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PubMed2005

Detection of Toxoplasmosis gondii seropositivity in sheep in Yalova by Sabin Feldman Dye Test and Latex Agglutination Test.

Sera collected from 63 sheep older than one year of age in two regions of Yalova were tested for anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test (SFDT) and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Of the 63 samples tested, 42 (66.66%) and 41 (65.08 %) were determined to be seropositive by SFDT and by LAT, respectively. Of the positive sheep serum samples, 23 were positive at a dilution of 1/16; 13, at a dilution of 1/64; and 6, at a dilution of 1/256. SFDT was accepted as a reference test. The sensitivity and specificity of LAT were 78.57% and 61.90 %, respectively. The correlation between these two tests was determined to be 73.01%.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Serological survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from the municipality of Peso da Régua (Alto Douro, Portugal) using the direct agglutination test (DAT) and fast agglutination screening test (FAST).

Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is a prevalent disease in dogs and humans. A serological survey of Leishmania infection in dogs was carried out in the endemic region of Alto Douro (north Portugal). Two hundred and ninety-four dogs from the municipality of Peso da Régua were examined for clinical signs of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), and sera samples were evaluated by the direct agglutination test (DAT) and the fast agglutination screening test (FAST). The sero-prevalence of infection was 20.4%, after screening the study population by FAST and subsequent confirmation by DAT. The overall prevalence of disease was 3.1%. Only 15.0% of the sero-positive dogs had clinical signs of CanL. A high degree of agreement (88.4%; kappa value = 0.71) was found between DAT and FAST. This study further demonstrates that FAST can be used as a simple, rapid and sensitive screening test for canine Leishmania infection in areas of high endemicity and, together with DAT, is a valuable tool in the assessment of CanL.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

The fat emulsion agglutination test: a reliable and cost effective alternative to the latex agglutination test for rapid bedside CRP measurement.

We compared two tests for bedside C reactive protein (CRP) measurement: the latex agglutination test (LAT) and the fat agglutination test (FAT). FAT is based on the property of CRP to agglutinate fat emulsions in the presence of CaCl2. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FAT and LAT to detect a CRP > 10 mg/l, determined with radial immunodiffusion (n = 500 pediatric patients, CRP range 0- > 80 mg/l), were 91%, 82% and 90% respectively for FAT and 82%, 95% and 85% for LAT. FAT reagent could be stabilized with NaN3 (0.02%) for at least one year, when stored at 4 degrees C (n = 49). NaN3 (0.02%) had no effect on agglutination of FAT (n = 40). In conclusion, in pediatric patients, FAT is a reliable and cost effective alternative to LAT, if serum samples are used.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1971

Microagglutination procedures for febrile agglutination tests.

Febrile agglutination tests were done by using as antigens Brucella abortus, Salmonella group D, Proteus OX19, and Pasteurella tularensis. Comparison of results from 23 sera showed that the microtechnique, rapid slide, and test tube methods gave similar titers, although those from the microtechnique were generally higher. The sensitivity of the microtechnique depended upon the concentration of antigen, and, to obtain reproducible results, the optimal concentration of antigens had to be determined by preliminary titrations against specific, positive control antisera. Readability of reactions in the microtechnique was enhanced by adding the dye Safranin O to diluent for antigen and by use of V-type, rather than U-type, microtiter plates. Tests were also done to determine the effects of dye and salt concentrations, pH, and temperature of incubation upon the titer of agglutinations by the microtechnique. Our results indicated that the microtechnique could be used for agglutination tests involving febrile antigens. The procedure is less time-consuming than the tube method and requires less antigen and serum than the latter method or the rapid slide method.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2005

Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) and fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The direct agglutination test (DAT) has proved to be a very important sero-diagnostic tool combining high levels of intrinsic validity and ease of performance. Otherwise, fast agglutination screening test (FAST) utilises only one serum dilution making the test very suitable for the screening of large populations. RESULTS: We have tested FAST and DAT for the detection anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum samples from patients with American visceral (AVL) and cutaneous leishmaniases (ACL) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The DAT on serum and blood samples of confirmed AVL patients found all samples positive at a serum dilution of > or = 1:800. This dilution was subsequently used as cut off value in the study. The blood and serum samples of these confirmed patients could also be clearly read in FAST using a 1:100 dilution with the same high sensitivity. DAT and FAST were not able to detect significant amounts of antibodies in samples from ACL patients and are not suitable for the diagnosis of this manifestation of the disease. CONCLUSION: We suggest that both DAT and FAST are very practical diagnostic tools for the sero-diagnosis of AVL under rural conditions as both serological tests do not require sophisticated equipment, a cold chain and are very simple to perform.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and modified direct agglutination test methods for detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in adult sheep in Spain.

A total of 2306 serum samples obtained from adult sheep were analysed for Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies by modified direct agglutination test and indirect immunofluorescence assay test. Similar results were obtained with both procedures (seroprevalence of 35.27% for modified direct agglutination test and 33.72% for indirect immunofluorescence assay test at dilution 1:80), but some differences in relation to sample dilution were registered. All the titers assayed (dilution two-fold from 1:40 to 1:320) can be used in diagnosis with both procedures, but titers 1:80 are recommended for screening studies in ovine flocks.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis: assessment of kaolin agglutination test.

Kaolin agglutination test (KAT), for the detection of anti-tuberculophospholipid antibodies for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis, was performed on the sera of 137 pulmonary and 276 extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 140 controls. The sensitivity and specificity of KAT was 86.9% and 100%, respectively, at the titre of 1:128 and more.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

Serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection--a comparison of Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test and capillary tube agglutination test.

The present study aimed to develop Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test (CFT) and capillary tube agglutination test (CAT) for serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection and to compare their sensitivity with each other. For this study, sequential serum samples were collected from four donkeys experimentally infected with B. equi up to 90 days post infection (P.I.). B. equi antigen was prepared from the blood of a donkey showing more than 80% parasitaemia. Dot-ELISA, CF and CA tests were standardized as per the standard method. While performing CFT, it was observed that CFT standardized for the donkey system could not be applied to the horse system, and different units of the same antigen and complement were required for each. Dot-ELISA detected antibodies from 3-6 days P.I. onwards, whereas CF and CA tests could detect antibodies from the 6th day P.I. indicating that Dot-ELISA is the more sensitive. The efficacy of these three tests was also determined by testing 211 field serum samples of apparently healthy horses. By Dot-ELISA 49.76%, by CAT 42.18% and by CFT 27.86% of the serum samples were found positive. As the results of Dot-ELISA and CAT are comparable, it is proposed that CAT may be used as a screening test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected subjects.

One hundred subjects positive for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies were tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the direct agglutination test (DAT). Subjects were subsequently followed for two years to monitor the onset of visceral leishmaniasis. Fifteen subjects were positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies in either one or both tests. Eleven were positive only by IFAT, one only by DAT, and three by both tests. During the two-year follow-up period, nine subjects developed visceral leishmaniasis; of these, six were serologically positive, four by IFAT alone and two by both tests. The results indicate that IFAT and DAT have a similar specificity but that IFAT has a higher sensitivity and a greater diagnostic significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Antibody binding patterns in infertile males and females as detected by immunobead test, gel-agglutination test, and sperm immobilization test.

Sera from 214 infertile patients were assayed for antisperm antibodies using the IBT, GAT, and SIT. The new IBT methodology was compared with the more classical tests. Although SIT and GAT did not correlate to any particular antibody class, both were negative if IgA was present alone. The immunoglobulin class presented a preferential sperm region binding site: IgG to the head and tail, IgM to tail tip only, IgA to head and tail. Furthermore, these immunoglobulins from the serum of male patients bound differently to sperm than immunoglobulins from female serum. Finally, we were able to calculate the relative sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for these tests.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of passive haemagglutination test with Widal agglutination test for serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area.

A passive haemagglutination test, using sheep red blood cells sensitised with Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide, was compared with the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area. The results obtained on sera from 152 patients with bacteriologically confirmed typhoid and 183 patients who did not have typhoid were analysed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and rapidity of the respective tests. The passive haemagglutination test was found to be more sensitive (80%) than the S typhi O antigen (71%) but marginally less sensitive than the H antigen (82%) of the Widal test. The false positive rate on control sera was 1.2% and 6.6%, respectively, for the Widal O and H antigens, and 1.6% for the passive haemagglutination test. Our findings indicate that the passive haemagglutination test is comparable with the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in endemic areas, but is more simple, rapid, and economic. The passive haemagglutination test may be a useful alternative to the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in busy microbiology laboratories in areas in which the disease is endemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of immunobead test (IBT), tray-agglutination test (TAT), and sperm immobilization test (SIT).

The present investigation relates the results obtained by the indirect immunobead test (IBT) to those found during the tray-agglutination test (TAT) and sperm immobilization test (SIT) performed on 16 positive blood sera samples. An IB binding of greater than 50% can be regarded as significantly positive (p less than 0.05), since 77% of the positive IB samples with an IB binding of greater than 50% also revealed a TAT titer of greater than 1:8. The IBT is an excellent test for the detection of sperm antibodies during routine screening procedures.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.

We evaluated the field use of two serologic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the direct agglutination test (DAT) and rK39 dipstick test, in the context of a case-control study. Most VL cases in Nepal are currently diagnosed on clinical grounds and with relatively non-specific tests such as the formol-gel test. Among 14 newly diagnosed VL patients with bone-marrow slides confirmed positive in two independent laboratories, the sensitivity of both tests was 100%. Among 113 controls with no personal or household history of VL, the specificity of the rK39 was 100% while that of the DAT was 93%. The rK39 was less expensive than DAT, and has the advantages of ease of use and obtaining results within minutes. The wider use of the rK39 dipstick test could improve the specificity of VL diagnosis in Nepal.

Animals↗