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Results for “Affect regulation”

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PubMed2005

Children's affect regulation during a disappointment: psychophysiological responses and relation to parent history of depression.

Psychophysiological responses during affect regulation were examined in 57 children ages 3-9 years, 41 of whom had a parent history of childhood-onset depression (COD). During a structured laboratory task, children were given first a disappointing toy and then a desired toy. Frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart period, and heart period variability were measured during resting and task conditions. Affective and self-regulatory behaviors were coded from videotape. In 3-5-year olds, greater relative right frontal activity was associated with withdrawal behavior. High heart period was associated with approach behavior. Compared with children of psychiatrically healthy parents, children of parents with COD exhibited poor heart period recovery after disappointment. For children of parents with COD, greater relative left frontal activity was related to concurrent internalizing and externalizing problems, and low resting RSA was related to internalizing problems. Physiological responses associated with affect regulation may help identify children at risk for depression.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding.

Do people aggress to make themselves feel better? We adapted a procedure used by G. K. Manucia, D. J. Baumann, and R. B. Cialdini (1984), in which some participants are given a bogus mood-freezing pill that makes affect regulation efforts ineffective. In Study 1, people who had been induced to believe in the value of catharsis and venting anger responded more aggressively than did control participants to insulting criticism, but this aggression was eliminated by the mood-freezing pill. Study 2 showed similar results among people with high anger-out (i.e., expressing and venting anger) tendencies. Studies 3 and 4 provided questionnaire data consistent with these interpretations, and Study 5 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 using measures more directly concerned with affect regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that many people may engage in aggression to regulate (improve) their own affective states.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2006

Affect regulation and temperament in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Affect regulation (AR) and temperament were examined in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). To determine AR, children were exposed to a mildly frustrating situation. Temperament was assessed by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Children with ASD showed greater variability in AR and used less effective AR strategies compared to controls. Lower academic ability was associated with less effective AR strategies for the ASD while for the controls older age predicted more effective AR strategies. Those with ASD were lower than controls in Attention Focusing, Inhibitory Control, and Soothability. Of the three overarching temperament factors of the CBQ, only Effortful Control but not Negative Affectivity and Surgency/Extraversion distinguished those with ASD from controls. For the ASD group, higher academic ability predicted higher Negative Affectivity. Fewer symptoms and older chronological age predicted higher Effortful Control.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Examining an affect regulation model of substance abuse in schizophrenia. The role of traits and coping.

Comorbid substance use disorders occur frequently in schizophrenia with significant detrimental effects to clinical outcome. Unfortunately, attempts to identify factors associated with comorbid substance use disorders (beyond demographic characteristics such as gender) have not been successful. This study examined an affect regulation model of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia with a focus on personality traits and coping. It was hypothesized that maladaptive coping and the traits of negative affect (NA) and disinhibition (DIS), but not trait positive affect (PA), would be associated with greater substance use problems. Thirty-nine patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed measures of personality traits, coping, and negative consequences associated with substance use. Traits were differentially associated with coping in that NA and DIS, but not PA, were associated with maladaptive coping including the use of drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. Alternatively, PA, but not DIS or NA, was related to adaptive coping strategies. Individuals high in NA and endorsing the use of drugs and alcohol to cope reported the greatest number of negative consequences from substance use. This finding held after controlling for gender. These results are consistent with an affect regulation model of substance use and suggest the advantage of examining the role of affect, traits, and coping in understanding comorbid substance use in schizophrenia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The role of shame, anger, and affect regulation in men's perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships.

This study determines the relationships between shame, anger, and men's perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships. The authors hypothesize the connection between shame proneness and men's use of psychological abuse with a dating partner, with anger's mediating in this relationship. In addition, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation would moderate the relationship between anger and men's use of psychological abuse. Results indicate that shame proneness and use of psychological abuse are significantly related and that anger mediates the relationship. However, affect regulation does not moderate the effects of anger on men's use of psychological abuse. These findings are consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of shame and have implications for intervention and treatment programs for perpetrators of psychological abuse in dating relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Attachment in late adolescence: working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others.

The purpose of this study was to examine the coherence of attachment organization during late adolescence. In a sample of 53 first-year college students, 3 kinds of working models of attachment were assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview: Dismissing of Attachment, Secure, and Preoccupied with Attachment. Affect regulation was evaluated with peer Q-sort ratings of Ego-Resiliency, Ego-Undercontrol, Hostility, and Anxiety, and representations of self and others were assessed with self-report measures of distress, perceived competence, and social support. The Secure group was rated as more ego-resilient, less anxious, and less hostile by peers and reported little distress and high levels of social support. The Dismissing group was rated low on ego-resilience and higher on hostility by peers and reported more distant relationships in terms of more loneliness and low levels of social support from family. The Preoccupied group was viewed as less ego-resilient and more anxious by peers and reported high levels of personal distress, while viewing their family as more supportive than the Dismissing group. These findings are interpreted in terms of different styles of affect regulation and representational bias associated with particular working models of attachment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Affect regulation and suicide attempts in adolescent inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between affect dysregulation and self-destructive behaviors in adolescent suicide attempters. METHOD: Measures of affect dysregulation, number of risk-taking behaviors in past year, presence of self-mutilative behaviors in past year, and number of different types of self-mutilative behaviors in past year were individually administered to adolescents admitted to an inpatient unit who were either suicide ideators (n = 25) or suicide attempters (n = 35). RESULTS: Suicide attempters reported significantly higher levels of affect dysregulation and a greater number of different types of self-mutilative behaviors in the past year than suicide ideators. In addition, the number of different types of self-mutilative behaviors in the past year had the strongest relationship to suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: Suicidal behavior among adolescent psychiatric patients is related to poor affect regulation. A risk factor for suicidal behavior in adolescents is a broad range of self-mutilative acts in the year preceding the suicide attempt.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

How BRH, FCC, CPSC, FDA & OSHA regulations affect you.

United States Government regulations cover industrial, medical and consumer ultrasound products for the protection of those using the equipment. There are currently five government agencies which regulate permissible power, intensity and radiation field patterns; permissible frequency and power bands; safety standards for the protection of consumers using ultrasound devices; safety and design standards for diagnosis and therapy by physicians; and standards for the protection of workers in factories using ultrasonic equipment.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2001

Affect regulation, brain development, and behavioral/emotional health in adolescence.

This paper addresses the importance of affect regulation (AR) in relation to a broad range of behavioral and emotional health problems that emerge during adolescence. AR is defined as the adaptive modulation of emotional experience to serve a goal or purpose. This conceptualization of AR emphasizes the use of cognitive skills to guide, inhibit, or modify emotion and behavior, including the expression of emotional responses, in learned, strategic ways-skills that ultimately underpin adult levels of social maturity and the ability to show "responsible" behavior across a range of emotional situations. Neurobehavioral systems that subserve these AR skills include areas of the inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex (PFC), with rich interconnections to several limbic structures and other cortical areas, including the dorsolateral PFC. Adolescence represents an important developmental period in the functional maturation of adult AR skills; it is also a critical time in the development of clinical disorders of AR (eg, rates of depression increase dramatically and gender differences in depression emerge). Maturational changes in AR that occur during adolescence-particularly with respect to the role of emotions influencing responsible decision making-are also relevant to understanding key aspects of the developmental pathways of some behavioral health problems, such as alcohol use and nicotine dependence. A strong case is made for developmental research in affective neuroscience aimed at this important maturational period, particularly the kind of transdisciplinary research leading toward mechanistic understanding of the development of adolescent-onset disorders. Improving understanding in these areas could ultimately lead to the development of early interventions in targeted high-risk populations, and has enormous clinical and social policy relevance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Experimental protocols for investigating relationships among mother-infant interaction, affect regulation, physiological markers of stress responsiveness, and attachment.

Gergely and Watson's (1996) social biofeedback theory of parental affect mirroring applies the conditional probability model of contingency perception to parent-child interactions. Infants are first evaluated at birth on neurological and temperament measures. Infants are also evaluated at 6 and 12 months on tasks that study social interactional determinants, infant attachment, and physiological reactions. The Strange Situation is completed at 12-15 months of age. The authors describe how the combination of these experimental and observational procedures allows specific developmental hypotheses to be investigated about the quality of contingent parental affect regulation, sensitivity to internal states, and security of attachment.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Sensory properties of a nonabsorbable fat substitute did not affect regulation of energy intake.

Many reduced-fat foods retain the sensory properties of their high-fat counterparts through the use of fat substitutes. This study examined whether regulation of energy intake is affected when the nonabsorbable fat substitute olestra is used to uncouple the sensory properties of fat from fat absorption and metabolism. Cream of broccoli soups were developed in three versions: fat-free, fat-free+olestra (33.3 g olestra), and high-fat (33.3 g fat) (923900 and 2150 kJ per serving, respectively). The olestra soup had the nutrient composition of the fat-free soup but the sensory properties of the high-fat soup. Subjects were grouped by sex, body weight, and dietary restraint (total n = 67). Subjects had either no preload (control) or a soup preload (465 g) followed by a self-selection lunch. Intake was measured at lunch, dinner, snack, and breakfast. At lunch, the response to the soup preloads was not affected by sex, dietary restraint, or body weight. Energy intake (soup+lunch) was significantly greater in the high-fat than in the control condition (P < 0.05), but energy intake in the fat-free and olestra-soup conditions was not significantly different from that in the control condition (3570, 3352, 3464, and 4457 kJ in control, fat-free, olestra, and high-fat soup conditions, respectively). Thus, subjects compensated completely for the energy in the fat-free and olestra soups but not for the energy in the high-fat soup. No differences were found in the response to the two fat-free conditions, one with the fatty taste and one without. In this study the sensory properties of fat alone, ie, apart from the physiologic effects of fat, did not affect energy regulation.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: a study comparing the TAS-20 with non-self-report measures of alexithymia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of undifferentiated and dysregulated affects in somatoform disorders by using a multimethod assessment approach of alexithymia. METHODS: Forty patients with ICD-10 somatoform disorders (SoD) and 20 healthy controls, matched for age, education and sex, were included in the study. Alexithymia was assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Affect Consciousness Interview (ACI), and the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). All classifications were made blinded with regard to clinical status. RESULTS: Scores of the ACI and the TAS-20 showed that alexithymia is higher in SoD than in healthy controls. No differences were found on the LEAS. In terms of the multidimensionality of the alexithymia construct, our results indicate a specific positive association between SoD and a proneness to experience undifferentiated affects. The three subfactors of the TAS-20 were differentially related to non-self-report measures of alexithymia and to negative affectivity (NA). Only the cognitive facet of the TAS-20 (externally oriented thinking [EOT]) was related to the LEAS and the ACI. In contrast, the affective facets of the TAS-20-difficulties identifying feelings (DIF) and difficulties describing feelings (DDF)-were substantially related to NA. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the important role of impaired affect regulation and NA in the process of somatization.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fibromyalgia: evidence for deficits in positive affect regulation.

OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FMS) is characterized by chronic pain, high psychiatric comorbidity, and the absence of observable pathology. Our objective was to examine positive and negative affective indices, both at the trait and contextual levels, in FMS compared with a chronic pain control group, osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: The sample consisted of 126 female FMS (87) and OA (39) patients from the community. Participants answered a self-report questionnaire assessing demographic and personality variables and were interviewed regarding average pain, affect, anxiety, and depression. Participants were then interviewed weekly for up to 12 weeks regarding pain, affect, fatigue, perceived interpersonal stress (IS), and positive interpersonal events (PE). RESULTS: FMS participants reported lower levels of positive affect (p < .01) and extraversion (p < .01) than OA participants. There were no significant differences between groups in negative affect, depression, anxiety, or neuroticism after controlling for age and average pain. At the weekly level, FMS participants reported lower levels of positive affect (p < .01), but not negative affect. Furthermore, during weeks of elevated IS, FMS participants evidenced steeper declines in positive affect than OA participants (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the predominance of literature focusing on psychologic disturbance in FMS, these analyses identified dysfunctional positive affect regulation as a key feature of FMS. FMS status was uniquely characterized by lower levels of positive affect, especially during stressful weeks. These findings challenge current conceptualizations of FMS and point to new directions for interventions that focus on improving positive affective resources, especially during times of stress.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Skills training treatment for adaptive affect regulation in a woman with binge-eating disorder.

This case study describes a skills training treatment for binge eating which focused on teaching adaptive affect regulation. A 36-year-old obese woman with a long history of severe binge eating received individual treatment specifically aimed at enhancing her emotion regulation abilities. By treatment end she no longer met criteria for binge eating disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Utilization of psychotherapy in patients with personality disorder: the impact of gender, character traits, affect regulation, and quality of object-relations.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to generate hypotheses for examining gender differences in variables with predictive value for the utilization of psychotherapy in patients with personality disorders (PDs). DESIGN: Personality traits, affect experience and regulation, the quality of object relations and interpersonal problems within the process of psychotherapy planning were assessed in 140 psychiatric outpatients. METHODS: Besides the structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV I+II, variables were assessed with the Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP-200), the affect regulation and experience Q sort (AREQ), the quality of object-relations scale (QORS), and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Correlation and group difference statistics, regression and canonical correlation analysis were performed. RESULTS: Predictors concerning the utilization or non-utilization of psychotherapy were a schizoid PD rating a self-report of subassertive behaviour related to interpersonal problems in women, and a narcissistic PD rating in men. Canonical correlations between predictors and quality of object relations or interpersonal problems were found in women, while in men there was merely a tendency for predictor and affect regulation to be related. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that for men it is more important to interpret the dominating affect, while for women, understanding the pathological object relation pattern is useful for successful therapy planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Adult attachment style and affect regulation: strategic variations in self-appraisals.

Four studies examined the link between adult attachment style and strategic variations in self-appraisals. Whereas secure persons held a stable positive self-view, Studies 1-2 showed that avoidant persons showed a positive self-view and anxious-ambivalent persons a negative self-view, which were strengthened by distress arousal and weakened by factors that inhibit the activation of regulatory mechanisms. Studies 3-4 indicated that insecure persons' self-views varied in accordance with specific attachment-related concerns and needs. Avoidant persons' positive self-view was related to their attempts to validate their sense of self-reliance, and anxious-ambivalent persons' negative self-view was related to their attempts to win others' compassion and affection. Results are discussed in terms of attachment-related strategies of affect regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Neural correlates of the affect regulation model in schizophrenia patients with substance use history: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND: The lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders among schizophrenia patients is close to 50%. The negative consequences of substance abuse in schizophrenia are well documented, but the etiology of this comorbid condition remains unknown. According to the affect regulation model, schizophrenia patients abuse drugs in order to cope with their negative affects. Supporting the model, clinical studies have shown that dual-diagnosis patients have less blunting of affect and that they experience more negative affect. We hypothesized that patients with a history of substance use would have increased cerebral activations in response to aversive stimuli when compared to abstinent patients. METHOD: Schizophrenia patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with (SCZ-SU group; N = 12) and without (SCZ group; N = 11) a current or past substance use disorder (alcohol, cannabis, and/or LSD). Diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV criteria. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), patients were scanned during passive viewing of emotionally negative pictures (International Affective Picture System). Data were gathered from September 2001 to December 2003. RESULTS: Subjectively, the emotional experience induced by viewing the negative pictures was rated significantly higher in the SCZ-SU group than in the SCZ group (p = .008). Neurally, in the SCZ-SU group, significant loci of activation were identified in the right medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area [BA] 10), left medial prefrontal cortex (BA 10), right orbitofrontal cortex (BA 47), and left amygdala. No significant loci of activation were observed in the SCZ group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the functioning of the medial prefrontal cortex, thought to be impaired in patients with prominent negative symptoms, is more preserved in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. This relative preservation could be primary or secondary to substance use.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Affect regulation and food intake in bulimia nervosa: emotional responding to food cues after deprivation and subsequent eating.

Emotional responding to salient food cues and effects of food deprivation and consumption were investigated in 32 women with bulimia and 32 control women. One half of each group was food deprived before viewing unpleasant, neutral, pleasant, and food-related pictures. Then participants could eat from a buffet before viewing a parallel picture set. Women with bulimia showed a substantial potentiation of startle responses during viewing of food cues relative to control women. This startle potentiation was attenuated by food deprivation and augmented by increased food consumption. These data support the affective regulation model suggesting that food cues prompt negative affective states in women with bulimia, who are overwhelmed by fasting. The resulting deprivation increases the incentive value of food cues and may thus trigger binge eating.

Adult↗