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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Canine distemper virus--an agent looking for new hosts].

Canine distemper is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV), a RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The genus Morbillivirus includes measles virus, Rinderpest virus and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. The host spectrum of CDV, which includes numerous families of Carnivores, has been changed in the last years and distemper-like diseases have been observed in numerous other species. These include epidemics in large felids, marine mammals and javelinas. Different viruses have been isolated from pinnipeds including a seal-specific isolate, termed phocine distemper virus 1, PDV-1, and a CDV strain, named PDV-2. Retrospective analysis of previous epidemics among marine mammals in various regions of the world provide evidence for the occurrence of so far unrecognized morbillivirus epidemics. In some including the mass mortalities of Baikal and Caspian seals and of large felids in the Serengeti, terrestrial carnivores including dogs and wolves have been suspected as a vector for the infectious agent. However, in other epidemics among marine mammals the source of infection remains unknown including both seal epidemics in northwestern Europe in 1988 and 2002. It remains to be determined whether a morbillivirus from other marine mammals or terrestrial carnivores caused the infection in this unprotected seal populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1954

Rabies in Canada, with special reference to wildlife reservoirs.

The course of known outbreaks of rabies in Canada in the 20th century is sketched, and the present extensive enzootic described. Its spread throughout the North West Territories, and in the Provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, is attributed to the vast potential reservoirs of infection offered by the density of fauna in these areas-in particular, of foxes and wolves. Control and eradication is being attempted-with some success-chiefly by reducing the wildlife population and restricting the movement of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to China and Europe.

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is the most pathogenic zoonosis in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Prospective collection of human cases in some areas and mass screenings using ultrasound imaging and confirmation with serological techniques have markedly improved our knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in humans during the past two decades. Transmission occurs when eggs of the tapeworm, excreted by the final hosts (usually foxes but also dogs, wolves and cats), are ingested accidentally by humans or during normal feeding by a variety of rodents and small lagomorphs. However, the species of host animals differ according to regional changes in mammalian fauna. This review mostly focuses on epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in those parts of the world where new and more accurate epidemiological data are now available, i.e. China and Europe, as well as on new epidemiological trends that can be suspected from recent case reports and/or from recent changes in animal epidemiology of E. multilocularis infection. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a newly recognized focus on AE in Asia. Human AE cases were firstly recognized in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Provinces at the end of 1950s and infected animals were first reported from Ningxia in central China and northeast of Inner Mongolia in the 1980s. E. multilocularis (and human cases of AE) appears to occur in three areas: (1) Northeastern China (northeast focus): including Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and Heliongjiang Province (2) Central China (central focus): including Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region and (3) Northwestern China: including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, bordered with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The highest prevalence of the disease, up to 15 per cent of the population in some villages, is reached in China. In Europe, data from the European Echinococcosis Registry (EurEchinoReg: 1982-2000) show 53 autochthonous cases of AE in Austria, 3 in Belgium, 235 in France, 126 in Germany, 1 in Greece, and 112 in Switzerland, and 15 'imported' cases, especially from central Asia; 14 cases were collected in Poland, a country not previously considered endemic for AE. Improved diagnostic technology, as well as a real increase in the infection rate and an extension to new areas, can explain that more than 500 cases have been reported for these 2 decades while less than 900 cases were published for the previous 7 decades. New epidemiological trends are related to an unprecedented increase in the fox population in Europe, to the unexpected development of urban foxes in Japan and in Europe, and to changes in the environmental situation in many countries worldwide due to climatic or anthropic factors which might influence the host-predator relationship in the animal reservoir and/or the behavioural characteristics of the populations in the endemic areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Nursing, simply complicated].

From a very young age, we played doctors and nurses. Back then, society was positive that a nursing profession existed. Now, is society's vision adequate? Evidently not. But, Why does this distortion exist? Fundamentally this occurs because the professionals themselves do not have a clear identity regarding their profession. And Why is this? Because the education transmitted has important lacks, the sanitary system dampens innovation and creativity, there are no appropriate leaders, lobbies transform into "wolves", and neither do we have a tradition which facilitates association and cooperation amongst professionals. These are some of the factors which the author develops in this deep, brave analysis about the reality of the nursing profession in order to arrive at the conclusion that we must have clear in our minds what nursing power is, a power which interacts with the community, and that this is important not only as a power in itself but rather as a means to increase the intrinsic value of nursing, none other than providing care.

Nursing↗
PubMed2005

Rabies surveillance in the rural population of Cluj County, Romania.

INTRODUCTION: The rabies virus causes an acute encephalomyelitis that progresses to coma and death within 10 days of the onset of the disease. Taking into account the fatality of the disease and the absence of a specific treatment, preventive methods are of the outmost importance. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of the rural population from Cluj County, Romania, to rabies risk factors. METHODS: Data regarding the exposure of the rural population from Cluj County to rabies risk factors were collected from the Vaccination Center registry at the Infectious Diseases Teaching Hospital in Cluj-Napoca. The information was treated confidentially. The data obtained were collected using an Access 2000 database and was analyzed using Epi Info. Information regarding the general population was available from the 2002 General Population and Housing Census. RESULTS: Cluj County reported 1008 cases of human exposure to potentially rabid animals between April 1998 and December 2004. The relative contributions of the major groups of aggressor animals were as follows: 882 dogs (81.55%), 51 cats (5.06%), 30 foxes (2.98%), 28 horses (2.78%), 19 rats (1.89%), and 58 other animals (5.74%). Post-exposure prophylaxis with antirabies serum immune globulin was prescribed in 9% of the cases (n = 90). Vaccine was recommended in 72% of the cases (n = 726). Two hundred and eighty-three patients out of 726 (38.98%) underwent complete vaccine prophylaxis. Diagnoses in animals suspected of having rabies were made by direct immunofluorescent antibody staining of rabies viral antigen in brain material. The number of animals that tested positive for rabies during the period April 1998 to December 2004 was 49. More than 77% (n = 38) were wild animals. The relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 33 foxes (67.35%), 7 dogs (14.29%), 2 wolves (4.08%) and 7 other animals (14.29%). CONCLUSIONS: The fatal risk of rabies in human beings, and the persistence of the virus in this geographic area, makes legitimate the recommendation of prophylactic procedures for persons exposed to potentially rabid animals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].

Rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. The annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by World Health Organization (WHO). There has been no indigenous rabies case in Japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in Nepal and died in 1970. Dogs in Asia and Africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to humans. The others are mainly coyotes, foxes, jackals, mongooses, raccoons, skunks, wolves and bats. The efficacy of the current human and veterinary vaccines against emergent lyssaviruses should be evaluated because the newly discovered rabies-related viruses have been isolated from bats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The ligaments and menisci of the femorotibial joint of the wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758)--anatomic and functional analysis in comparison with the domestic dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris)].

Based on dissection of 11 (4 m and 7f) adult wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) kept in captivity, the morphology and mechanics of the ligaments and menisci of the femorotibial joint are described. Compared with the anatomical data of the dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris), the differences are discussed with respect to their importance for functional considerations.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Behavior of dogs].

The present results of comparative ethology in different dog breeds make plain their very variable demands in social life as in other environmental criteria. Dog breeds differ as greatly in behaviour characteristics that environmental demands in dogs are less to be described as "species typical" rather than as breed specific. Characteristics in behaviour that are typical of certain dog breeds could be proved especially in the following fields: 1. Ontogeny of behaviour does not develop in a "domestic dog typical" way, rather it is characterized by significant differences among dog breeds concerning the rate of development of certain behavioural characters and physiological processes (both relative retardation and relative acceleration compared to the ontogeny of behaviour in wolves). 2. There are breed typical differences in expressive behaviour and in communication. 3. Dog breeds show differences in social behaviour and bonding behaviour toward humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The origin, growth, use, size and form of the ligamentum phrenicopericardium of Canis lupus (L. 1758) compared to Canis lupus f. familiaris].

The Lig. phrenicopericardiacum of wolves who lived in captivity has been examined with regard to the following aspects: origin, run, insertion, size (breadth and length), and form. The findings of investigations were compared with the corresponding ones stated in the literature for dogs; the correspondences as well as the differences between the both species were pointed out and the possible reasons for them were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Trichinelliasis in western Podolia].

Situation with trichinosis in the Ternopol Province (Ukraine) in the period from 1962 to 1987 was studied. Muscle samples taken from 6695 animals of 20 species were investigated by the compressor method and by the method of digestion in artificial gastric juice. Trichinosis was detected in wolves, foxes, martens, ferrets, domestic dogs, cats and gray rats. In 1954--1979 39 trichinosis cases were registered in humans with 4 lethal cases. Domestic pigs proved to be the source of invasion. Since 1980 up to the end of investigation trichinosis cases have not been registered in people or in domestic pigs. Trichinosis invasion of wild, domestic and synanthropic mammals has decreased. Large work is being carried out to realize antitrichinosis measures.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1967

Epidemiology and diagnosis of echinococcosis in Canada.

TWO SPECIES OF ECHINOCOCCUS OCCUR IN CANADA: (1) E. multilocularis and (2) E. granulosus. E. multilocularis, originating in the Arctic, is spreading southwards and has reached Saskatchewan and the Dakotas. The original hosts are foxes but dogs and cats are alternatives. The larvae occur in field mice as multilocular microcysts containing numerous protoscolices, but in man the cysts are alveolar and sterile and resemble both in histology and growth a cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver with metastases. Signs and symptoms are chronic and poorly defined. Diagnosis is difficult. Test antigens are not yet satisfactory. E. granulosus has a sylvatic cycle, the adult tapeworms living in wolves and dogs, while the larvae occur only in Cervidae and man. The cysts occur almost exclusively in the lungs as unilocular, macrocystic, relatively benign tumours, although abnormal complications can occur. The Casoni intradermal sensitivity test, its technique and interpretation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Clinical trials with canine distemper vaccines in exotic carnivores.

Two types of killed canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine and a modified-live CDV vaccine were clinically evaluated in four species of exotic carnivores. In 16 trials in which 13 red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were given the killed vaccine, only 1 animal had a virus-neutralization titer that exceeded 1:100. A red panda given modified-live CDV vaccine deemed safe for gray foxes and ferrets died of bacterial pneumonia 16 days later. There was no pathologic evidence of canine distemper in that panda. The same modified-live vaccine proved to be immunogenic and safe in 12 bush dogs (Speothos venaticus), 5 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and 3 fennec foxes (Fennecus zerda) in which virus-neutralization titers often exceeded 1:512 and persisted for several months after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Rabies in the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in Slovakia].

The trials were conducted within the full-scale research on the ecology of lyssa virus. In a period of the mass outbreak of common hamster population in the East Slovakian region, 283 hamsters were examined for rabies. Using the direct immunofluorescence method (DIFM), the rabies antigen was detected in the brain of five hamsters. Three virus strains (denoted as 3 O, 7 E, 9 E) were isolated by means of the inoculation test on sucking mice. On the basis of the detection of the nucleo-protein antigen by DIFM, or its inhibition, detection of the Babes-Negri bodies, determination of the neutralization index, titration on mice and determination of incubation time, the isolated strains were identified as the street strains of rabies virus. As determined by further detailed studies on biological characteristics (determination of the invasiveness index on animals with different susceptibility to rabies virus, determination of pathogenicity for different species of laboratory animals, different weight categories, with different methods of administration, invasiveness index), the "hamster" strains are included among those of intermediate virulence or reduced virulence. At intramuscular administration, the most virulent of the three "hamster" strains studied (3 O) induces a fatal course of rabies in common fox and cat; for wolves, dogs and rabbits it is apathogenic. This strain is also contained in the salivary glands of foxes and cats. In immunofluorescent detection of the rabies nucleoprotein antigen, the "hamster" strains formed a mixed picture of fluorescing particles, characteristic of street strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Pathogenesis of experimental rabies infection in foxes and cats infected with viruses isolated from hamsters (Cricetus cricetus)].

All the infected foxes (9) contracted the disease and died from rabies the 20th-21st day from infection with the virus isolated from hamster. Out of the total number of 9 cats experimentally infected by intramuscular infection, seven showed symptoms of clinical disease on the 18th-34th day from infection. The infected dogs, wolves and rabbits did not show clinical disease. In the post mortem examination of eight foxes the rabies virus or rabies antigen was detected in all parts of the CNS and in n. ischiadicus. Of the extraneural organs, the virus was present, in all animals, in the pharyngeal salivary glands, and in one fox also in the tongue. The bioassay on the eye was positive in all cases. The rabies antigen was detected in 4 foxes in the thigh muscle, in liver and spleen, and in all 8 foxes in lungs and cornea, in 5 cases in kidney, and in 3 cases in heart and tongue. Seven cats were examined post mortem by the inoculation test on mice and the PMIF-staining test; it was found that the rabies virus, or rabies antigen, was distributed in the same manner as in foxes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Predatory terrestrial mammals--the definitive hosts of Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii].

To clarify the definitive hosts of Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii in the Far East, 2198 individuals of 18 terrestrial predatory and omnivorous mammal species were surveyed. It was established that 47.1 +/- 8.56% of brown bears, one of the two dissected black bears, 1.7 +/- 1.2% of wolves, 1.6 +/- 0.71% of dogs, 0.3 +/- 0.14% of American minks and 2.8 +/- 2.75% of pigs were invaded by a tapeworm. Obligatory hosts of the parasite were brown and black bears, and the remaining species were optional hosts of limited significance in maintaining parasite circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The brucellosis and tuberculosis status of wood bison in the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Postmortem examinations were done on 51 wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) killed as part of a multidisciplinary research project in the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, Northwest Territories, Canada, between 1986 and 1988. There was no gross, histological or bacteriological evidence of brucellosis or tuberculosis in these bison. Traumatic lesions were seen in one calf that had been attacked by wolves and a second calf that had been gored. Antibody titers to Brucella abortus were not found in sera from these 51 animals or an additional 112 wood bison that were chemically-immobilized or killed in the Sanctuary between 1986 and 1990. The combined prevalence of the diseases in the population could not have exceeded 5.95% for the necropsy survey to have missed finding at least one infected animal, and the prevalence of brucellosis in the population would have had to be less than 1.95% for the broader serological survey to have failed to find at least one reactor animal on the battery of tests. These results, and the cumulative epidemiological information on brucellosis and tuberculosis in bison, indicate that bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis are not enzootic in the wood bison population in and around the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary, and suggest that the population is free of these diseases. However, this expanding population is at risk of contracting both diseases from the infected bison population in and around nearby Wood Buffalo National Park.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sequence analysis of domestic dog mitochondrial DNA for forensic use.

A method has been developed for the direct sequencing of hypervariable region 1 (HV1) of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and wolf (Canis lupus) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using single hairs as template. The method uses a robotic work-station and an automated sequencer to allow for robust routine analysis. A population data base was created in order to investigate the forensic and population-genetic informativeness of domestic dog HV1. Sequence variation, partitioning of dog breeds among sequence variants and phylogenetic relations between the variants were determined. Samples from 102 domestic dogs of 52 different breeds and two captive wolves were analyzed. Nineteen dog-sequence variants were found and the frequencies of the variants ranged from 1 to 21%. The calculated discrimination power of the region, i.e., the exclusion capacity, implied that nine out of ten disputed individuals can be excluded by this analysis. The sequence variants were found to cluster into four phylogenetic groups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological-epizootiological subdivision of the nosogeographic range of trichinosis].

The prevalence of trichinosis was analyzed among human beings and animals in Moscow Province over 50 years (1946-1996). A total of 7022 domestic, synanthropic, and wild carnivorous animals were incompletely helminthologically dissected. Enzyme immunoassay revealed diagnostic Trichinella antigen antibody titers in 45.4% of 544 examinees during outbreaks and at their intervals, as well as in 0.58% of domestic pigs of different property forms. Trichinella larvae were found in domestic pigs (0.13%), dogs (12.3%), cats (12.9%), hunting and fur-bearing (wild boars (2.0%), wolves (38.8%), red foxes (32.0%), raccoon-like dogs (20.0%)) animals and rats (2.4%). Criteria were developed and epidemiological and epizootic division of the districts near Moscow was made. Three unfavourable (hyperendemic, mesoendemic, hypoendemic) and one favourable areas were identified. A trichinosis control programme was worked out.

Animals↗