrous cycles in sable antelope.

Techniques for manipulating the oestrous cycle of sable antelope, Hippotragus niger, were evaluated in a captive population of 24 females maintained at the Smithsonian Institution's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, VA, USA. A secondary objective was to demonstrate the effectiveness of fecal steroid monitoring techniques as a non-invasive method of tracking experimental manipulations. Controlled Internal Drug Releasing (CIDR) devices designed for cattle (type B, reduced in length by 5 cm to fit the sable antelope's smaller reproductive tract) were more effective than CIDR devices designed for goats (type G) at delivering progesterone into circulation, and maintained serum progesterone at levels up to 86.1+/-7.8% of normal luteal concentrations in females whose spontaneous ovarian activity had been inhibited with melengestrol acetate. Serum progesterone and fecal progestagen measurements were highly correlated (P<0.05). Synchronization treatments of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha alone and in combination with modified CIDR-B devices (12-day insertion interval) were both effective in inducing synchronized ovulation, however the PGF2alpha/modified CIDR-B treatment resulted in more precise synchrony and a shorter latency to ovulation than did PGF2alpha alone. In a separate experiment to characterize the temporal relationship between synchronization treatment, behavioral oestrus and ovulation, onset of behavioral oestrus occurred 34.1+/-5.7 h following PGF2alpha/modified CIDR-B treatment. Mean duration of the induced oestrus was 24.9+/-4.3 h. The first detectable rise in fecal progestagens occurred 5.1+/-1.0 and 4.1+/-1.0 days following PGF2alpha/modified CIDR-B treatment in groups of females housed with and without an adult male, respectively, indicating that the presence of a male did not accelerate the onset of the induced cycle.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2003

Reintroducing antelopes into arid areas: lessons learnt from the oryx in Saudi Arabia.

We focus on constraints faced by antelopes reintroductions in arid environments, and propose keys to enhance their success, using the oryx project in Saudi Arabia as example: (1) Monitoring and management of reintroduced populations appear more important than the number of released animals; (2) Because of the low accuracy of population size estimators, we recommend to implement a continuous monitoring and to use several estimators to assess the reintroduced population size; (3) Reintroduction schedule should take into account the unpredictability of food resources in arid environments; (4) The re-establishment of desert antelopes depends as a priority on the enforcement of regulations to avoid poaching.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Stable methylation patterns in interspecific antelope hybrids and the characterization and localization of a satellite fraction in the Alcelaphini and Hippotragini.

Conflicting data has recently appeared concerning altered methylation patterns in interspecific mammalian hybrids and the potential this may hold for driving karyotypic evolution. We report no detectable methylation difference in the genomic DNA of different interspecific F1 antelope hybrids (family Bovidae) and their parent species using the methylation-sensitive enzyme HpaII and its methylation insensitive isoschizomer MspI. However, both enzymes released a tandemly repeated satellite array. Characterization of the repeat using Southern blotting and a combination of sequencing, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and C-banding, shows some similarity in the family of repeats between the hybridizing antelope species groups, and that the satellite is localized in the centromeric C-band positive regions of the chromosomes. Moreover, although there is little meaningful sequence homology with the well characterized bovine 1.715 satellite DNA, there is 86% sequence similarity with the sheep/goat satellite I, suggesting that they are related and are likely to have originated and evolved separately from the bovine unit.

Animals↗