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PubMed1989

[Clinical investigation of urinary activity of NAG and AAP in patients with various types of primary glomerulonephritis].

We investigated the activity of NAG and AAP in the urine of 36 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) with special reference to the relation between the levels of the enzymes and histopathological changes of the kidney. The subjects consist of 7 cases of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), 3 cases of membranous GN, 5 cases of IgA. GN, 5 cases of membranoproliferative GN, 3 cases of focal glomerulosclerosis and 12 cases of chronic renal failure who had creatinine levels of more than 2 mg/dl resulting from chronic GN. Urinary levels of NAG and AAP were significantly higher in cases with GN than those in cases with chronic renal failure. In cases with GN, urinary levels of NAG and AAP correlated with the amounts of urinary protein, while those levels had no correlation with the classification of histopathological changes of glomeruli. The high value of NAG/mg.protein ratio, NAG by urinary protein, might be explained by the degree of tublointerstitial damage. We concluded that urinary levels of NAG and AAP reflects the proximal tubular damage caused by protein reabsorption.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1981

Predictive value of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine-aminopeptidase (AAP) and beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2M) in evaluating nephrotoxicity of gentamicin.

Concentrations of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine-amino-peptidase (AAP) and beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2M) were determined daily in the urine of 28 patients treated with gentamicin (2-3 mg . kg-1 . day-1) for a mean of 15 days. All had normal renal function. Increased activity in NAG and AAP was observed for all patients, either immediately or after 2 or 3 days of treatment. The results were compared with serum creatinine concentrations and urinary beta 2M levels. This study indicates a relationship between the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and initial urinary enzymic activity(NAGi) prior to any treatment. The degree of NAG response during the first ten days of treatment appeared as a second prognostic factor. Renal failure was observed for one out of the 12 patients with normal NAGi (NAGi less than 200 mumol/day). Seven of them showed a marked enzyme activity response (greater than 1500 mumol/day) with an increase in beta 2M activity. Eleven out of the 16 patients with elevated NAGi (NAGi greater than 200 mumol/day) developed renal failure and showed an elevated maximal response. The concentration of AAP appears to be of little prognostic value. The variation in individual maximal urinary enzyme responses observed among the 28 patients during the first ten days of treatment points to the existence of individual sensitivities to gentamicin, the exact mechanism of which remains unclear.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1998

The antibiotic ceftazidime is a singlet oxygen quencher as demonstrated by ultra-weak chemiluminescence and by inhibition of AAP consumption.

We demonstrated that the cephalosporin antibiotic ceftazidime (CAZ) deactivated singlet oxygen (1O2). We then studied the mechanisms of the CAZ effects on the ultra weak chemiluminescence (uwCL) associated with the energy decay of 1O2 generated by the Mallet reaction (H2O2 + HOCl --> HCl + H2O + 1O2), and on the anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid (AAP) consumption by 1O2 generated by irradiation of Rose Bengal (RB). The uwCL generated by the Mallet reaction was amplified (6.2 times) by CAZ. The use of red and blue filters, which absorb radiation below 610 nm and between 470 and 700 nm respectively, demonstrated that CAZ increased the uwCL by a radiation emission at wavelengths shorter than the 633 and 704 nm wavelength emissions of 1O2. CAZ was excited by scavenging the energy excess of 1O2, which so returned to its fundamental state, while CAZ deactivated with light emission between 430-480 nm. CAZ also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the consumption of AAP by 1O2 generated by the irradiation of RB. The protection of AAP by 5 x 10(-3) M CAZ was equivalent to that of 10(-3) M histidine and 3 X 10(-6) M sodium azide. This process of 1O2 deactivation will be useful in diseases characterized by an excessive PMN activation with a release of activated oxygen species.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed1982

Studies of heart. XXI. Amino acid sequence of antiarrhythmic peptide (AAP) isolated from atria.

The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide, AAP, that improves the rhythmicity of cultured myocardial cell clusters, was established as Gly-Pro-4Hyp-Gly-Ala-Gly. This was accomplished by the sequence analyses with dansyl-Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase Y digestion on the isolated native peptide. The hexapeptide and its several constituent peptides were synthesized by using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent. Synthetic AAP was found to be chemically and biologically indistinguishable from the native one. In a structure-activity correlation of AAP, it was recognized that the whole molecule of this peptide was essential for its antiarrhythmic activity and its promoting effect on spreading phenomenon of myocardial cells in culture.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Profile of Internet users: survey of the Surgical Section of the AAP.

BACKGROUND: Communication through electronic networks is becoming a most useful resource of health care providers. PURPOSE: Establish the demographic and professional profile and identify the internet service provider of members of the Surgery Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). MATERIALS: A short survey questionnaire including variables of age, gender, years of experience, type of practice and internet service provider was mailed to all members of the Surgical Section of the AAP. Two-hundred and six responses of 588 (35%) were received and analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age of the group was 52 years of which 88% were male and 12% female (7.5:1). The group had an average of eighteen years of practice; 185 members (90%) have access to Internet and 188 (92%) use it mainly for e-mailing from either home (25%), hospital/office setting (30%) or both (42%). Twenty-three percent of member were willing to receive section news and correspondence by electronic means, by print-mail 34% and both 44%. Overall type of practice was private 21%, University 54% or combined 23%. No access to internet means an older member (57 yrs, p = 0.02) sharing solo (private) practice (p = 0.006). Two-third of internet service providers were university-based (-edu) or hospital organizations (-org) with a younger age group (48 yrs, p = 0.000001). CONCLUSIONS: E-mailing is becoming the preferred method of communication among many members of the Section of Surgery of the AAP. Net accessibility through University or Children Hospital servers account for the high number of young members in this practice setting.

Demography↗
PubMed1989

[Therapeutic effects and influence on the urinary enzyme activity of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (urinastatin) in cases with acute renal failure--changes in the urinary activities of NAG and AAP].

We studied the therapeutic effects of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) in 5 cases with acute renal failure, resulting from traumatic shock in 1 case, post-operative shock in 2 cases, septic shock in 1 case, and dehydration in 1 case. We administered 300,000 u/day of UTI intravenously at the initial phase of acute renal failure for 7 days. We measured the activities of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and the activities of serum beta-glucuronidase, PMN-elastase serially. As a control, we also studied same markers in 5 cases with acute renal failure without the administration of UTI. We could obtain the following results. 1) Urinary activities of NAG and AAP were already elevated markedly at the onset phase of acute renal failure. 2) The administration of UTI caused a significant decrease of the activities of NAG and AAP in the urine as compared with those in the controls. 3) The administration of UTI caused also the significant suppression of the activities of beta-glucuronidase and PMN-elastase in the serum. These results suggested that UTI has the protective effects on the tubular epithelial cell injuries in cases of acute renal failure.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2001

Screening for anemia in children: AAP recommendations--a critique.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends screening for anemia between the ages of 9 to 12 months with additional screening between the ages of 1 and 5 years for patients at risk. The screening may be universal or selective depending on the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the population. Improved infant rearing practices-including wider availability, acceptance, and use of iron-fortified formulas; iron fortification of foods; and increased awareness of the importance of dietary iron supplementation especially early in life-have lead to significant decline in the incidence of anemia in the first year of life. However, incidence of iron deficiency and ensuing anemia in children between 1 and 2 years continues to be significant and an important issue. Although iron deficiency may develop soon after cessation of or inadequate iron intake, anemia secondary to iron deficiency develops gradually over a period of several weeks to months. For children who have received/are receiving iron-fortified infant formulas and foods, hemoglobin screening at 9 to 12 months of age is inappropriate as there may not have been sufficient time to develop anemia, despite the rapid growth rate at this age. Widespread implementation of hemoglobin electrophoresis included in the neonatal metabolic screening programs in many states in the United States now has resulted in earlier diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Screening children at 9 to 12 months of age for hemoglobinopathies is somewhat redundant now. Screening for anemia before or around 1 year of age should continue to be important for communities and children at risk. Universal screening of toddlers at a later time allows sufficient time for nutritional anemia to become evident after the child has been weaned off iron-fortified formulas, for the influence of toddler dietary fads to manifest, and for evaluation of tolerance of cow's milk protein. This may be addressed via 2 approaches. The first involves postponing the currently recommended screening or an additional screening for anemia between 15 to 18 months of age. Determination of hemoglobin (or hematocrit) is not the optimal way to identify children at risk from effects of iron deficiency as it fails to identify patients who are iron-deficient but are not anemic. Long-term psychomotor, behavioral, and developmental effects secondary to iron deficiency anemia are known but sufficient data are lacking regarding the role of iron deficiency without anemia. Development and evaluation of sensitive, specific, and cost-effective screening tools to identify children at risk for iron deficiency is important. Until such methods are instituted, the AAP should emphasize and recommend universal screening for anemia during the second year of life.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1991

Inadequacies with the ACOG and AAP statements on managing ethical conflict during the intrapartum period.

[The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists] takes the view that respect for the autonomy of the pregnant woman should be almost absolute and [the American Academy of Pediatrics] takes the view that respect for the autonomy of the pregnant woman should be limited or prima facie in character. ACOG's reading of this central bioethical principle admits of virtually no exceptions, while AAP's reading does allow exceptions....A complete account of obstetric ethics that would apply in clinical practice during the intrapartum period must take into account both negative and positive autonomy-based rights of the pregnant woman and beneficence-based obligations to the at-term fetus -- and to the pregnant woman, as well. Such an account will be, we believe, more clinically applicable than the accounts offered by ACOG and AAP.

Altruism↗
PubMed1993

N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) excretion after acute administration of acetaminophen, salsalate and aspirin in rats.

The present study was performed to compare renal injury induced by high acute doses of both the nonacetylated salicylate, salsalate (SSA) and the acetylated salicylate, aspirin (ASA). As a marker of renal injury, urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) were measured after oral administration of 600 mg/kg of each drug. Other tests to detect renal injury were also performed. Serum salicylic levels after SSA or ASA were determined in a different experiment. Acetaminophen (APAP) was used as a standard of renal toxicity. Both drugs increase NAG and to a greater extent, AAP excretion. Proteinuria and polyuria appear after both drugs. Changes in urinary sodium and potassium were also shown. Our results support the view that both acetylated and non-acetylated salicylates induce renal injury at toxicological doses.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2006

Training and retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists - a Hispanic perspective: NICHD-AAP workshop on research in neonatology.

In a workshop organized by NICHD and the AAP in January 2004, we addressed and discussed issues related to a Hispanic perspective in Training and Retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists in the United States. A review of the literature related to training of underrepresented minority physicians in the United States (US) was performed, giving emphasis to those related to the Hispanic population. Success and failure in training and retention of Hispanic physician scientists and trainees was examined. An underrepresentation of Hispanic minorities in medical research workforce was found. This fact has recently resulted in efforts to increase their recruitment and there is a mandate by the National Institute of Health (NIH) for their inclusion. The Hispanic population in the US has increased rapidly, with diversity among the Hispanics in their personal and professional behavior. Significant disparities in health, health risk factors and access to health care manifested by an increased burden of illness and death have been documented. There in an undersupply of academic Hispanic neonatologist. Factors such as availability of academic employment, limited research funding in pediatrics, managed care and large debt burden of the US medical graduates interfere with recruitment of Hispanic trainees and academic physician scientist. Possible solutions, including recognition research awards, revision of NIH policies in awarding funds for neonatology, establishing strategies to improve minorities' acceptance, participation in research and increase accrual of Hispanic population in clinical trials should be given priority.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1995

Substrate specificity and expression profile of amino acid transporters (AAPs) in Arabidopsis.

Three amino acid transporter genes (AAP3-5) were isolated from Arabidopsis by complementation of a yeast mutant defective in histidine uptake. Transport is driven against a concentration gradient and sensitive to protonophores. Analysis of the substrate specificity demonstrates that the carriers have a broad substrate specificity covering the major transport forms of reduced nitrogen, i.e. glutamine and glutamate. The transporters have similar affinities for glutamate, glutamine, and alanine but differ with respect to valine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, and lysine. AAP3 and AAP5 efficiently transport arginine and lysine and are involved in basic amino acid transport. The predicted polypeptides of 53 kDa are highly hydrophobic with 12 putative membrane-spanning regions and show significant homologies to Arabidopsis amino acid transporters AAP1 and AAP2. Each of the genes has a different organ-specific expression in the plant. AAP3 is exclusively expressed in roots and AAP4 mainly in source leaves, stems, and flowers, whereas AAP5 is found in all tissues. The specific distribution in the plant and the different substrate specificities of AAP transporters may indicate that tissues differ both qualitatively and quantitatively regarding import or export of amino acids.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

The new CDC and AAP lead poisoning prevention recommendations: consensus versus controversy.

A considerable body of evidence has surfaced over the past several decades indicating that low-level lead exposure has detrimental effects for young children. As neurocognitive deficits have increasingly been found to be associated with lead levels as low as 10 micrograms/dL, the CDC has progressively lowered the threshold lead level designated as elevated to the present level of 10 micrograms/dL. The CDC also has recommended universal screening of all children for lead. These recommendations have engendered much controversy. After independently reviewing the relevant literature, the AAP and the National Academy of Science concurred with the CDC's conclusions and recommendations. As additional prevalence information becomes available, a more targeted approach to screening based on local prevalence data eventually may replace universal screening. However, as long as lead is found everywhere in the environment, children will continue to develop lead poisoning and suffer from its adverse effects. The problem of lead poisoning can be summarized best by a quote from a report of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to Congress, "Lead is toxic wherever it is found, and it is found everywhere."

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of the liberation of urinary necrosis enzymes (NAG-AAP) after administration of plasma expanders: study of dextran 40, hydroxyethyl starch and polymerized gelatin].

We studied the 24-hour urinary elimination of enzymatic markers of renal tubular necrosis (NAG-AAP) in 21 patients (mean age 34.6 years old) who were treated with plasma expanders before peridural anesthesia. The patients were divided into three groups of seven subjects each: - 14 ml/Kg -1 of dextran 40 was administered to group 1 - 14 ml/Kg -1 of gelatin was administered to group 2 - 14 ml/Kg -1 of hydroxyethyl starch was administered to group 3. Urinary elimination of N-acetylglucosaminidase and of alanine aminopeptidase was determined in the 24-hour urine the day before surgery (controls), the day of surgery (G1) and the day after surgery (G2). The values of the samples, taken after plasma expander administration, did differ significantly from the control values (G1, G2). Therefore the administration of 14 ml/Kg -1 of dextran, gelatin or hydroxyethyl starch does not affect the renal tubular epithelium.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1984

AAP periodicity guidelines: a framework for educating patients.

In 1967 the American Academy of Pediatrics published standards for periodic health supervision visits. In 1972 and 1975, in response to changes in child health needs, the guidelines were revised. The current AAP periodicity guidelines, adopted in 1981, provide for reasonable care and meet the minimum requirements for preventive health services for normal infants, children, and adolescents. Whereas detecting physical defects, evaluating illness, and assessing the child's development are key elements of the periodic visit, parent education is equally important. The educational aspects of a health supervision visit--which consists of interval history, measurements, sensory screening, developmental and behavioral assessment, physical examination, procedures, and anticipatory guidance--are stressed. A prenatal visit is important, particularly for first-time parents. Periodic visits are also valuable for adolescents, who face special concerns such as substance abuse, risk-taking behavior, and problems of sexuality. Often, the pediatrician may be the only professional whose advice and counsel the teenager will accept.

Adolescent↗