[On the development of Acetobacter suboxydans and Acetobacter melanogenum in media containing ethyl alcohol].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Acetobacter↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Acetobacter”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The biosynthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum and Acetobacter acetigenus.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cell Membrane↗
Novel nitrogen-fixing Acetobacter nitrogenifigens sp. nov., isolated from Kombucha tea.
The four nitrogen-fixing bacteria so far described in the family Acetobacteraceae belong to the genera Gluconacetobacter and Acetobacter. Nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain RG1(T) was isolated from Kombucha tea and, based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence which is supported by a high bootstrap value, was found to belong to the genus Acetobacter. Strain RG1(T) differed from Acetobacter aceti, the nearest member with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.2 %, and type strains of other Acetobacter species with regard to several characteristics of growth features in culture media, growth in nitrogen-free medium, production of gamma-pyrone from glucose and dihydroxyacetone from glycerol. Strain RG1(T) utilized maltose, glycerol, sorbitol, fructose, galactose, arabinose and ethanol, but not methanol as a carbon source. These results, along with electrophoretic mobility patterns of nine metabolic enzymes, suggest that strain RG1(T) represents a novel nitrogen-fixing species. The ubiquinone present was Q-9 and DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol%. Strain RG1(T) exhibited a low value of 2-24 % DNA-DNA relatedness to the type strains of related acetobacters, which placed it as a separate taxon. On the basis of this data, the name Acetobacter nitrogenifigens sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain RG1(T) (=MTCC 6912(T)=LMG 23498(T)).
Acetobacter↗
The nitrogen requirements of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter and Frateuria.
The nitrogen requirements of 96 Gluconobacter, 55 Acetobacter and 7 Frateuria strains were examined. Only some Frateuria strains were able to grow on 0.5% yeast extract broth or 0.5% peptone broth. In the presence of D-glucose or D-mannitol as a carbon source, ammonium was used as the sole source of nitrogen by all three genera. With ethanol, only a few Acetobacter strains grew on ammonium as a sole nitrogen source. Single L-amino acids cannot serve as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter or Frateuria. The single L-amino acids which were used by most strains as a sole nitrogen source for growth are: asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, proline and alanine. Some Acetobacter and Gluconobacter strains deaminated alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid, threonine, serine and proline. No Frateuria strain was able to develop on cysteine, glycine, threonine or tryptophan as a sole source of nitrogen for growth. An inhibitory effect of valine may explain the absence of growth on this amino acid. No amino acid is "essential" for Gluconobacter, Acetobacter or Frateuria.
Acetobacter↗
Acetobacter oeni sp. nov., isolated from spoiled red wine.
A bacterial strain, designated B13T, was isolated from spoiled red wine from the Dão region, Portugal. The strain was Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and motile. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that B13T belonged to the genus Acetobacter within the Alphaproteobacteria. The closest related species was Acetobacter aceti, with 98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that B13T constituted a taxon separate from the Acetobacter species with validly published names. The DNA G+C content of B13T was 58.1 mol%. Phenotypic characteristics of B13T allowed its differentiation from the recognized Acetobacter species. B13T produced 5-ketogluconic acid from glucose, but no 2-ketogluconic acid. It produced catalase, but no oxidase. It utilized glycerol, but not maltose, ethanol or methanol as carbon sources. On the basis of the results obtained, B13T represents a novel species for which the name Acetobacter oeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B13T (= LMG 21952T = CECT 5830T).
Acetobacter↗
Molecular identification of Acetobacter isolates from submerged vinegar production, sequence analysis of plasmid pJK2-1 and application in the development of a cloning vector.
Three new Acetobacter strains were isolated from vinegar. By plasmid profiling they were recognized as genotypically different from each other. Sequencing of the genes for 16S and 23S rRNA and DNA-DNA hybridization of total DNA against DNA of all type strains of Acetobacter identified Acetobacter strains JK2 and V3 as A. europaeus, and Acetobacter strain JK3 as A. intermedius. In contrast to the type strain of A. europaeus (DSM 6160), A. europaeus JK2 and V3 do not require acetic acid for growth and can be successfully transferred between media with and without acetic acid. This phenotypic characteristic enables convenient handling of both strains in genetic studies. Plasmid pJK2-1 from A. europaeus JK2 was used as the basis for shuttle plasmid construction with the aim of developing an efficient vector system for these strains. The entire nucleotide sequence of pJK2-1 was determined. High amino acid identities were found for three open reading frames: Rep (replication protein); Dinjl (DNA damage inducible enzyme); and Dinj2 proteins. A recombinant plasmid pUCJK2-1 (5.6 kb) consisting of the entire plasmid pJK2-1 and the entire plasmid pUC18 was successfully used in transformation experiments. Plasmid pJT2 (5.8 kb) was constructed from pUCJK2-1 with the aim of reactivating the lacZ' gene.
Acetic Acid↗
Increased production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter sp. V6 in synthetic media under shaking culture conditions.
Acetobacter strains are bacteria that can synthesize cellulose when grown in a complex medium containing glucose. The effect of the components of a synthetic medium on bacterial cellulose (BC) production by a newly isolated Acetobacter sp. V6 in shaking cultures was investigated. BC production was dependent on the presence of MgSO4 x 7H2O and cosubstrates such as ethanol and lactic acid in the medium. The optimal synthetic medium contained 1.5% glucose, 0.2% (NH4)2SO4, 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.3% Na2HPO4 x 12H2O, 0.08% MgSO4 x 7H2O, 0.0005% FeSO4 x 7H2O, 0.0003% H3BO3, 0.00005% nicotinamide, and 0.6% ethanol. A maximum BC concentration of 4.16 g/l was achieved after 8 days of cultivation at 200 rpm. The production of BC by Acetobacter sp. V6 was higher in synthetic medium than complex medium (Hestrin and Schramm medium) traditionally used for Acetobacter strains.
Acetobacter↗
Development of an optimized, simple chemically defined medium for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter sp. A9 in shaking cultures.
The genus Acetobacter can synthesize cellulose when grown in an undefined medium containing glucose. By using the technique of the omission of a single medium component, an optimized and simple chemically defined medium was developed to support cellulose production by Acetobacter sp. A9 in shaking culture. It contained 4.0% (w/v) glucose, 0.2% (w/v) (NH(4))(2)SO(4), 0.25% (w/v) KH(2)PO(4), 0.3% (w/v) Na(2)HPO(4).12H(2)O, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO(4).7H(2)O, 0.0002% (w/v) FeSO(4).7H(2)O, 0.00025% (w/v) H(3)BO(3), 0.00006% (w/v) nicotinamide, 0.00025% (w/v) inositol and 1.4% (v/v) ethanol. A maximum cellulose concentration of around 8 g/l was achieved after 9 days of cultivation at 200 rev./min. The production of cellulose by Acetobacter sp. A9 was greater in simplified synthetic medium than in complex medium (Hestrin and Schramm medium) conventionally used for Acetobacter strains.
Acetobacter↗
Coffea arabica L., a new host plant for Acetobacter diazotrophicus, and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria.
Acetobacter diazotrophicus was isolated from coffee plant tissues and from rhizosphere soils. Isolation frequencies ranged from 15 to 40% and were dependent on soil pH. Attempts to isolate this bacterial species from coffee fruit, from inside vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores, or from mealybugs (Planococcus citri) associated with coffee plants were not successful. Other acid-producing diazotrophic bacteria were recovered with frequencies of 20% from the coffee rhizosphere. These N2-fixing isolates had some features in common with the genus Acetobacter but should not be assigned to the species Acetobacter diazotrophicus because they differed from A. diazotrophicus in morphological and biochemical traits and were largely divergent in electrophoretic mobility patterns of metabolic enzymes at coefficients of genetic distance as high as 0.950. In addition, these N2-fixing acetobacteria differed in the small-subunit rRNA restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns obtained with EcoRI, and they exhibited very low DNA-DNA homology levels, ranging from 11 to 15% with the A. diazotrophicus reference strain PAI 5T. Thus, some of the diazotrophic acetobacteria recovered from the rhizosphere of coffee plants may be regarded as N2-fixing species of the genus Acetobacter other than A. diazotrophicus. Endophytic diazotrophic bacteria may be more prevalent than previously thought, and perhaps there are many more potentially beneficial N2-fixing bacteria which can be isolated from other agronomically important crops.
Acetobacter↗
The presence of Acetobacter sp. in ensiled forage crops and ensiled industrial byproducts.
The presence of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in whole crop maize silage, whole crop wheat silage, pressed sugar beet pulp silage, grass silage and brewer's grains silage was investigated. AAB could be isolated from whole crop maize silage, whole crop wheat silage and pressed sugar beet pulp silage, but could not be detected in grass silage (> 100 silo's tested) or brewer's grains silage (5 silo's tested). Thirty AAB isolates were characterized to genus level. All isolates, i.e. 20 from whole crop maize silage, 5 from whole crop wheat silage and 5 from pressed sugar beet pulp silage, belonged to the genus Acetobacter. Two isolates from maize silage were further characterized. Partial 16S rRNA analyses revealed that one isolate was closely related to Acetobacter aceti (98% sequence homology), the other to Acetobacter pomorum (98% sequence homology). These results combined with the substrate utilization profiles indicate that these isolates probably represent thus far undescribed species of Acetobacter.
Acetic Acid↗
[Researches to the conversion of sorbit into sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (author's transl)].
The production of sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (4) is closely related to the concentration of sorbit in the medium. An increasing concentration of sorbit gives rise to the inhibition of cell reproduction; followed by a decrease of sorbose content in the culture medium. The decrease of sorbose yield in concentrations of about 15% sorbit in medium indicates the decreasing metabolism rate of the total population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) culture and does not refer to the ability of the individual bacterium cell to produce sorbose. Relevant research work showed, that sorbose production for each bacterium cell distinctly increased with the decrease of the number of cells in a population of Acetobacter suboxydans (4) as a consequence of the application of an increased sorbit concentration. An unrestrained reproduction of bacteria could be obtained by exluding all factors involved in the contamination of sorbit and exhibiting toxic effects. Therefore the organisms could be offered a greater concentration of sorbit for conversion into sorbose. Thus sorbose yield would be increased, respectively. The total conversion of the C-source into sorbose could not be obtained with Acetobacter ruboxydans (4).
Acetobacter↗
Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. VI. Growth on citric acid-cycle intermediates.
Gromet-Elhanan, Zippora (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) and Shlomo Hestrin. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. VI. Growth on citric acid-cycle intermediates. J. Bacteriol. 85:284-292. 1963.-Acetobacter xylinum could be made to grow on ethanol, acetate, succinate, or l-malate. The growth was accompanied by formation of opaque leathery pellicles on the surface of the growth medium. These pellicles were identified as cellulose on the basis of their chemical properties, solubility behavior, and infrared absorption spectra. Washed-cell suspensions prepared from cultures grown on ethanol or the organic acids, in contrast to washed sugar-grown cells, were able to transform citric-cycle intermediates into cellulose. The variations in the substrate spectrum of cellulose synthesis between sugar-grown cells and organic acids-grown cells were found to be correlated with differences in the oxidative capacity of the cells. The significance of the findings that A. xylinum could be made to grow on ethanol on complex as well as synthetic media is discussed from the viewpoint of the whole pattern of Acetobacter classification.
Acetates↗
Characterization of the replicon from plasmid pAC1 from Acetobacter pasteurianus.
A panel of recombinant plasmids pACK5 and pACT7 was prepared by introducing kanamycin and tetracycline resistance into the partially split plasmid pAC1 which contained replicon isolated from Acetobacter pasteurianus. The replicon in plasmid pAC1 is compatible with the ColE1 replicon. Compared to pBR322, the plasmid had more than 30 copies per chromosome in Escherichia coli cells. Plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH1, Acetobacter pasteurianus 3614, Acetobacter aceti 3620, Shigella, Citrobacter, and Brevibacterium flavum cells, and the stability of plasmid DNA was tested after cultivation in nonselective conditions.
Acetobacter↗
Transformation of microorganisms with the plasmid vector with the replicon from pAC1 from Acetobacter pasteurianus.
A number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species was screened for the expression of the gram-negative plasmid pACK5 and pACT72 with replicon of pAC1 plasmid from Acetobacter pasteurianus. As was described previously, both plasmids were expressed in Escherichia coli, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter aceti, Shigella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Expressions of plasmids were successful in twelve species tested, Comamonas terrigena, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megatericum, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Micrococcus luteus, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptoccocus feacalis, and the stability of plasmid DNA was tested after cultivation in non-selective conditions.
Acetobacter↗
Acetobacter intermedius, sp. nov.
Strains of a new species in the genus Acetobacter, for which we propose the name A. intermedius sp. nov., were isolated and characterized in pure culture from different sources (Kombucha beverage, cider vinegar, spirit vinegar) and different countries (Switzerland, Slovenia). The isolated strains grow in media with 3% acetic acid and 3% ethanol as does A. europaeus, do, however, not require acetic acid for growth. These characteristics phenotypically position A. intermedius between A. europaeus and A. xylinus, DNA-DNA hybridizations of A. intermedius-DNA with DNA of the type strains of Acetobacter europaeus, A. xylinus, A. aceti, A. hansenii, A. liquefaciens, A. methanolicus, A. pasteurianus, A. diazotrophicus, Gluconobacter oxydans and Escherichia coli HB 101 indicated less than 60% DNA similarity. The important features of the new species are described. Acetobacter intermedius strain TF2 (DSM11804) isolated from the liquid phase of a tea fungus beverage (Kombucha) is the type strain.
Acetobacter↗
The effect of sulphur dioxide and oxygen on the viability and culturability of a strain of Acetobacter pasteurianus and a strain of Brettanomyces bruxellensis isolated from wine.
AIMS: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of free molecular and bound forms of sulphur dioxide and oxygen on the viability and culturability of a selected strain of Acetobacter pasteurianus and a selected strain of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in wine. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acetic acid bacteria and Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts associated with wine spoilage were isolated from bottled commercial red wines. One bacterium, A. pasteurianus strain A8, and one yeast, B. bruxellensis strain B3a, were selected for further study. The resistance to sulphur dioxide and the effect of oxygen addition on these two selected strains were determined by using plating and epifluorescence techniques for monitoring cell viability in wine. Acetobacter pasteurianus A8 was more resistant to sulphur dioxide than B. bruxellensis B3a, with the latter being rapidly affected by a short exposure time to free molecular form of sulphur dioxide. As expected, neither of these microbial strains was affected by the bound form of sulphur dioxide. The addition of oxygen negated the difference observed between plate and epifluorescence counts for A. pasteurianus A8 during storage, while it stimulated growth of B. bruxellensis B3a. CONCLUSIONS: Acetobacter pasteurianus A8 can survive under anaerobic conditions in wine in the presence of sulphur dioxide. Brettanomyces bruxellensis B3a is more sensitive to sulphur dioxide than A. pasteurianus A8, but can grow in the presence of oxygen. Care should be taken to exclude oxygen from contact with wine when it is being transferred or moved. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Wine spoilage can be avoided by preventing growth of undesirable acetic acid bacteria and Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts through the effective use of sulphur dioxide and the management of oxygen throughout the winemaking process.
Acetobacter↗
Characterization of the genes encoding the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans and their expression in Acetobacter pasteurianus.
The three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO12528 was purified, and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of each subunit was determined. On the basis of the amino acid sequences, the genes adhA, encoding the 72-kDa dehydrogenase, adhB, encoding the 44-kDa cytochrome c-553 (a CO-binding cytochrome c), and adhS, encoding a 15-kDa protein, were cloned and the amino acid sequences of their products were deduced from the nucleotide sequences. The dehydrogenase and cytochrome genes were clustered with the same transcription polarity, as is the case in species of Acetobacter, another genus of acetic acid bacteria. These AdhA and AdhB subunits showed similarity in amino acid sequence to those from Acetobacter spp., whereas AdhS showed no similarity to the corresponding subunit of the ADH complex of Acetobacter pasteurianus. Consistent with this, adhS of G. suboxydans could not complement a defect in the corresponding subunit of A. pasteurianus. When the adhA-adhB gene cluster of G. suboxydans was expressed in an ADH-deficient mutant of A. pasteurianus, the transformant showed distinct ADH activity. The ADH complex was purified to near homogeneity and consisted of two subunits, the dehydrogenase and the cytochrome c subunits derived from G. suboxydans, without any other subunit. These data suggested that AdhS, the smallest subunit of ADH, from G. suboxydans is not essential for ADH activity in A. pasteurianus, in contrast to the essential role of A. pasteurianus AdhS, which is required for correct assembly of the dehydrogenase and cytochrome c subunits on the membrane.
Acetobacter↗
A gene encoding phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from Acetobacter aceti and some properties of its disruptant.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major component of membranes not only in eukaryotes, but also in several bacteria, including Acetobacter. To identify the PC biosynthetic pathway and its role in Acetobacter sp., we have studied Acetobacter aceti IFO3283, which is characterized by high ethanol oxidizing ability and high resistance to acetic acid. The pmt gene of A. aceti, encoding phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pmt), which catalyzes methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to PC, has been cloned and sequenced. One recombinant plasmid that complemented the PC biosynthesis was isolated from a gene library of the genomic DNA of A. aceti. The pmt gene encodes a polypeptide with molecular mass of either 25125, 26216, or 29052 for an about 27-kDa protein. The sequence of this gene showed significant similarity (44.3% identity in the similar sequence region) with the Rhodobacter sphaeroides pmtA gene which is involved in PE N-methylation. When the pmt gene was expressed in E. coli, which lacks PC, the Pmt activity and PC formation were clearly demonstrated. A. aceti strain harboring an interrupted pmt allele, pmt::Km, was constructed. The pmt disruption was confirmed by loss of Pmt and PC, and by Southern blot analyses. The null pmt mutant contained no PC, but tenfold more PE and twofold more phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The pmt disruptant did not show any dramatic effects on growth in basal medium supplemented with ethanol, but the disruption caused slow growth in basal medium supplemented with acetate. These results suggest that the lack of PC in the A. aceti membrane may be compensated by the increases of PE and PG by an unknown mechanism, and PC in A. aceti membrane is related to its acetic acid tolerance.
Acetobacter↗