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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Neurophysiological distinction of verb categories.

Neurophysiological brain responses to subcategories of action verbs were recorded using high resolution EEG. Starting 240 ms after word onset, topographies of event-related potentials distinguished between verbs referring to different action types. Current source density estimates revealed that verbs referring to actions executed with the legs (to kick) produced an activity focus close to the vertex, above motor areas involved in the programming of leg movements, whereas face-related verbs (to speak) produced a focus at left-lateral recordings, above perisylvian areas and the cortical representation of the face and articulators. This is evidence that brain mechanisms involved in word processing can differ even between fine-grained lexico-semantic subcategories and already within the first quarter of a second after word onset. We offer an explanation of the data in neurobiological terms.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Phonological and orthographic processing of Hebrew words: electrophysiological aspects.

Brain activity among 15 male, college-level, normal readers in Israel was examined during phonological and orthographic word-recognition tasks. Both electrophysiological (event-related potentials, or ERPs) and behavioral measures were obtained. Data indicated that (a) behavioral accuracy was almost perfect for all the experimental tasks, and (b) although P200 and N400 ERP components were elicited in the experimental tasks, the latencies of those components were significantly longer and their amplitudes significantly higher in the phonological task. Variations in vowel information had no effect on word recognition in either type of task. The results suggest that among skilled readers of Hebrew, phonological processing during word recognition may be more effortful and may demand greater cognitive resources than orthographic processing. Furthermore, the additional phonological information represented in vowels appears to contribute little to word recognition in this population. These findings support earlier research on skilled reading in Hebrew as well as current theoretical models of reading.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissociation of normal feature analysis and deficient processing of letter-strings in dyslexic adults.

Neuroimaging studies have revealed that the functional organization of reading differs between developmentally dyslexic and non-impaired individuals. However, it is not clear how early in the reading process the differences between fluent and dyslexic readers start to emerge. We studied cortical activity of ten dyslexic adults using magnetoencephalography (MEG), as they silently read words or viewed symbol-strings which were clearly visible or degraded with Gaussian noise. This method has previously been used to dissociate between analysis of local features and pre-lexical word processing in fluent adult readers. Signals peaking around 100 ms after stimulus onset and originating in the postero-medial extrastriate cortex were associated with increasing local luminance contrast in the noise patches. These early visual responses were similar in dyslexic and non-impaired readers. In contrast, the letter-string-specific responses peaking around 150 ms predominantly in the left inferior occipito-temporal cortex in fluent readers were undetectable in dyslexic readers. Thus, while the early visual processing seems intact in dyslexic adults, the pattern of cortical activation starts to differ from that of fluent readers at the point where letter-string-specific signals first emerge during reading.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. V. Data entry and early exploratory data analysis.

The process of data entry and initial analysis to locate data errors is described. Basic terms are defined and a simple method of entering data by using word processing software is illustrated. Data checking is done by using visual check of the raw data. Statistical programs are then used to locate possible data errors by finding data points (outliers) that are very different from the average. Special graphic output of statistical programs, scatterplots and box and whisker plots can be used to further locate questionable data. Examples of data entry forms and annotated step by step data cleaning with the use of inexpensive programs for personal computers are presented.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

Temporal invariance for picture-word translation: evidence from drawing-writing and naming-reading tasks.

In two experiments, picture-word processing was investigated using graphic (drawing-writing) and verbal (naming-reading) production tasks. In both experiments, the subjects drew a picture or wrote a word upon presentation of a picture or a word stimulus. Additionally, the subjects in Experiment 2 named a picture or read a word stimulus. Production onset latency was assessed. In both experiments, drawing production was initiated more slowly than was writing production. In Experiment 2, graphic production was initiated more slowly than was verbal production. Equivalent latency increases were found for cross-modality trials (e.g., drawing a picture given a word stimulus) relative to within-modality trials (e.g., drawing a picture given a picture stimulus), independent of stimulus modality (word or picture), production modality (word or picture), or task (graphic or verbal production). These results strongly support a mathematical model which incorporates temporal invariance for pictures and words concerning encoding, cross-modality transfer, and retrieval.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

[Radiology reporting system based on the concept of hierarchical structure].

A new radiology reporting system based on the concept of hierarchical structure is proposed. The system generates an intermediate language file made up of semantically linked key words. The hierarchical structure refers to the model of Open System Interconnection (OSI) proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The intermediate language is managed and stored along with free sentences (descriptive language) to form a hierarchical structure. Reports of 57 echographies including 65 liver diseases and 7 normal studies done by two medical doctors and two radiologic technicians were tested to evaluate the feasibility and utility of this reporting system. The model system was developed using a personal computer (EPSON PC-486GF) and Japanese word processing software (Justsystem Ichitaro Ver.5/Windows). The hit ratio of the number of picked up keywords (intermediate language) against the number of key findings contained in the free sentences (descriptive language) was 97.4%, and the ratio of hit cases out of total cases was 88.7%. This reporting system with free-text process and hierarchical structure is feasible and useful for improvement of radiological information passage and formation of a radiology database, whereas the strict standardization of descriptive words and criteria of findings will be required for the construction of a practical system.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of sentential context on the processing of unambiguous words by the two cerebral hemispheres.

The effect of sentence context on the processing of different aspects of meaning of unambiguous nouns by the two cerebral hemispheres was examined. Participants performed a lexical decision task on target words following two primes, an unambiguous noun preceded by an incomplete sentence. Priming sentences were consistent with either the dominant or the subordinate aspect of meaning of their final unambiguous word. Short and long SOAs were used. A principal finding of this study was that, when compared to unrelated aspects of meaning, for both the short and the long SOAs, the dominant and subordinate aspects of meaning of the unambiguous words were activated regardless of context in both hemispheres. However, the activation of the subordinate aspect of meaning of unambiguous words appears to be more sensitive to sentential context, especially when the unambiguous word is being processed by the left hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Theory-based approach to computer skill development in nursing administration.

The authors describe a theory-based approach to computer skill development in nursing administration that is a strategy for preparing nurse administrators to meet the challenge for effective decision making in the rapidly changing health care environment. A framework is presented using theories of decision making and information processing to integrate the development of knowledge and skills for decision making with knowledge and skills associated with computer decision support. Computerized support is available to help managers be effective at each stage of the decision-making process. Focusing on five stages of the decision-making process, the authors discuss how computers can facilitate decision-making. Computer applications introduced throughout a three-semester program in nursing administration include bibliographic databases, thought and word processing, database programs, decision analysis programs, spreadsheets, and project management programs. The curriculum and course activities are described.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1996

Perceptual and conceptual components in implicit and explicit stem completion.

This study was aimed at investigating functional and neuropsychological dissociations between repetition priming and explicit memory tasks. The explicit and implicit versions of the stem completion task were administered to a group of amnesics and a group of control subjects. In Experiment 1 both the explicit and implicit stem completions were significantly higher when the same presentation modality was used for studying and testing than when a change in modality from studying to testing occurred. Amnesics had normal implicit and deficient explicit completion performance. Experiment 2 revealed an advantage of the semantic over the phonological condition only in the explicit task and only in control subjects. Amnesic patients completed the same percentage of words as normal subjects in the phonological and semantic conditions of the implicit task and in the phonological condition of the explicit task but were deficient in intentionally completing semantically processed words. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed according to theoretical models that distinguish memory tasks along an explicit-implicit dichotomy (multiple memory system theory) or along a perceptual-conceptual dichotomy (transfer-appropriate procedures approach), and alternative theoretical positions are evaluated regarding repetition priming and memory deficits in amnesic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading: a comparison of PET and fMRI.

The effect of stimulus rate and its interaction with stimulus type on brain activity during reading was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This (i) enabled the segregation of brain regions showing differential responses, (ii) identified the optimum experimental design parameters for maximizing sensitivity, and (iii) allowed us to evaluate further the sources of discrepancy between positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI signals. The effect of visual word rate has already been investigated in a previous PET study. However, rate effects can be very different in PET and fMRI, as seen in previous studies of auditory word processing. In this work, we attempt to replicate rate-sensitive activations observed with PET using fMRI. Our objective was to characterize the discrepancies in regionally specific rate-sensitive effects between the two imaging modalities. Subjects were presented with words and pseudowords at varying rates while performing a silent reading task. The analysis specifically identified regions showing (i) an effect of stimulus rate on brain activity during reading; (ii) modulation of this effect by word type; and (iii) increased activity during reading relative to rest, but with no dependence on stimulus rate. The results identified similar effects of rate for words and pseudowords (no interactions between rate and word type reached significance). Irrespective of word type, strong positive linear effects of rate (i.e., activity increasing with rate) were detected in visual areas, right superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral precentral gyrus. These findings replicate the results of the previous PET study, confirming that activation in regions associated with visual processing and response generation increases with the number of stimuli. Likewise, we detected rate-independent effects reported in the previous PET study in bilateral anterior middle temporal, inferior frontal, and superior parietal regions. These results differentiate the functionally specific responses in rate-dependent and rate-independent areas. However, for negative effects of rate, fMRI did not replicate the effects seen in PET, suggesting some form of hemodynamic "rectification." The discussion focuses on differences between evoked rCBF and BOLD signals.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Deep dyslexia is right-hemisphere reading.

Two views exist concerning the proper interpretation of the form of acquired dyslexia known as deep dyslexia: (a) that it represents reading by a multiply damaged left hemisphere reading system; (b) that it represents reading which relies extensively on right-hemisphere orthographic and semantic processing. Price, Howard, Patterson, Warburton, Friston, and Frackowiak (1998) have recently reported a brain-imaging study whose results, they claim, "preclude an explanation of deep dyslexia in terms of purely right-hemisphere word processing." Their claim conflicts with the conclusions of previous published work, which strongly supports the RH hypothesis, work which they do not mention. Furthermore, I argue that their own results also favor the RH hypothesis (even though they claim otherwise); indeed, their results permit the formulation of a much more detailed version of the RH hypothesis than has hitherto been possible. Hence I conclude that the right-hemisphere interpretation of deep dyslexic reading remains the preferred explanation of deep dyslexia.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Right hemisphere semantic processing of visual words in an aphasic patient: an fMRI study.

This study was designed to identify the neural network supporting the semantic processing of visual words in a patient with large-scale damage to left-hemisphere (LH) language structures. Patient GP, and a control subject, RT, performed semantic and orthographic tasks while brain-activation patterns were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In RT, the semantic-orthographic comparison activated LH perisylvian and extrasylvian temporal regions comparable to the network of areas activated by non-brain-damaged subjects in other neuroimaging studies of semantic discrimination. In GP, the same comparison activated homologous right-hemisphere regions, demonstrating the ability of the right hemisphere to subserve visual lexicosemantic processes. The results are discussed within the context of the normal right hemisphere's capacity for semantic processing of visual words. Examining results from functional neuroimaging studies on recovery in the context of innate hemispheric abilities may enable reconciliation of disparate claims about mechanisms supporting recovery from aphasia.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2000

Useful Microsoft Word Macros for molecular biologists and protein chemists.

Biologists today make extensive use of word processing programs for the production of research reports, literature reviews and grant proposals. Frequently, such programs become the default platform for viewing and the later publication of protein and nucleic acid sequence data. Thus, researchers often switch between their word processor and more specialized programs designed to analyze protein and nucleic acid sequences. It would be more convenient to perform these simple sequence analyses using the word processor without switching to another program. The focus here is on the use of the Visual Basic programming language, which is built into all recent versions of Microsoft Word to generate surprisingly complex and useful macros that can conveniently analyze several important features of protein and nucleic acid sequences. The standard Word interface can also be easily modified to display and run these macros from a pull-down menu. Several examples of this approach are provided.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical applications of electronic data processing in surgery, trauma surgery and orthopedics. Results of a survey of 1,450 clinics].

With a standardized questionnaire we evaluated 1450 orthopedic and general surgery departments. The response rate was 57.2%, 52% of the departments were using computers for different purposes. The favoured system was the MS-DOS system (73%). The computers were mainly used for word processing (58%), statistics (50%), and graphics (39%). For clinical routine the leading use was patient documentation (70%) followed by patient report generation (43%). Other applications (e.g. online use of administrative data (19.4%) or the use of other patient information like blood parameters (10%)) were relatively rarely used. However, most of the users have plans to incorporate these applications in the nearest future. For the out patients care the leading application is private billing (42.5%) and statistics (30%). The majority of the departments (42.6%) only have one PC. Most of the departments use the printer for hard copies and as hard disc a the standard storage medium. The average storage capacity of the used hard discs is 40 to 80 MB. Other peripheral tools like a laser printer, a scanner, or modems are rarely used. Most of the departments invested between 5000 and 15,000,--DM. 33.3% financed the computers only with the official budget of the department. However, 25.8% only used private funds to buy the hard- and software. The distribution according to zip codes showed a slight accommodation in Bavaria and NRW. The amount of new installations showed an almost constant increase from 1975 until 1981. Between 1981 and 1990 there was a significant increase with a small drop in 1986.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1989

[Installation of electronic data processing at the Vienna Forensic Medicine Institute--experiences and outlook].

1985 the systematic use of personal computers in the Viennese institute of forensic medicine began. Due to the big engineering progress there was no more need to connect to a computer center. A gradual installation and a strict determination of requirements are important for computer systems, whereas a personal computer might be useful for word processing only as well.

Austria↗
PubMed1995

Format-independent data collection forms.

Good form design is generally acknowledged to be a key element of clinical trials and follow-up studies. Although some data are collected directly from automated equipment, most measurements, examination findings, and interview responses require at least one manual transcription, either onto paper forms or directly into a computer. Regardless of the transcription method adopted, there is broad agreement that the quality of study data depends strongly on the format and layout of the data collection instruments. The task of form design and production is complicated by two facts: first, a series of different forms is needed even when the period of follow-up is short; and second, form design is an ongoing process that starts before the first person is enrolled and continues over the course of the trial. This paper (1) presents a concept (format independence) aimed at simplifying the design and revision of data collection forms; (2) explains how a feature (styles) present in most word processing software can be used to implement the concept; (3) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a format-independent approach as compared to more traditional form development tools; and (4) describes the environment that prompted this approach to form development.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions.

Twenty children with early focal lesions were compared with 150 age-matched control subjects on 11 online measures of the basic skills underlying language processing, a digit span task, and 6 standardized measures. Although most of the children with brain injury scored within the normal range on the majority of the tasks, they also had a disproportionately high number of outlier scores on the reaction time tests. This evidence for a moderate impairment of the basic skills underlying language processing contrasts with other evidence suggesting that these children acquire normal control of the functional use of language. Furthermore, these children scored within the normal range on a measure of general cognitive ability, suggesting that there is no particular sparing of linguistic functions at the expense of general cognitive functions. Using the MPD procedure (Valdés-Pérez & Pericliev, 1997), we found that the controls and the five clinical groups could be best distinguished with two measures of online processing (word repetition and visual number naming) and one standardized test subcomponent (the CELF Oral Directions subtest). The 12 children with left hemisphere lesions scored significantly lower than the 8 other children on the CELF-RS measure. Within the group of children with cerebral infarct, the nature of the processing disability could be linked fairly well to site of lesion. Otherwise, there was little relation between site or size of lesion and the pattern of deficit. These results support a model in which damage to the complex functional circuits subserving language leads to only minor deficits in process efficiency, because of the plasticity of developmental processes.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selecting and implementing a voice recognition system.

A single radiology department serves the three separate organizations that comprise Emory Healthcare in Atlanta--three separate hospitals, the Emory Clinic and the Emory University School of Medicine. In 1996, the chairman of Emory Healthcare issued a mandate to the radiology department to decrease its report turnaround time, provide better service and increase customer satisfaction. The area where the greatest effect could be made without involving the transcription area was the "exam complete to dictate" piece of the reporting process. A committee investigating voice recognition systems established an essential criteria for potential vendors--to be able to download patient scheduling and demographic information from the existing RIS to the new system. Second, the system had to be flexible and straightforward for doctors to learn. It must have a word processing package for easy report correction and editing, and a microphone that would rewind and correct dictation before recognition took place. To keep capital costs low for the pilot, the committee opted for server recognition rather than purchase the expensive workstations necessary for real-time recognition. A switch was made later to real-time recognition. PACS and voice recognition have proven to be highly complementary. Most importantly, the new system has had a tremendous impact on turnaround time in the "dictate to final" phase. Once in the 30-hour range, 65 percent of the reports are now turned around in less than 15 minutes, 80 percent in less than 30 minutes, and 90 percent in less than an hour.

Academic Medical Centers↗