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PubMed1983

[Functional relations of the adrenal cortex, thyroid and pineal body. II. Adrenal cortex reaction following epiphysectomy and administration of melatonin].

Histologic-cytological and morphometrical changes were investigated in the adrenal cortex of male Wistar-rats following pinealectomy and application of melatonin in eu-, hypo-, and hyperthyroid situations. A rat experiment (at an average of 45 d) to find a possible functional connection between the pineal gland and the adrenal cortex was carried out. In the literature, there are only a few of informations about the role of the pineal in regulating ACTH secretion. The results are very contrarily. We found that pinealectomy is connected with a progressive transformation and melatonin with a little regressive transformation in the adrenal cortex. But, it is not evident, that the glomerular zone is activated after both pinealectomy and application of melatonin. In our opinion, the glomerular zone and the secretion of aldosterone increased after as well pinealectomy as melatonin. Application of melatonin diminishes the function of the pineal gland (see group 4-pinealectomy plus melatonin-where was found a progressive transformation). Under these experimental conditions, one can speak of a "pharmacological pinealectomy" after application of melatonin alone. However, the effect of melatonin on the fascicular zone and the glomerular zone is different. The effects of pinealectomy or application of melatonin in combination with methylthiouracil or thyroxin are relatively unimportant.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1981

The 21-hydroxylase activity in the glomerulosa and fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

In the two clinical syndromes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a 21-hydroxylation defect of adrenal steroidogenesis, the simple virilizing and the salt-wasting forms, the 21-hydroxylase activity was studied considering the zona fasciculata and the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex as two separate glands under different regulation. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated adrenal steroidogenesis by ACTH infusion or dietary sodium restriction in eight patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (four patients with the simple virilizing form and four with the salt-wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia) and in six normal children. Both the 17-hydroxy and 17-deoxy pathways of adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis were examined by measuring serum concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and aldosterone and the excretion of free deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone. We considered the steroids 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone to be primarily of zona glomerulosa origin. These studies indicated that the zona fasciculata of both the salt-wasting and the simple virilizing forms is defective in 21-hydroxylation of 17-hydroxy and 17-deoxy steroids. The zona glomerulosa demonstrated deficient 21-hydroxylation only in the salt-wasting form, whereas in the simple virilizing form, the glomerulosa was spared this defect.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1987

Physiological and pathological effects of steroids on the function of the adrenal cortex.

The adrenal cortex is the site of the synthesis of steroid hormones such as the glucocorticoid cortisol and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. The pathway of biosynthesis of these steroids from cholesterol involves a sequence of transformations using cytochrome P-450 enzymes which varies within the adrenal cortex as a result of the differential localization of enzymes within the zones. The hypothesis presented here is that as a result of the arrangement of the vasculature in the adrenal gland, high concentrations of steroids may be expected to accumulate and may have autoregulating effects. These may include the following: (1) the normal morphological and functional zonation of the adrenal cortex may be regulated by gradients of steroids in the adrenal cortex; (2) destruction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes on interaction with certain steroids which act as pseudosubstrates may form part of the pathogenesis of some steroidogenic enzyme deficiencies. Under normal conditions, the individual cytochrome P-450s are not rate-limiting for steroidogenesis. Under some pathological conditions, individual cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities may become rate-limiting, with consequent overproduction of precursor steroids, leading to mineralocorticoid or androgen excess.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1975

[Interrelationship between the quality of dietary protein and the function of the adrenal cortex. 3. Reactivity of the adrenal cortex and ACTH content of the pituitary gland of rats fed with proteins of various quality].

Trials were performed investigating the reactivity of the adrenals and the ACTH content of the pituitary gland in rats fed proteins of varying quality. A positive correlation was found to exist between the relative weight of the adrenals and the rate of body weight increases as well as between the weight of the pituitary gland and the rate of body weight gains. In either case this process was found to be primarily dependent on the quality of the dietary protein. It was shown that the quality of the dietary protein did not affect the in vitro reactivity of the adrenal glands. The ACTH content of the pituitary gland( determined on the basis of 100 mg of pituitary tissue) did not change considerably.

Adrenal Cortex↗