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PubMed2005

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) leucokinin receptor is a multiligand receptor for the three Aedes kinins.

A cDNA cloned from Aedes aegypti (L.) (Aedae) female Malpighian tubule (AY596453) encodes a 584 amino acid residue protein (65.2 kDa) predicted as a G protein-coupled receptor and orthologue of the drosokinin receptor from Drosophila melanogaster and highly similar to the tick Boophilus microplus myokinin receptor (AF228521). Based on the similarity to this Aedes sequence, we also propose a correction for the Anopheles gambiae protein sequence EAA05450. When expressed in CHO-K1 cells, the Aedes receptor behaved as a multiligand receptor and functionally responded to concentrations > or = 1 nM of Aedae kinins 1-3, respectively, as determined by a calcium bioluminescence plate assay and single cell intracellular calcium measurements by confocal fluorescence cytometry. Estimates of EC50 values by the plate assay were 16.04 nM for Aedae-K-3, 26.6 nM for Aedae-K-2 and 48.8 nM for Aedae-K-1 and were statistically significantly different. These results suggest that the observed differences in physiological responses to the three Aedes kinins in the Aedes isolated Malpighian tubule reported elsewhere could now be explained by differences in intracellular signalling events triggered by the different peptides on the same receptor and not necessarily due to the existence of various receptors for the three Aedes kinins.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

Aedes albopictus and other Aedes (Stegomyia) species in Fiji.

During an assessment of the dengue situation in Fiji in early 1992, a house-to-house survey of container-breeding Aedes was made. Discarded tires and water drums were identified as key breeding sites for the 4 potential dengue vectors: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes pseudoscutellaris, and Aedes polynesiensis. Aedes albopictus were detected on Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, and on Taveuni. Examination of early records and of used tire importation suggests entry into Fiji after July 1985 but well before July 1988 when the species was first detected. It is also possible the Ae. albopictus was introduced via aircraft from Hawaii. In Suva, the 4 Stegomyia species coexist, but in Lautoka, it appears that Ae. albopictus may be displacing Ae. pseudoscutellaris.

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PubMed2004

Horizontal and vertical dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in Singapore.

To study the dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes in Singapore, females of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) were fed blood containing rubidium (Rb), which was detectable in their eggs by means of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Laboratory calibration of the Rb reading, for a range of egg numbers from Rb-fed females, indicated a reasonably linear relationship and an unequivocal distinction between results with zero and one marked egg. Rb-marked female Aedes mosquitoes aged 3-5 days were released in semi-rural and urbanized parts of Singapore, with an array of ovitraps extending to a radius of 320 m from the release point. Subsequently, Rb-marked Aedes eggs were detected throughout the array, with similar distributions on each of the 4 days after release. More Rb was detected nearer the release point. However, when correction was made for the greater areas of zones further from the release point (and therefore presumably existence of more alternative oviposition sites), there were no significant differences in the numbers of marked eggs per ovitrap in the zones nearer or further from the release points. It is concluded that females of both these Aedes (Stegomyia) species could disperse easily and quickly throughout areas of radius 320 m in search of oviposition sites. This contrasts with the general belief that Ae. aegypti seldom flies more than 50 m and that control operations can safely be based on such an assumption. Releases on level 12 of a 21-storey apartment block, with ovitraps on each storey, showed similar easy and rapid dispersal to the top and bottom of the block.

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PubMed2001

Detection of dengue viruses in field caught male Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Singapore by type-specific PCR.

Field male Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) adults caught from fixed monitoring stations weekly for 1 yr were screened for dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4). The assay was carried out using a single-step reverse transcription (or transcriptase)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (RT-PCR) followed by a semi-nested PCR using an upstream consensus primer and four type-specific primers within the nonstructural protein three gene (NS3) of dengue viruses. The diagnostic fragments for DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 serotypes were of sizes 169, 362, 265, and 426 bp, respectively. Results showed that in Singapore 1.33% and 2.15% of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus adult male mosquitoes, respectively, were positive for dengue viruses. The serotypes detected in male Ae. aegypti was DEN-1 (44%), followed by DEN-2 (22.2%) and DEN-3 (22.2%), and DEN-4 (11.1%). For Aedes albopictus males, the serotype was DEN-4 (38.9%), followed by DEN-2 (33.3%), DEN-3 (16.7%), and DEN-1 (11.1%).

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PubMed1999

Variation in tarsal claw morphology and the identification of Aedes (Stegomyia) demeilloni/segermanae and Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni/bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Africa.

Individuals in families of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes reared from females collected at Kloof, KwaZulu-Natal, were identified as Aedes demeilloni or Aedes segermanae or were indeterminate because tarsal claw morphology, the distinguishing character, varied. Similarly, Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni and Aedes (Stegomyia) bromeliae reared from ovitraps exposed at Ndumu, northern KwaZulu-Natal, showed variation in tarsal claw morphology. Variation existed between tarsal claws on individual specimens, which made identification difficult at Ndumu, indicating that tarsal claws may not be taxonomically significant.

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PubMed1989

Biology and distribution of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in Madagascar.

The biology and distribution of the 2 Malagasy Stegomyia species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is updated and reported. Aedes aegypti is present in the western and southern regions and Ae. albopictus in the east and on the high plateau. Some unusual locations are noted. The ranges of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti on Madagascar overlap only slightly. Aedes aegypti is present in the west and in the south, while the Ae. albopictus distribution area is in the east and on the central high plateau. Climatic factors (number of dry months, annual rainfall and temperature), rather than competitive interactions, appear to be the major determinants of the distribution of these species. Aedes aegypti is just slightly anthropophilic, contrary to Ae. albopictus. Babanki virus and MMP 158 virus were isolated from Ae. aegypti; no virus has been isolated from Ae. albopictus.

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PubMed1994

Breeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in urban housing of Sibu town, Sarawak.

An Aedes survey using various larval survey methods was conducted in 12 urban housing areas and 29 vacant lands in Sibu town proper. Aedes albopictus larvae were found in all areas surveyed while Aedes aegypti larvae were present in 10 localities and 4 vacant lands. There were no significant difference in the house index, breteau and larval density index of these two Aedes (Stegomyia) species from the survey areas. The proportion of containers positive with Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in area outside the house compound and near the house fencing were 3.2 times higher than outdoor compound. The indoor/outdoor breeding ratio for Ae. aegypti alone is 1.6:1. The most preferred breeding habitats outdoor were plastic cups and used tires while indoor habitats were ant traps and flower vases. In the vacant lands, the average number of larvae per containers was significantly higher than in houses and over 51% of the containers inspected were positive. Shared breeding between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae accounted for 9% in house surveys and 4.5% in vacant land survey. The use of various methods in Aedes larval survey may provide essential information in the study of vector epidemiology in dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever transmission.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of the Aedes albopictus parvovirus (AaPV) pathogenic for Aedes aegypti larvae.

We have cloned the replicative form of the Aedes albopictus parvovirus (AaPV) genome and determined the complete sequence of the viral strand. The sequence is 4176 nucleotides (nt) in length. The first 134 nt at the 3' end and the terminal 182 nt at the 5' end of the viral (minus) strand can both generate by folding and annealing of complementary sequences a typical terminal T-shaped structure although they differ in their sequence. Three large open reading frames (ORFs), each one in a different frame, are present between map units (mu) 8.0 and 87.6 on the complementary (plus) strand. The left, mid (located within the left ORF), and right ORFs have potential coding capacities of 95, 41, and 40 kDa, respectively. Two potential promoters were found upstream from the left and right ORFs, at mu 7.2 and mu 60.0, respectively. Computer search for sequence homologies suggests that the left ORF very likely encodes the nonstructural NS-1 protein since it contains the highly conserved NTP-binding amino acid (aa) domain (GKRN sequence) of all parvoviruses. Comparison with other invertebrate and vertebrate parvoviruses revealed that the AaPV genome shares 77.3% nt sequence homology and between 73 and 78% aa sequence homologies with the Aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus (Aedes DNV). Organization of both genomes was similar except that no potential ORF was found on the minus strand of AaPV. The difference of 167 nt in length between AaPV and Aedes DNV (4009 nt) genomes is due to additional noncoding sequences located between the internal coding region and the terminal palindromes in the AaPV genome. No significant homology was found between AaPV and the two other insect parvoviruses sequenced so far, the Bombyx mori DNV (BmDNV) and the Junonia coenia DNV (JcDNV).

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PubMed2002

Dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Singapore.

We developed a single-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by a semi-nested PCR using an upstream consensus primer and four type-specific primers within the non-structural protein gene (NS3) of dengue viruses to type dengue viruses in field populations of female Aedes mosquitoes. This yielded diagnostic fragments of 169, 362, 265 and 426 base pairs for dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. From 1997 to 2000, 54 (6.9%) of 781 Aedes aegypti and 67 (2.9%) of 2256 Aedes albopictus screened were positive for dengue viruses, with a declining trend. The most common dengue virus type detected in the Aedes mosquitoes was dengue-1. Details on the change of one serotype to another in the mosquito population over three consecutive years are discussed.

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PubMed1997

Characterization of Aedes communis, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito saliva antigens by immunoblotting.

BACKGROUND: Mosquito bites cause immediate wheals and delayed bite papules in sensitized subjects having saliva-specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies. At present, mosquito saliva antigens are not well characterized. METHODS: To identify immunogenic proteins in mosquito saliva and study their cross-reactivity we immunized mice with Aedes communis, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi bites. Immune sera were used in immunoblotting and immunoblot inhibition experiments. RESULTS: The main A. communis saliva antigens were 22-, 30-, and 36-kD, A. aegypti saliva antigens 31-, 36-, 46- and 64- to 66-kD, and A. stephensi saliva antigen 46-kD proteins. Most of the saliva antigens appeared to be species-specific and only weak cross-reactivity was observed with heterologous immune sera. Distinct cross-reactivity was observed only between saliva proteins of A. communis and Aedes punctor, two taxonomically closely related species. Human IgE and IgG4 antibodies from mosquito-bite-sensitive children bound to the same saliva proteins as antibodies from the immunized animals. CONCLUSIONS: This study disclosed several immunogenic proteins in Aedes and Anopheles mosquito saliva and suggests that these proteins can also be allergenic in man.

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PubMed2003

[Dominance of Aedes aegypti over Aedes albopictus in the southeastern coast of Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To assess infestation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopiticus and describe their association with weather conditions and container colonization in urban areas. METHODS: The town of São Sebastião in the southeastern coast of Brazil was selected. It was used data from the Dengue and Yellow Fever Vector Control Program of the State of S o Paulo, Brazil, that encompasses entomological surveillance at strategic positions, traps and foci demarcation. Strategic positions sites are fixed sites with containers in adequate conditions for larvae growth. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligne test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There was found an annual growth of positive traps and strategic positions of Ae. aegypti and a drop in Ae. albopictus population. An increase in immature Ae. aegypti and a drop of the other species were also seen. A gradual increase of positive dwellings for Ae. aegypti was noticed outgrowing Ae. albopictus population. There was a weak correlation of the Aedes species with abiotic factors. Higher numbers of immature mosquitoes of both species were found in artificial containers which could be eliminated. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed Ae. aegypti was predominant in urban areas, indicating that its growth seems to have affected the coexistence with other species. Natural selection could be in place contributing to Aedes aegypti and albopictus species separation.

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PubMed2001

Population genetic structure and competence as a vector for dengue type 2 virus of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Madagascar.

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess the polymorphism of 7 isoenzymes in single mosquitoes (field-collected F0 or F1 generation) for Aedes albopictus (8 strains) from northern Madagascar. Mosquitoes of the F2 generation (3 strains of Aedes aegypti and 10 strains of Ae. albopictus) were tested for oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus. Aedes aegypti was less susceptible to viral infection than Ae. albopictus. The genetic differentiation was less high between Ae. albopictus populations collected in agglomerations connected by highly frequented roads, indicating that human ground transportation favors mosquito dispersal. These results have implications for the ecology, pattern of migration, and relative importance in epidemic transmission of dengue viruses between the 2 Aedes species.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aedes albopictus (S) in the region of São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil: a study of its infestation in an area where Aedes aegypti was already established and a discussion of its role as a possible vector of dengue and yellow fever].

The objectives of this survey were to study the evolution of Aedes albopictus infestation in São José do Rio Preto region, SP, an area already occupied by Aedes aegypti and also to discuss its role in transmitting diseases. Analyzing data from urban mosquito larval density surveys of the region's municipalities, year and site of the occurrence, composition and location of larval samples, breeding containers and Breteau indices were studied. By May 2001, the vector was found in 96 of 100 municipalities. Aedes albopictus compared with Aedes aegypti was found in greater proportions close to dwellings and presented greater degrees of association in natural and discarded containers. Endemic behavior of dengue, occurrences of local cases of sylvatic yellow fever and recognized competence of the vector's transmission of these diseases suggest the necessity to consider its possible participation in the transmission of dengue and the re-urbanization of yellow fever.

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PubMed2003

Age-dependent bloodfeeding of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus on artificial and living hosts.

In order to quantify age-dependent acquisition of a bloodmeal, we compared bloodfeeding patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus starting from the time of first responsiveness to a bloodmeal up to 15 days postemergence. In separate experiments, cohorts of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus of known age were offered their first bloodmeal from a silicon-membrane system or a restrained chicken. For cohorts ranging from 3 to 15 days old, the proportions feeding were significantly affected by species, age, feeding protocol, and the age x feeding protocol interaction. For both feeding protocols, a higher proportion of Ae. aegypti than Ae. albopictus, on average, consumed blood. Regressions of proportion feeding versus age indicated significantly positive slopes for Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti on the membrane system, and no significant relationship was observed for either species on the restrained chicken. Additionally, slopes for Aedes, as a group, fed on the membrane system were significantly different from those fed on the living host. For both Aedes species fed on the restrained chicken and for Ae. aegypti fed on the membrane system, the proportions feeding exhibited periodic patterns, with peaks approximately 2 days apart, suggesting possible control by endogenous rhythms.

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PubMed2003

Larval habitats and distribution patterns of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), in Thailand.

This study was conducted to survey larval breeding habitats and to obtain larval abundance during the dry period covering all 5 geographical zones of Thailand. Our results indicated Aedes aegypri is prevalent all over the country, whereas Aedes albopictus is more restricted to the remote area of the south. Water storage containers, especially water jars, served as a main larval breeding habitats of Ae. aegypti, whereas broken cans and plastic containers are considered primary breeding sites for Ae. alpopictus during the dry period. In addition, Aedes larval indices, container index (CI), house index (HI), and Breteau index (BI) were measured. CI and HI values from the central part were significantly higher than those from other areas (p<0.01). BI values of all collection sites were greater than 50 (a maximum BI value accepted by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand). In brief, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations heavily infested many towns and residential areas of the country. Drought could not limit the density of Aedes mosquitos in Thailand. Systematic vector control and vector surveillance programs by public health organizations, if practical, should be continuously conducted to reduce or prevent dengue risk.

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PubMed2004

The relative attractiveness of carbon dioxide and octenol in CDC- and EVS-type light traps for sampling the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes polynesiensis Marks, and Culex quinquefasciatus say in Moorea, French Polynesia.

Two dominant day-biting pests and vector species on the island of Moorea in French Polynesia are Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks, major vectors of dengue viruses and Wuchereria bancrofti, respectively. Their surveillance is hindered by a relative lack of attraction to light traps, necessitating the undesirable use of human bait collections with the inherent risks of pathogen transmission. The effectiveness of CDC- and EVS-type light traps baited with olfactory attractants was evaluated for these two Aedes species and the nocturnal Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say in three sites in urban and semi-rural environments on Moorea in October/November 2003. Firstly, four CDC-type traps with light only, light with octenol, light with carbon dioxide (dry ice), and light with octenol plus carbon dioxide were operated continuously over four days with daily rotation to compensate for position effects. Secondly, two CDC- and two EVS-type traps with carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide plus octenol were operated continuously over four days with similar rotation. Variation was found in the numbers of the three species collected at the different sites, reflecting the relative availability of their preferred larval habitats. With the CDC traps in the first trial, the addition of octenol to the light did not significantly increase the collection of any species, the addition of carbon dioxide did significantly increase collection of all three species, while the addition of octenol to the light plus carbon dioxide did not significantly increase the collections further. In the second trial, there was no significant difference in the mean number of Ae. aegypti or Ae. polynesiensis collected in either EVS or CDC traps when baited with carbon dioxide or with octenol added. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, the supplementation with octenol made no significant difference with EVS traps but resulted in significantly reduced collections in CDC traps. Overall, neither trap, however baited, provided large samples when compared with landing/ biting collections at human bait. Only two other species were collected, Culex (Culex) roseni Belkin and Aedes (Aedimorphus) nocturnus (Theobald), the latter being a first record for the island of Moorea and for French Polynesia.

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PubMed2005

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to temephos in four study sites in Kuala Lumpur City Center and Selangor State, Malaysia.

Larvae obtained from Taman Samudera (Gombak, Selangor), Kampung Banjar (Gombak, Selangor), Taman Lembah Maju (Cheras, Kuala Lumpur) and Kampung Baru (City centre, Kuala Lumpur) were bioassayed with diagnostic dosage (0.012 mg/L) and operational dosage (1 mg/L) of temephos. All strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus showed percentage mortality in the range of 16.00 to 59.05 and 6.4 to 59.50 respectively, after 24 hours. LT50 values for the 6 strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were between 41.25 to 54.42 minutes and 52.67 to 141.76 minutes respectively, and the resistance ratio for both Aedes species were in the range of 0.68 to 1.82 when tested with operational dosage, 1 mg/L temephos. These results indicate that Aedes mosquitoes have developed some degree of resistance. However, complete mortality for all strains were achieved after 24 hours when tested against 1 mg/L temephos.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

Diel oviposition patterns of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) in the laboratory and the field.

The oviposition patterns of Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus were observed in preliminary field experiments during the summer of 1995 and in the laboratory the following winter. Aedes albopictus exhibited a diel periodicity of oviposition in the field, ovipositing a significantly greater number of eggs during the day than during the night (P = 0.0001). Laboratory observations for 40 consecutive hours indicated that Ae. albopictus oviposited only during the hours of light, with a broad peak of oviposition activity occurring in mid-afternoon. Aedes triseriatus, however, oviposited during all periods of the day and night in the field. A significantly greater number of eggs were oviposited in traps open 24 hours than in traps open only during the day (P = 0.01), whereas there was no significant difference in the number of eggs deposited in traps open 24 hours and those open only during the night (P = 0.14). In the laboratory, Ae. triseriatus oviposited during all periods of light and dark, with a distinct peak of oviposition activity occurring during the evening crepuscular period.

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