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Results for “Acceptance Process”

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PubMed2005

Modeling the dynamics of fermentation and respiratory processes in a groundwater plume of phenolic contaminants interpreted from laboratory- to field-scale.

A biodegradation model with consecutive fermentation and respiration processes, developed from microcosm experiments and simulated mathematically with microbial growth kinetics, has been implemented into a field-scale reactive transport model of a groundwater plume of phenolic contaminants. Simulation of the anaerobic plume core with H2 and acetate as intermediate products of biodegradation allows the rates and parameter values forfermentation processes and individual respiratory terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPS) to be estimated using detailed, spatially discrete, hydrochemical field data. The modeling of field-scale plume development includes consideration of microbial acclimatization, substrate toxicity toward degradation, bioavailability of mineral oxides, and adsorption of biogenic Fe(ll) species in the aquifer, identified from complementary laboratory process studies. The results suggest that plume core processes, particularly fermentation and Fe(lll)-reduction, are more important for degradation than previously thought, possibly with a greater impact than plume fringe processes (aerobic respiration, denitrification, and SO4-reduction). The accumulation of acetate as a fermentation product within the plume contributes significantly to the mass balance for carbon. These results demonstrate the value of quantifying fermentation products within organic contaminant plumes and strongly suggest that the conceptual model selected for reactive processes plays a dominant role in the quantitative assessment of risk reduction by naturally occurring biodegradation processes.

Acetates↗
PubMed1993

Knowledge-guided segmentation of colorectal histopathologic imagery.

Scene segmentation in images of sections of colorectal glands is guided by a knowledge-based system. The construction of the knowledge file, processing sequences and computation of a crowding index for adenomatous glands are described. The histologic sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and the image segmentation was difficult. The knowledge-based system has to determine, on the basis of context and logic, which detected object groups belong to which histologic components. Image segmentation was followed by a reconstruction process. Acceptable segmentation was attained in approximately 85% of the glands processed.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1999

Effects of a commercial heat-shock process on Vibrio vulnificus in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, harvested from the Gulf Coast.

Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) harvested from the Gulf Coast, containing 10(2) to 10(4) most probable number (MPN) per gram of Vibrio vulnificus, were subjected to a commercial heat-shock process. After 1 to 4 min at internal oyster meat temperatures exceeding 50 degrees C, shellstock oysters were shucked, chilled, washed, and packed. V. vulnificus and total bacterial levels in Gulf Coast oysters were significantly reduced from 1 to 4 logs in the finished product. Similar reductions were not observed in shellstock oysters that were subject to conventional processing. Under the National Shellfish Sanitation Program, heat shocking is an acceptable process to use to assist in the shucking of shellstock. This research revealed that the heat-shock process may also serve to significantly reduce V. vulnificus in summer Gulf Coast oysters.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The sociology of entrenchment: a cystic fibrosis test for everyone?

In this article we introduce the notion of entrenchment to conceptualize the processes in which new technological options, through the interactions between a variety of actors, become viable and established practices in society, both satisfying and modifying needs and interests. The notion of entrenchment we use as a framework for an analysis of developments and debates in the field of cystic fibrosis testing and screening in Denmark. On the one hand, it appears that the development and introduction of cystic fibrosis (CF) screening to some extent is predetermined both by existing networks of human genome researchers, clinical geneticists, patients (organizations), funding organizations, and regulatory agencies, and by existing practices like that of prenatal diagnosis. On the other hand, in Denmark, the content and future of CF screening is shaped in ongoing processes or articulation of demand for screening and of its cultural and political acceptability, processes which also involve political decision-making and which (may) result in new networks and regimes. Yet, what appears to be an inherent and undecided part of the process of entrenchment of CF screening in Denmark, is how to allocate responsibilities and authority to decide what is acceptable and what not.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed2004

Patients' perceptions of informed consent in acute myocardial infarction research: a Danish study.

Seeking informed consent from patients in the acute phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) poses an ethical challenge due to the fact that these patients are under stress and require urgent medical attention. The very procedure of informed consent, which is supposed to protect eligible patients, may in fact cause harm due to a potential delay in the provision of therapy. Whether or not informed consent can and should be obtained under these particular circumstances is far from evident. Patients participating in various large-scale AMI trials have been enrolled with, as well as without, informed consent in recent years. Little is known, however, about how patients experience the informed consent process in the emergency situation of an AMI. This paper reports the results from qualitative interviews with 32 patients, who had to decide whether or not to participate in a large multi-centre clinical trial in Denmark. We analyse to what extent patients found the informed consent process acceptable as well as how various factors influenced their experience of the consent process. We argue that it is morally sound to involve those patients in a brief and concise informed consent process and that consent should be sought in such trials. Finally, we discuss how future AMI trials may nonetheless be improved by accommodating some of the concerns of the patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tomando Control: a culturally appropriate diabetes education program for Spanish-speaking individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus--evaluation of a pilot project.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to pilot test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a culturally appropriate and culturally relevant Spanish-language cognitive-behavioral diabetes self-care educational intervention for Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study site was an urban community health center in the Northeast, at which 16 Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited. This was a 1-group pretest-posttest pilot study, during which qualitative and quantitative data were collected on demographic, physiologic (HbA1c, body mass index, lipids), psychosocial (diabetes-related distress and health beliefs), knowledge, and language-based acculturation variables at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory data, and chart review. The intervention was culturally appropriate in terms of language, social emphasis, nutritional guidance, and acknowledgment of cultural health beliefs. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used to evaluate response variables of glycemic control, lipid levels, and psychosocial and knowledge outcomes. The intervention acceptability process was evaluated by attendance and attrition. RESULTS: This pilot study demonstrated excellent acceptance for and feasibility of this intervention. Most study participants (9 women, 7 men) were middle-aged married individuals who had had diabetes mellitus for an average of 8 years; English was a second language for all of them. Most were overweight and had suboptimal glycemic control and lipid profiles and moderate levels of knowledge at the outset of the study. Most had received a one-on-one diabetes educational session prior to the intervention. Over the 6 months of the study, most of both men and women showed an increase in knowledge scores, improvement in lipid profiles, and reduction in HbA1c levels. Men demonstrated a temporary increase in emotional distress much greater than that reported by women during the first 3 months of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a culturally relevant type 2 diabetes mellitus educational program, particularly one that addresses different learning needs and styles of men and women, can have a positive impact on Hispanic Americans with diabetes. Implications for practice include awareness of gender-based differences in response to self-management education, the importance of providing realistic samples of meals prepared in a manner consistent with American Diabetes Association principles, and the rationale for offering a brief and focused refresher course 6 to 9 months following this type of intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT): origins and functions.

The skin has an unusual set of immunologic requirements. It is confronted by a specialized set of pathogenic organisms and environmental chemicals that represent a distinctive spectrum of antigenic specificities. Skin is subjected to physicochemical stresses such as irradiation with ultraviolet light that alter dramatically its immunologic properties. It is proposed that nature has provided skin with a unique collection of lymphoid cells, reticular cells, and organized lymphoid organs to deal with these special demands. Evidence in favor of the existence of skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT) includes (1) the cutaneous microenvironment is capable on its own of accepting, processing, and presenting nominal antigen; (2) strategically located peripheral lymph nodes are able to accept immunogenic signals derived from skin; (3) subsets of T lymphocytes display differential affinity for skin and its associated peripheral nodes; and (4) acquisition of this affinity by T cells is determined at least in part by differentiation signals received in situ from resident cutaneous cells. Responsibility for the establishment and integration of SALT rests with keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, and immunocompetent lymphocytes, each of which contributes uniquely to the synthesis. Together they provide skin with immune surveillance that effectively prejudices against the development of cutaneous neoplasms and persistent infection with intracellular pathogens. In patients who have been under long-term immunosuppressive therapy, the large majority of nonlymphoid malignancies arise within the skin, rather than other types of tissues. These data suggest that immune surveillance, once thought to be an immune defense operative in all somatic tissues, is a specialized immune function dedicated to the skin and mediated by SALT.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurse attrition as a process.

Problems with attracting and retaining nurses during a tight labor market are exacerbated by the fundamental issues related to attrition from the field. Many individuals leave the field prior to graduation or between graduation and placement. Significant attrition occurs during the first 5 years in the profession. One out of every 3 hospital nurses under the age of 30 is planning to leave the current job in the next year [Nursing Shortage Fact Sheet (March 2002). American College of Nursing. Available at: www.aacn.nche.edu/media/backgrounders/shortagefacts.htmaacn.nche.edu. Accessed January 3, 2003]. In this situation, it is of concern that we have been unable to identify any research which takes a holistic approach to issues of attrition. Instead, research is fragmentary, anecdotal, and treats problems in isolation. In this article, we take a conceptual approach and attempt to consider what is being said in the literature about the forms which nurse attrition takes at varying stages in the nursing career. Specifically, we begin a step-by-step examination of the process through which the individual first considers nursing as a career, to the application and acceptance processes, through the educational process and the nursing curriculum in general, to graduation and initial placement, and finally, to the fifth year when the nurse is fully engaged as a practicing nurse. At each stage, we discuss potential issues which may lead to attrition and develop hypotheses to guide further research.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2006

Nitroaromatic reduction kinetics as a function of dominant terminal electron acceptor processes in natural sediments.

The reductive transformation of p-cyanonitrobenzene (pCNB) was investigated in laboratory batch slurries exhibiting dominant terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs). Pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) were measured for the reduction of pCNB in nitrate-reducing, iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic sediment slurries. Reduction was extremely slow in nitrate-reducing slurries but increased in slurries exhibiting TEAPs with significant concentrations of solution phase Fe(ll). As the reduction of pCNB progressed in the Fe(ll) rich systems, significant but nonstoichiometric decreases in aqueous Fe(ll) concentration were measured. Normalization of k(obs) to initial aqueous Fe(ll) concentrations (k(obs)/[Fe(ll)]t=0) gave values ranging from 0.0040 to 0.0052 d(-1) microM(-1) for nitrate-reducing, iron-reducing, and methanogenic sediment slurries as well as sulfate-reducing sediment slurries in which lactate served as a source of organic carbon. The k(obs)/ [Fe(ll)]t=0 ratios were 1-fold greater for sulfate-reducing batch slurries amended with acetate and iron-reducing slurries equilibrated with a 3% H2 atmosphere indicating that the electron source and system parameters such as pH play a determinant role in the reaction kinetics. Although these data demonstrate that aqueous phase Fe(ll) must be present for significant reduction to occur, a limited role for aqueous phase Fe(ll) as a quantitative indicator of reactivity is suggested.

Anions↗
PubMed2001

The effects of processing methods on the levels of lysine, methionine and the general acceptability of ogi processed using starter cultures.

Batches of ogi were produced from maize flour slurry, dehulled maize grains and whole maize grains using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus brevis as starter cultures. Fermentation over time showed that dehulled maize grains inoculated with the starter cultures and processed whole maize grains requiring steeping led to higher acid production than fermentation with dry-milled maize slurry. Ogi from dehulled maize grains inoculated with starter cultures showed the highest levels of lysine and methionine. Steeping grains encouraged a stronger ogi aroma than fermentation of maize flour slurry alone. Lactobacillus brevis contributed most to the taste of ogi. Fermentation with starter cultures showed good prospects for improving the lysine and methionine levels of ogi.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1996

Quality assurance after process changes of the production of a therapeutic antibody.

Process development for the production of a therapeutic humanised antibody is a very complex operation. It involves recombinant genetics, verification of a strong expression system, gene amplification, characterisation of a stable host cell expression system, optimisation and design of the mammalian cell culture fermentation system and development of an efficient recovery process resulting in high yields and product quality. Rapid progress in the field and the wish of some pharmaceutical companies for outsourcing their production are the driving forces for process changes relatively late in the development phase. This literature survey is aimed at identifying the limits of acceptable process changes in up scaling of the fermentation and down stream processing of biopharmaceuticals and defining the demand in production validation to prove product equivalency and identity of the isolated, purified therapeutic antibody.

Animals↗