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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Universal finite-size scaling behavior and universal dynamical scaling behavior of absorbing phase transitions with a conserved field.

We analyze numerically three different models exhibiting an absorbing phase transition. We focus on the finite-size scaling as well as the dynamical scaling behavior. An accurate determination of several critical exponents allows one to validate certain hyperscaling relations. Using these hyperscaling relations it is possible to express the avalanche exponents of a self-organized critical system in terms of the ordinary exponents of a continuous absorbing phase transition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Controlled trial of universal neonatal screening for early identification of permanent childhood hearing impairment: coverage, positive predictive value, effect on mothers and incremental yield. Wessex Universal Neonatal Screening Trial Group.

OBJECT: Congenital bilateral permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) impairs communication skills and, in some cases, mental health and employment prospects. Management of PCHI within the first year of life can alleviate most of its adverse effects. We investigated whether neonatal screening of all babies born in hospital, in addition to the standard Health Visitor Distraction Test (HVDT), would increase the rates of early diagnosis. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1996, two teams of four part-time testers and equipment moved between two pairs of hospitals to achieve four periods with neonatal screening and four without neonatal screening, each of 4-6 mo duration in each hospital. Babies did or did not undergo neonatal screening dependent on the periods during which they were born. We used a transient evoked oto-acoustic emissions (TEOAE) test followed, in infants who failed this test, by an automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) test on the same day. We referred babies with positive results for audiological assessment. RESULTS: 53,781 infants were included in the trial, including 25,609 born during periods of neonatal screening. The neonatal screen achieved 87% coverage of inborn births, with a false alarm rate of 1.5%, and an overall yield from the screen of 90 cases of bilateral PCHI > or = 40dB HTL per 100,000 target population, equivalent to 80% of the expected prevalence of the condition in the population. Seventy-one more babies with moderate or severe PCHI per 100,000 target population were referred before age 6 mo during periods with neonatal screening than during periods without. Early confirmation and management of PCHI were significantly increased. The false-negative rate of neonatal screening was significantly lower than that of HVDT screening (4% vs 27%). CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal screening is effective in identification of congenital PCHI and may be particularly useful for babies with moderate and severe PCHI for whom early management may have the most benefit.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed1996

Predictors of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The Makerere University-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration.

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed both the epidemiology and natural history of tuberculosis. Despite a generally good response to effective antituberculous therapy, the prognosis remains poor. The objective of this analysis was to determine the independent predictors of survival in HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 191 HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled into a clinical trial of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The subjects received either rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for two months, followed by rifampin and isoniazid for six months (n = 101) or streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for two months followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for eight months (n = 90). After standard measurements were made at baseline, the group was followed at regular intervals for a mean of 16 months to determine survival. During the course of follow-up, 82 (43%) of the patients died, six within the first month of therapy. The one-year survival proportion was 68% with an estimated median survival of 26 months and did not differ according to treatment regimen. The hazard for death was biphasic, high early in the course of therapy, and then again after about one year. After controlling for the treatment regimen, four independent predictors of survival were found: anergy to purified protein derivative, atypical chest roentgenogram, previous HIV-related condition, and lymphopenia. In this cohort of Ugandan adults, four simple and inexpensive predictors of survival were found. These factors suggest that the degree of immunosuppression was a major determinant of survival.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

Genetics of asthma: the University of Toronto Program. University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group.

In 1991, we initiated a study to identify susceptibility gene(s) predisposing individuals to the development of asthma. Our strategy was to focus on the collection of inbred populations because (1) they are likely to exhibit greater homogeneity than outbred populations, potentially important in multigenic diseases, (2) there may be fewer genes explaining the asthma diathesis in families with a "founder effect," (3) it is possible to follow the pattern of inheritance more closely, and (4) environmental factors are likely to be more uniform in geographically isolated poulations. We have identified, and in some cases collected data on inbred and/or isolated populations in Brazil, China, Easter Island, Israel, and Tristan da Cunha. We have completed a genome-wide scan on samples from Tristan da Cunha based on a coverage of approximately 20 cM between markers. In addition, we have collected hundreds of outbred individuals from Canada; these data have been helpful in narrowing a linked region based on the transmission/disequilibrium test.

Adult↗