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PubMed2006

Using MEDLINE as a knowledge source for disambiguating abbreviations and acronyms in full-text biomedical journal articles.

Biomedical abbreviations and acronyms are widely used in biomedical literature. Since many of them represent important content in biomedical literature, information retrieval and extraction benefits from identifying the meanings of those terms. On the other hand, many abbreviations and acronyms are ambiguous, it would be important to map them to their full forms, which ultimately represent the meanings of the abbreviations. In this study, we present a semi-supervised method that applies MEDLINE as a knowledge source for disambiguating abbreviations and acronyms in full-text biomedical journal articles. We first automatically generated from the MEDLINE abstracts a dictionary of abbreviation-full pairs based on a rule-based system that maps abbreviations to full forms when full forms are defined in the abstracts. We then trained on the MEDLINE abstracts and predicted the full forms of abbreviations in full-text journal articles by applying supervised machine-learning algorithms in a semi-supervised fashion. We report up to 92% prediction precision and up to 91% coverage.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

An abbreviated reading speed test.

PURPOSE: The Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Test (MNREAD) has been developed to measure reading speed. An abbreviated version of the MNREAD test was developed that presented only three large paragraphs and would be easier for children to complete. METHODS: Fifty children ages 8 to 18 years, with normal eye examinations or refractive error alone, underwent testing of reading speed using the MNREAD test. All the children read the standard MNREAD paragraphs starting at the 1.0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) level until they could no longer read the subsequent paragraph. Each eye was tested separately, using the second MNREAD card for the left eye. The standard MNREAD reading speed was calculated by plotting the speed for each paragraph, determining the critical print size, then taking the median value of all the paragraphs above the cutoff paragraph. The proposed abbreviated test reading speed was calculated from the median of three large paragraphs (logMAR, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8). At a second site, 25 children with a variety of ocular conditions were similarly tested using an alternative abbreviated test (logMAR, 1.3, 1.2, and 1.1). The standard and abbreviated reading speeds were then compared between tests and between eyes using generalized estimating equation and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The mean reading method speeds with the standard and abbreviated tests were almost identical [177 words per minute (wpm) +/- 46 wpm vs. 178 +/- 46 wpm, p = 0.43 for normal children and 140 +/- 29 wpm vs. 141 +/- 33 wpm, p = 0.35 in children with a variety of ocular conditions]. CONCLUSION.: The new abbreviated version of the MNREAD reading speed test yields similar results to the standard MNREAD test in children. The new abbreviated MNREAD test is faster to administer and appears to be particularly useful for children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Abbreviated scale for the assessment of psychosocial status in pregnancy: development and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Data from five existing psychosocial scales were used to develop an abbreviated scale for the assessment of psychosocial status during pregnancy. METHODS: Scales were self-administered by 842 black and 381 white low-income multiparous women at risk for poor pregnancy outcome. Trait anxiety (Speilberger), self-esteem (Rosenberg), mastery (Pearlin), and depression (CES-D) were assessed at 24-26 weeks' gestation; subjective stress (Schar) was assessed at 30-32 weeks' gestation. The 59 pooled items were examined for redundancy and the discernment of primary factors using principal factor analysis. Regression analysis was used to determine if the resulting abbreviated scale (28 items) would provide information similar to that obtained with the 59 item pool (full scale) in predicting gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm delivery (PTD). RESULTS: The abbreviated scale was highly correlated (r = 0.97) with the 59-item pool and the six factors isolated were generally compatible with the major characteristics assessed by the five original scales. The distribution of FGR and PTD by scale quartile was similar for the abbreviated and the combined scales. Logistic regression analysis of scores for all women revealed that poor (high) scores on both the full (p = 0.0151) and the abbreviated scales (p = 0.0131) were positively associated with FGR, but not with PTD. In linear regression analysis poor (high) scores on both the full (p = 0.0024) and the abbreviated scale (p = 0.0019) were negatively related to BW, but not to GA. When data for black and white women were examined separately, the two scales provided comparable information. CONCLUSIONS: The abbreviated psychosocial scale provided information similar to that obtained with 59 pooled items in predicting GA, BW, FGR, and PTD.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[General practitioners' understanding of unexplained abbreviations].

We studied whether 141 doctors in the primary health service understood 13 unexplained abbreviations used in the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association. On average, 95% of the medical abbreviations and 42% of the administrative abbreviations were partly or completely understood (p much less than 0.001). The abbreviation JAMA was unknown to every third doctor, and SD to every fifth doctor. The use of abbreviations in medical literature should be limited, and abbreviations should not be allowed to become a hindrance to communication.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Abbreviated thoracotomy and temporary chest closure: an application of damage control after thoracic trauma.

HYPOTHESIS: Abbreviated thoracotomy, a damage-control strategy, improves survival in patients with metabolic exhaustion. DESIGN: Case series report. SETTING: University-based, level I trauma center. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to our trauma center with severe chest trauma in whom an abbreviated thoracotomy was performed between January 1, 1994, and January 1, 1998. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in whom an abbreviated thoracotomy was performed had their life-threatening thoracic injuries treated and had temporary closure of the incision. They were then resuscitated in the intensive care unit (ICU). Definitive care of injuries and formal chest closure were performed when physiological characteristics were normalized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival to discharge and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 10 787 patients admitted to the trauma center, 196 required thoracic operations. Eleven of these 196 patients underwent abbreviated thoracotomy; all patients survived to reach the ICU. Four died in the ICU within 24 hours of injury; the remaining 7 patients survived and were discharged. Based on their Trauma and Injury Severity Score, predicted mortality for our 11 patients was 59%; our mortality was 36%. Complications after abbreviated thoracotomy were similar to those seen after standard thoracotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Abbreviated thoracotomy is a useful strategy in the treatment of severe chest trauma. Its use in situations of metabolic exhaustion or planned reexploration may increase patient survival rates by expediting transfer of the patient from the operating room to the ICU, where homeostasis can be restored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Accuracy of abbreviated manometry in detecting esophageal motility abnormalities.

We determined whether an abbreviated motility study that is commonly employed in clinical esophageal manometrics was as accurate as an extended manometric evaluation in detecting abnormalities in the esophageal body. One hundred patients underwent both abbreviated (stationary catheter, 10 wet swallows) and extended manometries (stepwise catheter withdrawal, 62 +/- 1 wet swallows). Classification by the two techniques was identical in 83 patients. Abbreviated manometry failed to recognize nine abnormal motility patterns. The abbreviated method was least accurate in the identification of intermittent and focal motility abnormalities (sensitivity = 0.50). Misclassifications were related to catheter position and not solely to differences in the total number of swallows. Of the individual wave parameters measured by each method, detection of multipeaked contraction waves was the most discrepant (R = 0.59). These findings indicate that abbreviated esophageal manometry is reasonably well correlated with a more extended method in detecting esophageal motility disorders and, because of its relative simplicity, appears appropriate for use in clinical practice. Errors related to stationary recording port positions may interfere with the overall accuracy of the abbreviated technique.

Deglutition↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of three abbreviated MMPIs for psychiatric patients and normals.

Two studies, one using 242 psychiatric patients and the other 120 normal college students, were conducted to evaluate the predictive potential of three abbreviated MMPIs namely the Midi-Mult, Hugo abbreviated MMPI and Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI. With regard to psychiatric inpatients, the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI-scale group means were markedly similar, highly correlated, and seemed to be a fairly accurate substitute for the MMPI in predicting clinical types. Numerous deficiencies were evident when using the Midi-Mult or Hugo abbreviated MMPI, especially with regard to classification analysis concerning validity, mean raw score scale differences and high point codes. In contrast, results from a normal college sample showed close statistical correspondence, high comparability in identifying valid and invalid profiles as well as high correspondence with respect to high point codes and general profile elevations regardless of which abbreviated form was used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of an abbreviated adenosine monophosphate bronchial challenge.

RATIONALE: Airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has been validated as a surrogate marker for airway inflammation. We wished to know whether an abbreviated challenge at the final threshold dose would produce the same fall in FEV1 as a full, conventional dose-response challenge. METHODS: Seventeen patients with mild-to-moderate asthma (mean FEV1, 75.5% predicted) attended for a full dose-response protocol, where the highest concentration of AMP to produce > 20% fall in FEV1 was noted, along with the maximum percentage fall and recovery time. Patients returned within 2 days for a further challenge, when they received only the highest concentration (as a single bolus) reached on the previous visit. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SEM) percentage fall in FEV1 after the full challenge was 25.5 +/- 1.3%, and after the abbreviated challenge was 9.4 +/- 2.4%. The mean recovery after the full challenge was 28.13 +/- 4.65 min, and after the abbreviated test was 10.81 +/- 4.27 min. CONCLUSION: An abbreviated challenge using a single bolus dose of AMP grossly underestimates bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Although the pharmacologic half-life of AMP is short (90 s), the lesser response and shortened recovery with the abbreviated challenge suggest a more prolonged physiologic half-life, which in turn may have implications for abbreviated challenge protocols.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed2005

Abbreviation and acronym disambiguation in clinical discourse.

Use of abbreviations and acronyms is pervasive in clinical reports despite many efforts to limit the use of ambiguous and unsanctioned abbreviations and acronyms. Due to the fact that many abbreviations and acronyms are ambiguous with respect to their sense, complete and accurate text analysis is impossible without identification of the sense that was intended for a given abbreviation or acronym. We present the results of an experiment where we used the contexts harvested from the Internet through Google API to collect contextual data for a set of 8 acronyms found in clinical notes at the Mayo Clinic. We then used the contexts to disambiguate the sense of abbreviations in a manually annotated corpus.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Drug-abbreviated infections and development of immunity against Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.

A protective immune response without liveweight loss can be induced in sheep against T. colubriformis but results depend on the anthelmintic used and duration of immunizing infections. More than 90% protection was achieved in sheep immunized by three 15- or 7-day oxfendazole abbreviated infections or three 21-day nonabbreviated infections. Only 41% protection was induced by 3-day oxfendazole abbreviated infections. Significantly higher worm burden and faecal egg counts were present after challenge in sheep immunized by 7-day levamizole abbreviated infections compared to 7-day oxfendazole abbreviated infection. Liveweight gains of sheep immunized by 15- and 7-day abbreviated infections were not significantly different than non infected controls. Liveweight loss seemed to be associated with high activity of mucus peroxidase and high numbers of eosinophils in the intestinal lumen. High parasite numbers seemed to be associated with low activity of alkaline phosphatase in mucus. Mucus peroxidase, arylsulphatase, larval migration inhibition of mucus, mucus or serum antibody against L3 excretory/secretory antigen or somatic L3, L4 and adult antigen were not associated with protection.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tolerance and diagnostic accuracy of an abbreviated adenosine infusion for myocardial scintigraphy: a randomized, prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were 2-fold: (1) to determine the tolerance of adenosine perfusion tomography with the use of an abbreviated (3-minute) infusion in comparison to the standard (6-minute) infusion, and (2) to assess the relative diagnostic accuracy of a 3-minute adenosine infusion in patients referred for arteriography. An abbreviated adenosine infusion may decrease the frequency and duration of side effects and be a more cost-effective alternative. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively randomized 599 patients undergoing adenosine myocardial perfusion tomography to either a 3-minute or 6-minute adenosine infusion at 140 microg/kg per minute. Among the 599 enrolled patients, 142 subsequently underwent coronary angiography. Patients randomized to the 3-minute adenosine infusion tolerated the procedure better than those randomized to the standard infusion (P <.01). Flushing, headache, neck pain, and atrioventricular block were all significantly less frequent (P <.01) with the abbreviated infusion. Moreover, patients receiving the abbreviated infusion had less hypotension and tachycardia (P <.05). The sensitivity of the test for detection of coronary artery disease was 88% for both the 3- and 6-minute infusions. In patients with abnormal scan results, perfusion defect size was slightly larger in those receiving a 6-minute infusion versus those receiving a 3-minute infusion (P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: An abbreviated 3-minute adenosine infusion, in combination with perfusion tomography, has similar sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease and is better tolerated than the standard 6-minute infusion.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of standard and abbreviated distortion product otoacoustic emissions procedures.

Standard and abbreviated distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) procedures derived using the Grason Stadler Model 60 instrument were compared. The standard and abbreviated procedures were compared at frequencies of 1000, 1250, 1593, 2000, 2531, and 3187 Hz for 48 ears from 28 subjects. The subject pool included individuals with normal hearing and those with sensorineural hearing loss. The abbreviated procedure correlated well with the standard procedure for DPOAE amplitude cross all frequencies tested. The two procedures were also highly similar in categorizing the subjects in regard to normal or abnormal hearing sensitivity. It appears that the shorter analysis time for the abbreviated procedure had little effect on its accuracy. Although the abbreviated procedure has an obvious frequency limitation, it may have some clinical advantages for hearing screening.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

[A system for generating standardized abbreviations in ophthalmologic information systems].

Every ophthalmological report includes documentation of the examination methods used and the results. This publication introduces a system to generate standardized abbreviations by using only 32 characters to describe all of the parameters of an examination. This amount of characters is quite appropriate in EDP. The examination method can be abbreviated with 8 characters, including the examination material, the description of the examination method, and the time of the examination. The results can be abbreviated by using only 24 (if necessary + n x 32) characters. A thesaurus can be used to define the units in relationship to the examination methods described. Defining standardized abbreviations makes it possible to use ophthalmological information systems to their best advantage to promote efficiency, easy communication, and optimal report presentation for the benefit of our patients.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Mating stimulation required for mating-induced estrous abbreviation in female rats: effects of repeated testing.

Mating stimulation, particularly vaginal-cervical stimulation, causes estrous abbreviation in female rats. In most previous studies, female rats were repeatedly tested for sexual behavior until estrous termination occurred. Thus, it was not clear whether sensory stimulation (e.g., flank stimulation, olfactory cues) received during the repeated testing procedure contributed to estrous abbreviation. In Experiment 1, we determined the effect of premating to two or four ejaculations on the rate of estrous termination when a repeated testing procedure was used. We compared ovariectomized, hormone-primed, female rats receiving (1) four ejaculations, (2) two ejaculations, or (3) no premating. Females premated to either two or four ejaculations showed significantly lower levels of sexual receptivity 12 h later than did nonpremated females. These results confirm that premating induces estrous abbreviation when a repeated testing procedure is used. In Experiment 2, we determined whether the repeated testing procedure was necessary for estrous abbreviation. Ovariectomized, hormone-primed female rats were premated to two ejaculations or not premated. The rats were then tested for sexual behavior repeatedly or only once. Females that were premated and repeatedly tested for sexual behavior showed a statistically significant decrease in sexual receptivity compared to females that were not premated; however, the level of sexual receptivity in premated females did not differ from that in non-premated females when they were tested only once. The results suggest that heat duration is the result of a complex interplay between those factors that promote the expression of sexual receptivity and those that inhibit it.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Copulatory stimuli in rats induce heat abbreviation through effects on genitalia but not through effects on central nervous mechanisms supporting the steroid hormone-induced sexual responsiveness.

Male copulatory stimuli in various animal species abbreviate the length of the period of their female conspecifics' heat. Such effect can be explained in some species as the result of copulation-induced alterations in ovarian hormone secretion (e.g. reflex ovulators). Other species require a different explanation: specifically, interactions in the hypothalamus between effects of steroid hormones and inhibitory neural afferents from the genital area have been hypothesized to play a role in some laboratory animals such as guinea pigs, hamsters and rats. However, the evidence in support of heat abbreviation through copulatory stimuli in rats is at best equivocal. There is obvious need for its unequivocal demonstration prior to any further analysis of the potential mechanism of action. The present study intended to find a model in support of the concept of 'centrally induced' heat abbreviation in rats. Virgin rats during 'natural heat' were examined with or without allowing them the opportunity to pace male copulatory activities. Ovariectomized, steroid hormone-treated rats were studied with minor or ample experience with sexual activities in prior tests and, also, with or without the opportunity to 'pace' male sexual acts. None of the experimental models revealed unequivocal support for detrimental effect of large numbers of intromittive copulations on 'central mechanisms' regulating heat duration. It rather seemed that frequent intromittive copulations and ejaculates affected the 'peripheral' genital tract (vulva, vagina, cervix) making further copulation of a highly aversive quality so that sexual encounters were avoided or prevented. This effect was noticed with great inter-individual variability. The conclusion is drawn that rats do not show the counterpart of heat abbreviation reportedly occurring rapidly and reliably in guinea pigs after a limited amount of vaginal/cervical stimulation through copulation or insertions of a glass-rod.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Teaching an abbreviated impression technique for complete dentures in an undergraduate dental curriculum.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Traditional methods for teaching complete denture fabrication are time-consuming, difficult to master, and not used by many general practitioners. PURPOSE: This study compared the efficacy of traditional denture fabrication techniques with a more abbreviated method in a dental school setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective record review of 80 completely edentulous patients treated by predoctoral dental students was completed. Forty patients were treated with traditional denture techniques; the other 40 patients were treated with an abbreviated method. The data abstracted included the number of visits to completion and the number of postinsertion visits and relines required within the first 3 months after delivery. A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to determine statistical significance between the groups with regard to number of visits for fabrication and postinsertion adjustments. A test for a difference in proportions by using the normal approximation to the binomial distribution was performed for statistical analysis of the incidence of relines. RESULTS: The abbreviated denture technique resulted in a statistically significant difference in the number of visits for fabrication (P<.01) and postinsertion adjustments (P<.05.) There was no difference (P=.39) in the number of relines between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Teaching the abbreviated complete denture technique in an undergraduate dental clinic decreased the number of appointments necessary to complete denture therapy without increasing the number of adjustments or reline procedures.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1984

Experience with the routine use of an abbreviated crossmatch.

Three years' experience with the routine use of an abbreviated crossmatch procedure is reported. If a patient had no known history of and/or no currently demonstrable unexpected antibodies, ABO and Rh type specific blood was crossmatched at the time of need by using an immediate spin saline abbreviated crossmatch. Once blood was issued, both a 37 degrees C incubation and an antiglobulin crossmatch were done using the same tube employed for the abbreviated crossmatch. This served as a check that clinically significant antibodies were not overlooked. None of the 19,818 patients transfused following an abbreviated crossmatch suffered an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction as a result of this strategy; however, two patients may have manifested asymptomatic hemolysis. This approach to compatibility testing might be appealing to hospitals faced with fiscal limitations and new regulations affecting hospital reimbursement.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

PNAD-CSS: a workbench for constructing a protein name abbreviation dictionary.

MOTIVATION: Since their initial development, integration and construction of databases for molecular-level data have progressed. Though biological molecules are related to each other and form a complex system, the information is stored in the vast archives of the literature or in diverse databases. There is no unified naming convention for biological object, and biological terms may be ambiguous or polysemic. This makes the integration and interaction of databases difficult. In order to eliminate these problems, machine-readable natural language resources appear to be quite promising. We have developed a workbench for protein name abbreviation dictionary (PNAD) building. RESULTS: We have developed PNAD Construction Support System (PNAD-CSS), which offers various convenient facilities to decrease the construction costs of a protein name abbreviation dictionary of which entries are collected from abstracts in biomedical papers. The system allows the users to concentrate on higher level interpretation by removing some troublesome tasks, e.g. management of abstracts, extracting protein names and their abbreviations, and so on. To extract a pair of protein names and abbreviations, we have developed a hybrid system composed of the PROPER System and the PNAD System. The PNAD System can extract the pairs from parenthetical-paraphrases involved in protein names, the PROPER System identified these paris, with 98.95% precision, 95.56% recall and 97.58% complete precision. AVAILABILITY: PROPER System is freely available from http://www.hgc.inc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/service/tooldoc /KeX/intro.html. The other software are also available on request. Contact the authors. CONTACT: mikio@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Databases, Factual↗