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PubMed2000

Obtaining fingerprints from mummified fingers: a method for tissue rehydration adapted from the archeological literature.

Our laboratory was asked to help with the rehydration of mummified human fingertips that had been removed from a recently deceased, unidentified female. Using a solution that was found in the archeological literature, we were able to successfully rehydrate dermal tissues to the extent that fingerprints could be taken. We believe that this solution, which until now has not been described in the forensic literature, is effective, affordable, and relatively easy to produce and use.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2001

Coccidioidomycosis in workers at an archeologic site--Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June-July 2001.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of airborne Coccidioides immitis spores that are present in the arid soil of the southwestern United States, California, and parts of Central and South America. Infection with C. immitis previously has not been diagnosed in patients outside these areas, except in travelers returning from areas where the disease is endemic. This report describes an outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in workers at an archeologic site in northeastern Utah during June-July, 2001, and represents the first identification of coccidioidomycosis in northern Utah. Health-care providers should consider coccidioidomycosis in the differential diagnosis for patients with compatible illness who reside in or recently have traveled to this area. Interventions to minimize soil disturbance and dust inhalation can reduce the risk for coccidioidomycosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Archeological and artistic sources of coca consumption in pre-hispanic America].

The use of coca in pre-hispanic America is confirmed by archeological and artistic sources, such as sculptures, ceramics, fabrics and pictures. The historical and geographical diffusion of these pieces of evidence seems to point to the fact that coca has been a strong element in the union of the different cultures of this continent. Those pieces of evidence were mostly found in a religious bond and indicate towards the divine character awarded to this plant; this divinity will, later on, be confirmed by the Inca's, who will raise it to a god. Owing to its many properties such as its use in the course of initiation rituals and of important celebrations, and seeing its fundamental importance in economy, coca was allowed a manifold value. The investigation of as well the technical (materials, workmanship,...) as the esthetic factors (form, style,...) of the works of art, combined with the study of the cultural background, shows that the use of coca seems to have been a privilege of the upper social classes. It is just from the Inca period (1450-1530) that the whole people could reach to coca, so that its stimulating properties outweighed the symbolic meaning.

Art↗
PubMed1973

Coccidioidomycosis in Northern California. An outbreak among archeology students near Red Bluff.

An outbreak of coccidioidomycosis occurred among 39 archeology students in the summer of 1972. The students excavated Indian ruins near Red Bluff in Tehama County, California, 20 miles north of the previously recognized northernmost limit of endemicity. At least 17 persons contracted an illness clinically compatible with a diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioidomycosis was documented by skin test conversion as well as by specific serologic reactions. Coccidioides immitis was also isolated from two soil samples taken at the excavation site. In light of its ecological requirements, it is doubtful that C. immitis will be recovered much farther north than Red Bluff. The occupational hazard of coccidioidomycosis to archeologists and others employed in known endemic areas remains a substantial threat to health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Craniofacial anomalies in the Upper Missouri River over a millennium: archeological and clinical evidence.

Congenital facial clefting occurs more often in Native Americans from the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) than it does in the general population. However, no facial clefts were seen in 3,750 ancient UMRB skeletons. Very few reports concerning defective palate crania are in the literature of paleopathology. Findings regarding craniofacial anomalies in today's native Americans in the UMRB are presented briefly and compared to those in skeletons from this region. There is a marked difference between the frequency of anomalies which occurred in the past and those which are present today. Although the people sampled here were from many cultures and lived during different time periods, encompassing over a millenium, the fundamental denominator was a common geographic location. Reasons for the differences between the past and the present are advanced. It may be possible to estimate the frequency of anomalies which have not been found in archeological specimens but which are present today. By comparing data concerning "occult" congenital anomalies of the past with those of the present, the actual prevalence of past cranio-facial anomalies may be estimated through careful extrapolation.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1995

Recovery of helminth eggs from archeological excavations of the Grand Louvre (Paris, France).

Archeological excavations at the Grand Louvre in Paris, France, during 1985-1990, provided an opportunity for paleoparasitological investigation at various ancient sites of habitation, dating from the 11th to the 16th centuries. Eggs of helminths were recovered by means of sedimentation and flotation. The genera of helminths represented were Ascaris, Trichuris, Heterakis, Metastrongylus, Fasciola, and Dicrocoelium.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bone protects proteins over thousands of years: extraction, analysis, and interpretation of extracellular matrix proteins in archeological skeletal remains.

In a good state of preservation, bone conserves the entire protein pattern of extracellular bone matrix proteins over thousands of years. The quality of the profiles of matrix proteins isolated from ancient bones (ranging from the pre-Pottery Neolithic Phase to Early Modern Times from different archaeological sites in different geographical areas), separated by electrophoresis, is as good as those from recent bones. Molecules arising from collagenous proteins (e.g., collagen type I), from the noncollagenous group (e.g., osteonectin), and from the immune system (e.g., immunoglobulin G) were identified in Western blots by specific antibodies. A comparative study of the immunoglobulin G content of the bones of five prehistoric children showed the lowest immunoglobulin G content in a child who suffered from chronic scurvy. Ancient bone proteins were also separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. This technique makes fractionation of the complex protein mixtures of extracellular bone matrix more reproducible. Bone retains a chemical memory of earlier metabolic stimuli in its configuration of collagenous and noncollagenous proteins. In combination with the results of the microscopic examination of ancient bone, it should be possible to obtain more reliable information on the history and the evolution of diseases, based on analysis of intact proteins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Interglobular dentine in first and third molars: relation to hours of sunshine during growth in two archeological populations from England.

Thin ground sections of first molars (M1), third molars (M3), and second premolars (P2) were scanned by light microscopy for relative amounts of interglobular dentine (IGD) in the top half of the crown. Two well-dated cemetery series of English provenance were sampled: the Saint Bride's Church collection (SB) from eighteenth century London, for which the sex, age, and calendar year at death of each individual are known; and the early Anglo-Saxons from Abingdon (A-AS), near Oxford. A lesser number of prehispanic aboriginal Guanche teeth from Tenerife (TG) were also studied. Estimates of insolation in the past were developed indirectly by reference to delta 0(18) mass spectrometer analyses of dated layers of the Greenland ice sheet. In the M1 and M3 of the SB and the A-AS populations, IGD varied as an inverse linear function of average annual hours of bright sunshine below a certain critical level, the insolation deficit threshold being significantly higher and IGD formation faster in the M1 than in the M3. No such dose-response gradient was apparent in the P2 data, presumably because the calcification of this tooth during the fourth year of life coincides with serious pediatric illnesses and weaning of the child onto cereal foods rich in phytate, which together confound and overwhelm the insolation deficit effect. IGD in all three types of teeth of the small TG series was considerably higher than had been predicted on the basis of bright sunshine availability; but the discrepancy is readily explainable in terms of this population's dietary, which relied on barley as the main staple.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Genetic tumor archeology: microdissection and genetic heterogeneity in squamous and basal cell carcinoma.

Carcinogenesis is a multi-step series of somatic genetic events. The complexity of this multi-hit process makes it difficult to determine each single event and the definitive outcome of such events. To investigate the genetic alterations in cancer-related genes, sensitive and reliable detection methods are of major importance for generating relevant results. Another critical issue is the quality of starting material which largely affects the outcome of the analysis. Microdissection of cells defined under the microscope ensures a selection of representative material for subsequent genetic analysis. Skin cancer provides an advantageous model for studying the development of cancer. Detectable lesions occur early during tumor progression, facilitating molecular analysis of the cell populations from both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Alterations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are very common in non-melanoma skin cancer, and dysregulation of p53 pathways appear to be an early event in the tumor development. A high frequency of epidermal p53 clones has been detected in chronically sun-exposed skin. The abundance of clones containing p53 mutated keratinocytes adjacent to basal cell (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) suggests a role in human skin carcinogenesis. Studies using p53 mutations as a clonality marker have suggested a direct link between actinic keratosis, SCC in situ and invasive SCC. Microdissection-based studies have also shown that different parts of individual BCC tumors can share a common p53 mutation yet differ with respect to additional alterations within the p53 gene, consistent with subclonal development within tumors. Here, we present examples of using well-defined cell populations, including single cells, from complex tissue in combination with molecular tools to reveal features involved in skin carcinogenesis.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Genome archeology leading to the characterization and classification of transport proteins.

In the study of transmembrane transport, molecular phylogeny provides a reliable guide to protein structure, catalytic and noncatalytic transport mechanisms, mode of energy coupling and substrate specificity. It also allows prediction of the evolutionary history of a transporter family, leading to estimations of its age, source, and route of appearance. Phylogenetic analyses, therefore, provide a rational basis for the characterization and classification of transporters. A universal classification system has been described, based on both function and phylogeny, which has been designed to be applicable to all currently recognized and yet-to-be discovered transport proteins found in living organisms on Earth.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Mood-stabilizers: the archeology of the concept.

OBJECTIVE: To review the history of 'mood-stabilizing' treatments. METHOD: We have reviewed primary source data on the origin of the use of current mood-stabilizers. RESULTS: This historical record on the origins of the mood-stabilizers points to a more ambiguous picture as regards pharmacotherapeutic specificity to bipolar disorders than is commonly conceded. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests a need for alternative formulations of the concept of a mood-stabilizer. An alternative to the currently dominant paradigm is that these agents have treatment effects, which need to be matched more precisely with patients' constitutional types in order to optimize outcomes.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Neuro-archeology.

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Behavior↗