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PubMed1980

[The behaviour of the microflora of wheat related to the cleaning- and the flour mill-flow diagram. IV. Communication: Investigations regarding the behaviour of the microflora during the cleaning and milling of grain (author's transl)].

For the production of certain foodstuffs and preparations of foodstuffs the use of mill products with low microbial germ content is necessary. The demands for microorganisms, in relation to species and number which can be tolerated, depend on the kind of the foodstuff, produced from the milled product. Investigations were done to get milled products with low microbial content; the effect of cleaning and "fractionated" milling of the grain was studied. Flours with a low ash content (flour-type 405 until 550) show generally a low microbial content. More milling-technical problems arise for the production of flours with a high content and a low microbial germ content. The main factors are selection of raw materials, separation of kernels with large-size grains (about 20 till 30%) and an additional surface treatment of the kernels. Whole meal products which are consumed by the customer without preliminary heating, should be also produced from kernels with large size after an intensive surface treatment of the kernels. Food bran should be only produced from grain after a surface treatment. A considerable part of the microflora in the outside layer of the kernels is separated by this particular cleaning method. In the bran from middlings the microflora of the grain concentrates very much. Within the break-passages of the milling diagram a separation should be done in coarse and fine hulls. To improve the demonstrated effects it is necessary to eliminate all the contamination sources during cleaning. The risk of a contamination of milled products with fungi during the milling process is obviously very different. To eliminate this contamination source a detailed analysis is necessary.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

The response to challenging behaviour by care staff: emotional responses, attributions of cause and observations of practice.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have attempted to apply Weiner's attributional model of helping behaviour to care staff who work with service users with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours by using studies based on vignettes. The aims of the current study were to investigate the application of Weiner's model to 'real' service users with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours and to observe the care staff's actual responses to challenging behaviours displayed by service users. Also, to compare care staff attributions, emotions, optimism, willingness to help and observed helping behaviours for self-injurious behaviours in comparison to other forms of challenging behaviours. METHOD: A total of 27 care staff completed two sets of measures, one set regarding a self-injurious behaviour and the other regarding other forms of challenging behaviour. An additional 16 staff completed one set of measures. The measures focused on care staff attributions, emotions, optimism and willingness to help. Also, 16 of the care staff were observed interacting with the service users to collect data regarding their responses to challenging behaviours. RESULTS: For both self-injurious behaviours and other forms of challenging behaviour, associations were found between the care staff internal, stable and uncontrollable attribution scores and care staff negative emotion scores. However, no associations were found between the care staff levels of emotion, optimism and willingness to help. Some associations were found between the care staff levels of willingness to help and observed helping behaviours. There were significant differences between the care staff attribution scores with higher scores being obtained for uncontrollable and stable attributions for other forms of challenging behaviours. No significant differences were found between the care staff emotions, optimism, willingness to help and observed helping behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The results did not provide support for Weiner's attributional model of helping behaviour. However, a preliminary model of negative care staff behaviour was derived from the exploratory analyses completed. This model proposes that there are associations between internal, stable and uncontrollable attributions and negative emotions in care staff and also between negative emotions and negative behaviours displayed by care staff in response to the actions of service users.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Care staff responses to people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour: a cognitive-emotional analysis.

This study explores the application of Weiner's cognitive-emotional model of helping behaviour to care staff responses to challenging behaviour of people with learning disabilities. Participants were 20 residential care staff who worked with people with challenging behaviour and 20 who did not. Six examples of challenging behaviour were presented, and for each behaviour participants were asked to give a probable cause, rate attributions of stability, internality, globality and controllability for their cause, their optimism for change of the behaviour, their evaluation of the behaviour and a person showing the behaviour, their emotional response to the behaviour and their willingness to put extra effort in to helping change the behaviour. Data were analysed using correlation and regression methods. Carers working with people with challenging behaviour were more likely to evaluate the person more positively and report they would be more likely to offer extra effort in helping. A path analysis showed that helping behaviour was best predicted by optimism, which was best predicted by negative emotion which was best predicted by the attribution of controllability. We conclude that attributions and emotions reported by carers in response to challenging behaviour are consistent with Weiner's cognitive-emotional model of helping behaviour. Formulating carer behaviour using such models offers the possibility of using cognitive-behavioural methods in working with staff beliefs, emotions and behaviour in response to challenging behaviour.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of unhealthy behaviour in Finland.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to examine associations between unhealthy behaviours among the Finnish adult population. METHODS: Data from a series of cross-sectional health behaviour surveys from the years 1991-1998 were pooled. Associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of regular physical activity and unhealthy diet were examined among 22,745 respondents. The associations were first studied in terms of accumulation: the occurrence of each combination of unhealthy behaviours was compared to their expected appearance, assuming that the behaviours were independent from each other. The same associations were then analysed with log-linear models. RESULTS: Only 2.4% of men and 0.9% of women had all four unhealthy behaviours. Nevertheless, the occurrence of four unhealthy behaviours was about three times more common than expected under the assumption of independence of the behaviours. Also, most of the three-behaviour combinations showed accumulation. Among the pairwise combinations, smoking and alcohol consumption as well as physical inactivity and unhealthy diet showed strongest accumulation, whereas the combination of alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet was less prevalent than expected. The combination of four healthy behaviours appeared 1.3 times more often than expected. In log-linear analysis a model containing all pairwise associations and the three-behaviour interaction between smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity, as well as that of alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet for men, provided an acceptable fit. Most of the unhealthy behaviours were positively associated but the association between alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet was inverse. Other behaviours modified the strength of the associations. The direction of the association between alcohol consumption and physical inactivity depended on other behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Unhealthy behaviours showed pairwise and multiple accumulation. No three-behaviour associations were reducible to pairwise associations. Smoking had the strongest and most consistent associations with other unhealthy behaviours. Differences between sociodemographic groups were small and the patterns of unhealthy behaviour were remarkably similar among men and women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The form and function of challenging behaviours.

Aspects of the topography and behavioural function underlying the challenging behaviours of all people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour (n = 70) in a defined geographical area were investigated. Results indicated that: (1) more severe challenging behaviours were shown by people with more severe disabilities; (2) a significant minority (44%) of people showed more than one form of challenging behaviour, this rising to 79% among people with more severe challenging behaviours; and (3) cross-sectional analyses revealed specific clusters of problematic, aggressive and self-injurious behaviours. Analysis of information derived from the Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS) indicated that (5) the most common functions of challenging behaviours appeared to be 'self-stimulation' (for self-injury, destructiveness and 'other' challenging behaviours) and securing the attention of carers (for aggressive behaviours). However, (6) parametric analyses failed to identify any consistent relationships between the form and function of an individual's challenging behaviour for aggressive, destructiveness and 'other' challenging behaviours, but (7) clients with self-injurious behaviour were significantly more likely to score highly on the 'self-stimulation' sub-scale than other sub-scales of the MAS. Finally, (8) significant consistency of behavioural functions across different forms of challenging behaviours shown by the same individual were found for the two combinations of aggressive-destructive behaviours and self-injury-'other' behaviours.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Do self- reported intentions predict clinicians' behaviour: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Implementation research is the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of clinical research findings into routine clinical practice. Several interventions have been shown to be effective in changing health care professionals' behaviour, but heterogeneity within interventions, targeted behaviours, and study settings make generalisation difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the 'active ingredients' in professional behaviour change strategies. Theories of human behaviour that feature an individual's "intention" to do something as the most immediate predictor of their behaviour have proved to be useful in non-clinical populations. As clinical practice is a form of human behaviour such theories may offer a basis for developing a scientific rationale for the choice of intervention to use in the implementation of new practice. The aim of this review was to explore the relationship between intention and behaviour in clinicians and how this compares to the intention-behaviour relationship in studies of non-clinicians. METHODS: We searched: PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science/Social science citation index, Current contents (social & behavioural med/clinical med), ISI conference proceedings, and Index to Theses. The reference lists of all included papers were checked manually. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they had: examined a clinical behaviour within a clinical context, included measures of both intention and behaviour, measured behaviour after intention, and explored this relationship quantitatively. All titles and abstracts retrieved by electronic searching were screened independently by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by discussion. DISCUSSION: Ten studies were found that examined the relationship between intention and clinical behaviours in 1623 health professionals. The proportion of variance in behaviour explained by intention was of a similar magnitude to that found in the literature relating to non-health professionals. This was more consistently the case for studies in which intention-behaviour correspondence was good and behaviour was self-reported. Though firm conclusions are limited by a smaller literature, our findings are consistent with that of the non-health professional literature. This review, viewed in the context of the larger populations of studies, provides encouragement for the contention that there is a predictable relationship between the intentions of a health professional and their subsequent behaviour. However, there remain significant methodological challenges.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Functional behavioural assessment in people with intellectual disabilities.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The presence of problem behaviours often impede an individual's quality of life and ability to be fully included in the environments of his or her choice. Functional behavioural assessment has been gaining widespread use in all settings in which people with intellectual disabilities might present problem behaviours. Understanding the function of these problem behaviours is a critical component to developing an effective intervention plan. This paper presents a review of the current knowledge and findings regarding functional behavioural assessments. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent studies on functional behavioural assessment have supported the well established fact that success in reducing behaviour problems is closely linked to understanding the function of the problem behaviour. Implementing functional behavioural assessment in school settings has been met with some challenges. Although a complex process, recent research has shown promise in training nonprofessionals in learning to carry out a functional behavioural assessment and implementing the information gained from the functional behavioural assessment into an effective behavioural intervention. SUMMARY: The necessity of conducting a functional behavioural assessment is uncontested. Developing a behavioural intervention on the information obtained from a thorough functional behavioural assessment is part of best practice in the field of intellectual disabilities. We have the tools to conduct, and train others to conduct, a comprehensive functional behavioural assessment.

Comorbidity↗