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PubMed1992

Reevaluation of the API 20E identification system versus conventional biochemicals for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: a new look at an old product.

The API 20E bacterial identification system has been used for 19 years, often as the standard with which other identification systems are compared. Because the accuracy of this system compared with conventional biochemical tests has not been determined in many years, we evaluated the API 20E linear strip by using 291 typical and atypical strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae taken from a culture collection. At 24 h, the API 20E correctly identified by genus and species 229 of 291 (78.7%) of the strains, using Salmonella and Shigella serotyping where indicated. At 48 h, 95.2% were correctly identified by using additional biochemical tests as recommended by the manufacturer. The API 20E misidentified eight (2.7%) strains; these strains were not limited to any particular genus. When 81 of these Enterobacteriaceae strains were arranged into a weighted assortment correlating to the frequency with which they might be found in a clinical laboratory, the API 20E correctly identified 71 (87.7%) at 24 h and 78 (96.3%) at 48 h. This evaluation concluded that the accuracy of the identification of Enterobacteriaceae strains at 24 h (78.7%) may be significantly lower than that of earlier evaluations. However, there is no significant difference in the ability of the API 20E to correctly identify "challenge" type organisms (229 of 291) versus routine hospital isolates (71 of 81) (P greater than 0.05), but the system is not as accurate as the conventional biochemical method of identification.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Using SIB and API kits to identify and biotype enterobacteria of different origin.

A collection of 26 Enterobacteriaceae reference strains provided by Reference Centres in Moscow (USSR) and Copenhagen (Denmark) as well as a collection of 660 freshly isolated cultures of Gram-negative bacteria of different origin were investigated using SIB indicator systems manufactured at the Gorky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (USSR) and API-20E, Rapid-20E and API-10S kits (API, France) with the aim of species determination. In analyzing freshly isolated cultures, API-20E, API-10S and SIB-B kits proved to be of approximately equal efficiency, whereas the Rapid-20E system enabled species identification in no more than 78% of the tested cultures. In a model biotyping of 284 E. coli cultures of different origin, SIB-B and API-20E kits in combination with the Analytical Profile Index enabled sufficiently rapid and standard identification of Enterobacteriaceae biovars.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of the API ATB 32C system for the rapid identification of foodborne yeasts.

The commercial API ATB 32C identification kit was compared with a standard method for identifying 11 reference strains and 53 yeast strains isolated from fermented milk products. Approx. 50% of the species considered in the API ATB 32C database were identified on a level of good, very good, and excellent identification. The numerical profile of 25 strains was not found in the API ATB 32C index. Low discrimination or misidentification was observed in seven strains. The low reliability of the API ATB 32C system may be ascribed to the incomplete nature of the profile index. A majority (91%) of the strains, however, were identified correctly by the API ATB 32C strip test results in combination with the commercial computer program of Barnett et al. (1985). This combined procedure offers the possibility to identify any out of 497 species considered by Barnett et al. (1985).

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Mathematical analysis of the API enteric 20 profile register using a computer diagnostic model.

Results for 21 biochemical tests using the API-20 Enteric kit were obtained from the manufacturer's files for 27,820 bacterial isolates. These isolates were identified by the API Profile Register and also by a computer diagnostic model which estimates the relative likelihoods of various identifications. The computer confirmed the identification in the API Profile Register for 99.36% of the isolates. The manufacturer has reviewed areas of the API Profile Register questioned by the computer analysis; a number of resulting modifications to the API Profile Register have been incorporated in an update letter. This computer model provides a convenient and powerful way to interpret a large number of test results for bacterial identification. This study also demonstrates the use of a large collection of isolates to refine the data matrix used by the diagnostic model.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of PRAS II, RapID ANA, and API 20A systems for identification of anaerobic bacteria.

This study evaluated the PRAS II, RapID ANA, and API 20A systems for the identification of anaerobic bacteria. A total of 80 isolates (68 fresh clinical isolates and 12 stock cultures) were examined and included 25 Bacteriodes spp., 7 Fusobacterium spp., 12 Clostridium spp., 2 Veillonella spp., 16 gram-positive cocci, and 18 gram-positive nonsporeforming bacilli. All isolates were initially identified by the procedures outlined in Holdeman et al. (ed.), Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va., 1977; identifications from the PRAS II, RapID ANA, and API 20A systems were compared with these initial identifications. If no supplemental tests were required, the RapID ANA and API 20A systems had incubation times of 4 and 24 h, respectively; the PRAS II system generally required 2 to 5 days of incubation, depending on the growth rate of the isolate. PRAS II identified 74% correct to species level, 14% correct to genus only, and 6% incorrect; 6% could not be identified. PRAS II data were reevaluated according to a revised data base that was provided after completion of the study; PRAS II (revised) identified 82% correct to species, 12% correct to genus only, and 6% incorrect. RapID ANA identified 62% correct to the species level, 28% correct to genus only, and 10% incorrect. API 20A identified 71% correct to the species level, 10% correct to genus only, and 3% incorrect; 16% could not identified. The API 20A is a more established system for identification of anaerobic bacteria; PRAS II and RapID ANA appear to be promising new methods for the identification of anaerobic bacteria.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of the API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems in identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria.

The API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems were tested in parallel to identify nonfermentative bacteria and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria. Test strains consisted of consecutive clinical isolates, with stock cultures used to supplement those species infrequently recovered. The two microsystems, as well as tubes of triple sugar iron, motility, cetrimide, and oxidative glucose media, were inoculated by each worker for each organism. Identification of each isolate was by the protocol of the manufacturers, with supplemental tests and flagella stains performed when necessary. Concurrent identification was undertaken with a conventional system against which the results of the two systems were compared for accuracy. There was a 95.3% accuracy in identification by the Oxi-Ferm system and 88.9% by the API system. Almost one-fourth of all identification attempts with the API required computer assistance, and most of these were for oxidase positive bacteria. Because of this, and because the API system showed greater accuracy in identification of the oxidase-negative bacteria, it seems best suited for identification of these organisms (P. maltophilia, A. anitratus, and A. lwoffi). The Oxi/Ferm system is technically less cumbersome than the API and is well suited for both groups of organisms.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1985

Misuse and interlaboratory test reproducibility of API 20E system.

One hundred strains were referred to us for identification because they apparently could not be identified satisfactorily with the API 20E system (appareils et procédés d'identification). The inability to identify 31 strains was due primarily to failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Twenty six further strains were found to have been correctly identified by the sender's own API 20E results, so that only the remaining 43 strains definitely fell into the category for which our identification service was intended. Eighteen of the 43 strains not identified by the sender were identified by us using the API 20E system, and several possible reasons are given to explain the differences in these results. The remaining 25 strains either could not be identified by us on the API 20E system or, in the case of 13, they could not be identified by our conventional system and therefore no comparison could be made. The average interlaboratory probability of errors for the API 20E tests was 6.1%.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1985

[Evaluation of the sensitivity of Haemophilus to antibiotics by the modified API-ATB system].

A simple micromethod in a liquid medium using the API-ATB system was developed for testing the susceptibility of Haemophilus to antibiotics. To evaluate this method, 50 strains, including 12 beta-lactamase producers, were studied. Results were compared to those obtained using MIC determination in a liquid medium (reference) and an agar diffusion method (routine). For all three techniques, a Mueller-Hinton medium enriched in hemoglobin and NAD was used, and cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours in normal atmosphere. Influence of the inoculum on results was evaluated using the API-ATB method for all antibiotics and MIC determination for ampicillin; the optimal inoculum was found to be 8.10(5) CFU/ml. Beta-lactamase was looked for using the chromogen cephalosporin test associated with the API-ATB system. Values of MICs for the various antibiotics were consistent with previous reports. Paired comparison of techniques showed a 5.3% disagreement rate between API-ATB and MIC, with only 0.5% major discrepancies; in contrast, the disagreement rate exceeded 10% when disk diffusion was compared with the two other techniques. We conclude to the reliability and reproducibility of the API-ATB method which seems capable of improving current routine evaluations of the susceptibility of Haemophilus to antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2026

Citizenship Status and Contraceptive Method Use Among Latinx, Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Women in California.

Citizenship status confers rights and access to healthcare, yet little is known about how it impacts contraception use and type of method use. This study examined the role of citizenship status on contraceptive use among reproductive-aged (18-44 years), cis-gender Latinx and Asian and Pacific Islander (API) women. This study used the 2017-2020 waves of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Inclusion criteria included cisgender, heterosexual Latinx and API women of reproductive age (18-44 years) who were at risk of becoming pregnant (N = 3,027). Participants were classified into the following categories based on their citizenship status: non-citizens without a green card, legal permanent residents (LPRs), naturalized citizens, and U.S.-born citizens. We conducted bivariate analyses using Pearson's chi-square tests and multivariable analyses using adjusted binomial logistic regressions to assess associations between citizenship status and use of any modern and reversible method of contraception and type of method used. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity. All analyses were weighted. Three-quarters (75.8%) of the sample were Latinx, 57.5% were U.S.-born citizens, 16.3% were naturalized citizens, 10.6% were LPRs, and 15.7% were non-citizens without a green card. There were no significant differences in the type of contraception method use by citizenship status among Latinx. Among API, naturalized citizens had lower odds of any use and condom use and naturalized citizens and U.S.-born citizens had higher odds of using pill or other hormonal methods and IUD or implant compared to non-citizens without a green card. This study makes important contributions in understanding the role of citizenship status as a social determinant of reproductive health for Latinx and API in California.

Citizenship status↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anglerfish islets contain NPY immunoreactive nerves and produce the NPY analog aPY.

It has recently been demonstrated that aPY, a peptide which has significant homology with neuropeptide Y (NPY) is present in extracts of anglerfish islets. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cells or nerves which contain NPY-like immunoreactivity could be identified in anglerfish islet tissue and whether aPY is synthesized by this tissue. Antisera against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), NPY and the 200 kd neurofilament polypeptide were used for immunohistochemical analysis of islets. Identical cells were stained by both the NPY and BPP antisera. The NPY and 200 kd neurofilament antisera also labeled nerve fibers in the tissue which were not stained with the BPP antiserum. The nature of the NPY-like peptide synthesized in islet cells was determined by subjecting differentially radioactively labeled Mr 2,500-8,000 peptides from islet extracts to reverse phase HPLC. Labeled aPY was unequivocally identified in the extracts and was labeled appropriately (as predicted from its sequence) with 13 different radioactive amino acids. These results demonstrate that one form of NPY-like peptide synthesized in anglerfish islets is aPY. The form of NPY-like peptide which was immunolocalized in nerves remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Susceptibility testing of fastidious organisms in the API microdilution panel.

It has become increasingly important to perform routine susceptibility tests on certain anaerobic bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, as a result of the decreasing predictability of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 49 anaerobic isolates, 25 H. influenzae isolates, and 25 S. pneumoniae isolates were determined concurrently by API Uniscept MIC trays and a conventional broth microdilution method using Wilkins-Chalgren broth, 5% Fildes in Schaedler broth, or 5% lysed horse blood in Mueller-Hinton broth, respectively. Analysis of 490 anaerobic organism-antibiotic combinations, 144 H. influenzae-antibiotic combinations, and 125 S. pneumoniae-antibiotic combinations showed that 98.9%, 100%, and 99.2%, respectively, of the API results were within +/- 1 log2 dilution of the reference system. The API Uniscept MIC panel would be acceptable for use as a routine susceptibility system for anaerobic organisms in a clinical microbiology laboratory. To eliminate trailing endpoints, however, further studies need to be performed to evaluate additional broth media for the susceptibility testing of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae in the API panels.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of numerical typing systems for Escherichia coli using the API 50 CH and the PhP-EC systems as models.

Reproducible and discriminating typing methods are required for epidemiological investigations. Numerical typing systems analyse patterns obtained in various ways by calculating similarity coefficients between isolates. In the present study, various measures of the efficiency of a numerical typing system are quantified. These include reproducibility, accuracy, and discrimination power. Three different numerical typing methods for Escherichia coli were compared using these measures: (a) Biotyping with API 50 CH system, (b) Biochemical fingerprinting with the API 50 CH system and (c) Biochemical fingerprinting with the PhP-EC system. Biotyping qualitatively measures the results of a set of biochemical reactions as + or -. Biochemical fingerprinting also uses biochemical reactions, but the tests are scored quantitatively by measuring the kinetics and intensity of each reaction. It was found that biotyping yielded poor reproducibility. When biochemical fingerprinting analysis was used with the API 50 CHE system the reproducibility and the discrimination was good. The PhP-EC system for biochemical fingerprinting showed equal reproducibility but was superior to the API 50 CH system with regard to discrimination power.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1975

Reproducibility of the analytab (API 20E) system.

The reproducibility of the Analytab (API 20E) system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated with 110 clinical isolates. Each isolate was identified by two technologists at different times. Genus-species identification was 97.3% reproducible; however, only 55.5% of the strains gave identical reactions in all 20 of the API 20E biochemical tests on repeat testing. Of those strains which varied, 56% possessed only one variable biochemical test. The reproducibility for each biochemical test was calculated and ranged from 89 to 100%. A subset of 20 of the most variable strains was tested further under conditions of varying incubation time (15 and 22 h) and inoculum concentration (10(7), 10(5), and 10(3) colony-forming units per ml), and by having four technologists interpret the test results. The reproducibility for each biochemical test for these 20 variable strains ranged from 86 to 99%. Less variation in interpretation by technologists was seen at an incubation time of 22 h and an inoculum concentration of 10(7) colony-forming units per ml. Consideration of the reproducibility for each biochemical test can aid in determining the probability that two isolates suspected of being the same strain, but with API profiles which differ by one or more biochemical test results, are in fact the same strain. Variables such as inoculum size, incubation time, technologist interpretation, and strip variability affect the API test results and should be standardized to minimize their effects.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1990

Reproducibility of API Staph-Ident system identifications of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood.

Fifty-five isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood were identified four times each by using the API Staph-Ident (API-SI) system to determine the identification reproducibility of the system. Identifications were determined by using both Version 1 and Version 2 of the API-SI Profile Index. The 75 to 100% reproducibility levels, including reproducible nonidentifications, were 98.2% for Version 1 and 96.4% for Version 2. Version 1 gave an identification for 92.5% of the isolates with a 75 to 100% reproducibility, while Version 2 gave an identification for 100% of the isolates with a 75 to 100% reproducibility. The reproducibility of the API-SI identifications of coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood was good.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the RapID ANA II and API ZYM systems for identification of Actinomyces species from clinical specimens.

Classification and identification of fermentative actinomycetes are labor-intensive and problematic. In this study, we evaluated the applicability and reliability of the RapID ANA II system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) and the discriminatory value of the API ZYM system (Societes Analytab Products Inc., La Balme Les Grottes, France) in the identification of Actinomyces-like bacteria by using conventional methods as a reference. Eighty-five strains, including 71 isolates from mixed anaerobic infections and 14 reference strains, were tested. The RapID ANA II system correctly identified all Actinomyces odontolyticus strains and 65% of Actinomyces israelii strains. All Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strains were misidentified as Actinomyces pyogenes. The most common isolates in the study were Actinomyces meyeri-like organisms, 84% of which, however, were aerotolerant. The identification of these aerotolerant strains thus remains unresolved and warrants further studies. New characteristics and changes to the conventional API ZYM enzyme profiles are suggested. The API ZYM enzyme profiles of A. odontolyticus and A. israelii were very similar, the only discriminating enzyme being alpha-fucosidase. In differentiation between A. pyogenes and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, the production of beta-glucuronidase by the former and the production of acid phosphatase by the latter are suggested as new helpful characteristics for use in clinical laboratories. In summary, the RapID ANA II and API ZYM systems can be used as rapid preliminary methods in the identification of Actinomyces species but accurate identification requires supplementary conventional tests and gas-liquid chromatography.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of micro-ID, API 20E, and conventional media systems in identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

The Micro-ID, a new identification kit for Enterobacteriaceae, consists of 15 biochemical tests, with substrates and reagents impregnated in filter paper disks. A 0.2-ml amount of an organism suspension equal to a 0.5 McFarland standard is pipetted into each of the compartments. After 4 h of incubation and addition of potassium-hydroxide (KOH) to the Voges-Proskauer test, the color reactions are read according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. A five-digit octal code number is derived from each set of reactions from which an identification is derived by using a code book. In a single-blind, comparative study of the Micro-ID system with the API 20E system (Analytab Products Inc.) and conventional biochemical tube media, we found that the Micro-ID and the API 20E systems gave a 90% identification correlation when each was compared with the conventional tube media. A comparison of all three systems gave an 82% overall identification correlation. When the common tests of Micro-ID and API 20E were compared with conventional tube media, we found that the tests in the Micro-ID performed as well as or better than those of the API 20E. Certain groups of organisms, i.e., Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, and Serratia genera, were found to give low correlation on certain common tests. When using primary isolation MacConkey plates from the clinical laboratory, only 74% of the plates with Enterobacteriaceae had sufficient numbers of colonies of each enteric organism to produce the 0.5 McFarland inoculum density required. Problems concerning the misidentification of some organisms are discussed.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of the API 20E system for identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria.

The API 20E system for Enterobacteriaceae, recently broadened to include identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria, was evaluated and compared with the conventional method for complete identification of 221 nonfermenters, which were well distributed into 48 species or biotypes and included organisms not listed in the API 20E data base. The results of 16 tests common to both systems were in close agreement. The API 20E system correctly identified 71 (43%) of the 165 organisms included in the API 20E data base. However, almost 90% of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, three species of Pseudomonas, and Bordetella bronchiseptica were correctly identified to species.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1976

A comparison of two commerical methods for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae--API 20E and the Enterotube--with conventional methods.

The API 20E, the Enterotube, and routine methods of Cowan and Steel were used in parallel to identify 245 members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The API 20E and conventional methods gave the same identification in all but 2 (0-8%) of the 245 organisms tested. The Enterotube correctly identified 85% of these organisms on the first testing. On re-testing those organisms incorrectly identified the Enterotube results agreed with the conventional ones in a further 20 (8%). There was no change in the identification obtained by the API or conventional methods. Further conventional sugar tests were necessary before final identification was available by the API system in 7 (3%) against 106 (47%) of the 226 organisms correctly identified by the Enterotube. The Enterotube relied on serological testing alone to distinguish between alternatives in 17 (7%) isolates. Other advantages and disadvantages of these systems are discussed.

Bacteriological Techniques↗