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Results for “predictability of adaptation”

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PubMed2005

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in children: incidence, prognosis, and treatment options.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children is a serious complication that has been responsible for high mortality rates over recent years. PTLDs are part of a clinically and histologically heterogeneous group of B-lymphocyte proliferations mostly induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a context of immunosuppression. Major risk factors for PTLDs in solid organ transplantation are the EBV serostatus mismatch and the intensity, duration, and type of immunosuppression. T-cell depletion and the HLA-mismatched donor and recipient are the main risk factors following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For a long time, the only safe and effective therapeutic approach to PTLD was reduction of immunosuppression, with a risk of graft rejection. Based on a better knowledge of the pathophysiology and risk factors for PTLD, preventive and pre-emptive strategies have been recently proposed to control PTLD. New treatment modalities, such as anti-B-cell antibodies, cytokine inhibitor therapy, or anti-EBV cytotoxic T lymphocytes are promising and may improve the outcome of PTLD. These therapeutic approaches need to be further evaluated, especially in the context of pre-emptive strategies adapted to predictive markers of EBV-induced PTLD.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of range effects in face recognition.

The effects of test stimulus range on generalization gradients in humans were assessed for discriminations between faces that varied in brightness, faces that varied in orientation in the picture plane, and morphed faces. In Experiment 1, significant range effects, predicted by adaptation level theory, occurred when faces varied along the brightness or orientation dimension, but not for morphed faces. Changing the difficulty of discrimination of both training and test stimuli for Experiment 2 produced range effects in morphed faces. Experiment 3 explored training and testing stimulus factors as determinants of range effects in morphed faces. The results suggest that sufficiently biased testing ranges create shifts in response distributions (generalization gradients), and this may be amplified byusing relatively difficult discriminations between training stimuli.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Evaluating the predictive validity of nursing home pre-admission screens.

This article demonstrates a method for evaluating the predictive validity of nursing home pre-admission screens (PAS) by using measures of predictive validity adapted from the field of epidemiology. Our approach estimates how well as PAS performs in identifying the "who but for" population of the Medicaid home and community-based services waiver programs for the frail elderly. The methodology's usefulness in screen revision is also illustrated.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Improving the efficiency of a wastewater treatment plant by fuzzy control and neural network.

One of the main problems in operating a wastewater treatment plant is the purification of the excess water from dewatering and pressing of sludge. Because of a high load of organic material and of nitrogen it has to be buffered and treated together with the inflowing wastewater. Different control strategies are discussed. A combination of neural network for predicting outflow values one hour in advance and fuzzy controller for dosing the sludge water are presented. This design allows the construction of a highly non-linear predictive controller adapted to the behaviour of the controlled system with a relatively simple and easy to optimise fuzzy controller. Measurement results of its operation on a municipal wastewater treatment plant of 60,000 inhabitant equivalents are presented and discussed. In several months of operation the system has proved very reliable and robust tool for improving the system's efficiency.

Carbon↗
PubMed1999

[Temperature measurement and control in prostate therapy apparatus].

The importance and difficulties of the temperature measurement and control in Prostate therapy apparatus are discussses. Plans of the temperature measurement and control, and the characters of the clinical applications are compared. Finally the method of calculating the temperature distribution with few measurement signals and the advantages of using the adaptive generalized predictive control are expounded.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1976

[Use of Dodger filters in osteoarticular radiology].

Dodger filters represent considerable progress in the harmonization of the contrast in radiography by modulation of the incident Y-ray beam. The originality of these filters is related to three factors: the mobility of the filter elements, their shape, and in particular the presence of a specific optical system that makes it possible, by demonstrating the filter lines with a luminous ray, to predict and adapt the attenuation effects obtained. Osteo-articular radiology can now be viewed in a new light, as it is possible with Dodger filters to obtain on a single fim, valid images of the whole of the bony structure of a region as well as of the corresponding soft tissues.

Arthrography↗
PubMed2003

Gene expression profiles associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and cholestasis in mouse liver after griseofulvin.

Erythropoietic protoporphyria patients can develop cholestasis, severe hepatic damage, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. We modeled this hepatic pathology in C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice using griseofulvin and analyzed 3,127 genes for alteration of expression in the liver before and during the onset of protoporphyria, cholestasis, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. The two mouse strains developed different levels of pathologic damage in response to the griseofulvin. Characteristic gene expression profiles could be associated with griseofulvin-induced gene expression, disruption of lipid metabolism, and the pathologic states of inflammation, early fibrosis, and cholestasis. Additionally, some genes individually indicated an alteration of homeostasis. or pathologic state; for example, fibroblast proliferation was potentially indicated by increased calcyclin (SA100a6) expression. Changes in cytochrome P450 (Cyp) gene expression were particularly pronounced, with increased expression of the Cyp2a, Cyp2b, and Cyp3a families. Decreased Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a14 expression was observed that could be associated with early pathologic change. A potential decrease in bile acid and steroid biosynthesis was indicated by the decreased expression of Cyp7b1 and Hsd3b4, respectively. DNA damage was indicated by induction of GADD45. This study illustrates how transcriptional programs can be associated with different stimuli in the same experiment. The time course of change in the gene expression profile compared with changes in pathology and clinical chemistry shows the potential of this approach for modeling causative, predictive, and adaptive changes in gene expression during pathologic change.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Marketing ambulatory services in the 1990s.

The ability to predict, to adapt to change, and to develop strategic low cost marketing plans are the components essential to remaining financially solvent in today's health care environment. The marketing process is analogous to the nursing process and should support the institution's mission statement, philosophy, and goals. Managers who are able to empower their personnel to become the sales force and implement the marketing plan will be the survivors in the 1990s.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

[Criteria of predicting efficacy of vestibulo-adaptive therapy in patients with equilibrium disturbances].

Effects of some factors on efficacy of vestibulo-adaptive therapy were analysed for 109 patients with equilibrium dysfunction. Efficacy of vestibulo-adaptive therapy is shown to depend on location of the vestibular analyser lesion, involvement of alternative sensory systems providing information on spatial position of the body, duration of the vestibular analyzer affection, determination of the patient to adhere to the program of physical rehabilitation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1977

[Orthodontic and surgical approach to mandibular prognathia. Prevention of recurrences].

The authors emphasize the necessity for a combined orthodontic and surgical approach to the problems posed by the treatment of mandibular prognathia. They feel that the major source of recurrences is related to the alveolar changes which accompany the new basal maxillo-mandibular relationship and the resultant modifications in muscular equilibrium. The prevention of recurrences must therefore take into account the prediction of adaptive remodelling of the alveolar processes.

Dental Occlusion↗
PubMed1988

[Pharmacokinetics in phase IV studies for the preview of a therapeutic protocol].

The pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer drugs still go on after they are out on the market. The therapeutic protocol is then more precise and depends on the dosage results of these drugs. Some examples of dosage adjustment according to their plasmatic level are reported here for high-dose methotrexate infusion and for CDDP infusion over five days. The test dose and the bayesian method (pharmacokinetic population) are used to predict the adapted individualized dosage for each patient.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1977

Stimulus intensity effects in electrodermal habituation.

Experiment 1 presented human subjects with 25 shocks of the same (.5, 1.5, or 2.5 mA:between-subjects design) or different (.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mA:within-subjects design) intensities to test predictions of the dual-process, cortical-model, and adaptation-level theories concerning terminal electrodermal response (EDR) magnitudes in an habituation paradigm. Dual-process theory correctly predicted terminal EDR magnitudes and relative EDR habituation rates. Dual-process theory was further supported in Experiment 3 when EDR magnitude to a standard intensity shock (1.25 mA) decreased with the intensity of a second comparison shock (0, .5, 1.25, or 2.5 mA) only up to the 1.25-mA level, as the common-elements construct of the dual-process theory predicts. Adaptation level incorrectly predicted that standard stimulus EDR magnitude would decrease as comparison intensity, hence adaptation level, increased. Forewarning subjects of each shock intensity increased EDR magnitude in Experiments 2 and 3 contrary to the cortical-model theory's prediction based on subjective stimulus uncertainty.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Grasshopper ontogeny in relation to time constraints: adaptive divergence and stasis.

1. Life history theory generally predicts a trade-off between shortjuvenile development and large adult size, assuming invariant growth rates within species. This pivotal assumption has been explicitly tested in few organisms. 2. We studied ontogeny in 13 populations of Omocestus viridulus grasshoppers under common garden conditions. High-altitude populations, facing short growing seasons and thus seasonal time constraints, were found to grow at a similar rate to low altitude conspecifics. 3. Instead, high-altitude grasshoppers evolved faster development, and the correlated change in body size led to an altitudinal size cline mediating a trade-off with female fecundity. 4. An additional juvenile stage occurred in low- but not high-altitude females. This difference is probably due to the evolution of lowered critical size thresholds in high-altitude grasshoppers to accelerate development. 5. We found a strikingly lower growth rate in males than females that we interpret as the outcome of concurrent selection for protandry and small male size. 6. Within populations, large individuals developed faster than small individuals, suggesting within-population genetic variation in growth rates. 7. We provide evidence that different time constraints (seasonal, protandry selection) can lead to different evolutionary responses in intrinsic growth, and that correlations among ontogenetic traits within populations cannot generally be used to predict life history adaptation among populations. Moreover, our study illustrates that comparisons of ontogenetic patterns can shed light on the developmental basis underlying phenotypic evolution.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Evolutionary computational methods to predict oral bioavailability QSPRs.

This review discusses evolutionary and adaptive methods for predicting oral bioavailability (OB) from chemical structure. Genetic Programming (GP), a specific form of evolutionary computing, is compared with some other advanced computational methods for OB prediction. The results show that classifying drugs into 'high' and 'low' OB classes on the basis of their structure alone is solvable, and initial models are already producing output that would be useful for pharmaceutical research. The results also suggest that quantitative prediction of OB will be tractable. Critical aspects of the solution will involve the use of techniques that can: (i) handle problems with a very large number of variables (high dimensionality); (ii) cope with 'noisy' data; and (iii) implement binary choices to sub-classify molecules with behavior that are qualitatively different. Detailed quantitative predictions will emerge from more refined models that are hybrids derived from mechanistic models of the biology of oral absorption and the power of advanced computing techniques to predict the behavior of the components of those models in silico.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Rapid appearance of epistasis during adaptive divergence following colonization.

Theory predicts that short-term adaptation within populations depends on additive (A) genetic effects, while gene-gene interactions 'epistasis (E)' are important only in long-term evolution. However, few data exist on the genetic architecture of adaptive variation, and the relative importance of A versus non-additive genetic effects continues to be a central controversy of evolutionary biology after more than 70 years of debate. To examine this issue directly, we conducted hybridization experiments between two populations of wild soapberry bugs that have strongly differentiated in 100 or fewer generations following a host plant shift. Contrary to expectation, we found that between-population E and dominance (D) have appeared quickly in the evolution of new phenotypes. Rather than thousands of generations, adaptive gene differences between populations have evolved in tens. Such complex genetic variation could underlie the seemingly extreme rates of evolution that are increasingly reported in many taxa. In the case of the soapberry bug, extraordinary ecological opportunity, rather than mortality, may have created hard selection for genetic variants. Because ultimate division of populations into genetic species depends on epistatic loss of hybrid compatibility, local adaptation based on E may accelerate macro-evolutionary diversification.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2003

The problem of predicting food intake during the period of adaptation to a new food: a model.

A model is described which aims to predict intake immediately following a change from one food to another that is higher in bulk content; it deals with the transition from one 'equilibrium' intake to another. The system considered is an immature pig fed ad libitum on a single homogeneous food, which is balanced for nutrients and contains no toxins so that the first limiting resource is always energy. It is assumed that an animal has a desired rate of food intake (DFI) which is that needed to meet the energy requirements for protein and lipid deposition and for maintenance. DFI may not be achieved if a bulk constraint to intake exists. Where a bulk constraint operates intake is calculated as constrained food intake (CFI) where (where WHC is the water-holding capacity of the food (kg water/kg dry food) and Cwhc is the animal's capacity for WHC (units/kg live weight per d)). Where intake is not constrained it is assumed that genetic potential will be achieved. Potential growth rate is described by the Gompertz growth function. Where intake is constrained, growth will be less than the potential. Constrained growth rate is predicted as where W is pig weight (kg), EI is energy intake (MJ/d), Em is the energy required for maintenance (MJ/d) and eg is the energy required for unit gain (MJ/kg). The value of eg depends on weight and the fattening characteristics of the pig. Actual growth is predicted to be the lesser of potential and constrained growth. To deal with adaptation it is assumed that the time taken to reach equilibrium depends on the difference in WHC values between the previous and current food and that the capacity to consume food bulk is related to the WHC of the current food. It is proposed that the capacity for WHC on the first day on a new food will be equal to the current capacity for WHC on the last day of the previous food. Thus where FI is food intake (kg/d). Thereafter Cwhc will gradually increase over time to a maximum of 0.27 g/kg. The rate of change in Cwhc is made to be the same for all pigs and all foods. The increase in capacity over time is assumed to be linear at the rate of 0.01 units/d. The model was tested using published data. Qualitatively the predictions of the model were in close agreement with the relevant observed data in at least some cases. It is concluded that the underlying theoretical assumptions of the model are reasonable. However, the model fails to predict initial intake when changed to foods high in wheat-bran content and fails to predict the intake of a non-limiting food where compensatory increases in intake and gain occur. The model could be adapted to overcome the first failure by taking into account the time course of digestive efficiency following a change in food. To deal with the second would require a sufficient understanding of the time course of compensatory growth.

Adaptation, Physiological↗