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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1967

Evaluation of the effectiveness of large-scale vaccination against influenza in the USSR.

Vaccination is at present the only means of influenza control; so far, large-scale trials of live vaccine have been made mainly in the USSR. This paper discusses such a trial in persons above 12 years of age.About 40% of the population of Smolensk and about 50% of the population of the nearby town of Jarcevo were vaccinated with live influenza vaccine in the winters of 1964-65 and 1965-66, and the incidence of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases in these towns during the 1965 epidemic and the 1966 pre-epidemic period was compared with that in nearby "control" towns. Most subjects were vaccinated 2 or 3 times with divalent A2-B vaccine in 1964, but some only once; in 1965-66, most subjects were vaccinated once with monovalent B vaccine and once with divalent A2-B vaccine.Analysis of the incidence data for the towns involved, of more detailed incidence data for about 30 000 workers and 4000 schoolchildren in Smolensk and one control town, and of a controlled trial involving about 4000 persons, indicated that the large-scale vaccination led to a reduction in incidence of about 1.5- to 2-fold in 1965 and of about 2- to 3-fold in 1966. Limited serological studies in 1966 indicated that the reduction in incidence in the group studied was not 3-fold but 4-fold. The rather low protection offered by the 1964 vaccination may have been due to the low immunogenicity of the vaccine, or to the fact that the vaccine strains used did not correspond exactly to the influenza virus strains circulating in nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

The Hong Kong influenza virus epidemic in the USSR.

An epidemic wave of influenza associated with the A2/Hong Kong/68 virus reached the USSR in the second 10-day period of December 1968. During the first quarter of 1969 the epidemic involved almost all cities of the Soviet Union. The intensities of the rise and of the fall of the 1969 epidemic wave were less pronounced than those of the 1965 influenza A2 epidemic, but were more extended. In most towns the epidemic lasted 50-80 days whereas in 1965 the epidemic in towns lasted 25-30 days.The influenza caused by A2/Hong Kong/68 was characterized by an unusual age-group distribution. Children under 7 years of age made up only one-quarter of the total influenza cases during the peak of the epidemic wave in most communities. The clinical course of the disease was, in the main, of average severity, there being no significant differences in symptoms compared with influenza caused by virus A2.Analysing the influenza epidemics associated with influenza A2 virus during recent years one may note peculiar features of the A2 Hong Kong/68 influenza epidemic. On the one hand, these are apparently connected with the shifts in antigenic character of the virus, and, on the other hand, with the timely arrangements undertaken by public health services to prepare for the influenza epidemic, i.e., the carrying out of prophy actic and anti-epidemic measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Clinical aspects of leishmaniasis with special reference to the USSR.

The wide variety of clinical syndromes produced in man by infection with members of the genus Leishmania has caused a great deal of confusion for many years, and has proved a serious obstacle to the rational classification of the leishmaniases.The situation has been complicated still further by the morphological identity of many species of Leishmania and by the behavioural similarities in vitro and in laboratory animals of species and strains producing distinct clinical or epidemiological patterns in humans. There has been a general failure to use standardized, comparable, and reproducible techniques in experimental studies of the various species of Leishmania; in particular, with one or two notable exceptions, there has been failure to adopt quantitative methods when studying Leishmania and the leishmaniases.This paper therefore attempts to classify the leishmaniases from clinical and epidemiological standpoints, and illustrates the provisional classification adopted with special reference to the situation in the USSR.

Africa↗
PubMed1971

The natural focality of leishmaniasis in the USSR.

The paper contains up-to-date information on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in natural foci in the USSR. Data are given on the vertebrates that are the main carriers and reservoirs of leishmaniae, the phlebotomines that are the vectors of the parasite, and the conditions required for the independent existence of foci of infection unlinked with any human economic activity.The main achievements of Soviet investigators in research on natural foci are described, a preliminary schema is given for typing foci by the nature of the terrain, and there is also an account of biocoenoses in the wild animal burrows that constitute the primary natural unit foci. The biology and ecology of the main hosts of leishmaniae, the interrelationships between leishmaniae, vertebrate animals, and phlebotomines, and the conditions required for infection of human beings with leishmaniae are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Demonstration of the virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the organs of rodents from natural foci of the infection in the USSR and the serodiagnosis of the diseases].

An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and an enzyme-immunological test (ELISA) were used for the detection of HFRS virus in organs of rodents from HFRS foci in the USSR. The virus was found in 115 out of 1120 bank voles, 9 out of 92 redbacked voles, and 2 field voles examined. Spontaneous infection-rate of bank voles in population varied from 1.3 to 100% correlating with the epidemiological situation in foci. IFAT and ELISA were successfully used for serodiagnosis of HFRS. Examinations of 335 paired sera from 157 patients by the IFAT demonstrated seroconversion. Retrospective diagnosis and diagnosis of subclinical forms of the disease were also made.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New antigenic variants of influenza A(H1N1) virus detected in the USSR in 1979].

Studies of influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated in the spring of 1979 in the USSR showed all the 73 strains to belong to influenza A (H1N1) virus but to be heterogeneous. Apart from the strains identical with the reference A/USSR/90/77 and A/Brazil/11/78 as well as intermediate ones, 14 strains were identified and found to be new drift variants. A composite analysis of representative strains of this group (A/USSR/50/79 and A/USSR/61/79) by HI test with diagnostic rat and ferret sera as well as monoclonal antibody and by immunoadsorption method confirmed their individual natures and showed them not to be identical completely to any one of the previously known drift variants of the A (H1N1) subtype. The neuraminidase of the new strains also acquired some changes in the antigenic composition and resistance to detergents destroying disulfide bonds indicating certain alterations in this subunit as well. Besides, a comparison of the drift variants of influenza A (H1N1) virus variants isolated in 1947-1957 and in 1977-1979 showed the drift of the new A (H1N1) strain to occur in a different way than in those isolated in 1947-1957.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Persistence of genes of epidemical influenza viruses in natural populations in the USSR.

Antigenic analogues of all known epidemic human viruses (H1, H2 and H3) have been isolated from natural sources in the USSR. A 5 to 25-year persistence of genes coding haemagglutinins of these viruses in the genome structures of natural populations of viruses have been established. The viruses are more commonly isolated from water birds (ducks, gulls, terns, coots, shelducks, sandpipers), and the circulation of influenza viruses in nature among pigeons, crows, chickens and other birds have been identified. The viruses have been also isolated from bats, whales, squirrels, deer, fishes and lake water. The exchange between the genofond of natural populations of influenza A viruses and epidemic influenza viruses is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) jacusieli Theodor, 1947, a new species of sandflies for the fauna of the USSR].

After examination of sandfly collection from Agdam (Azerbaijan SSR) it was stated that all sandflies previously identified as Phlebotomus mongolensis belong to another species Ph. jacusieli. Ph. jacusieli has not been recorded in the fauna of USSR before. Probably all records of Ph. mongolensis in Transcaucasia are wrong. Description of Ph. jacusieli and some ecological data are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Alcoholism programs in the USSR and Yugoslavia: effects of the social context on treatment.

The social context in which alcoholism treatment takes place contributes greatly to its nature and outcome. This issue is examined in two socialist countries, based on site visits and literature review. A hospital-based treatment program and its related social Club system in Yugoslavia are part of a close-knit national treatment network oriented toward self-help and peer therapy. The principal approaches to alcoholism treatment in the USSR are closely integrated into the Communist social and political structure, and include sobering-up stations, factory-based clinics, hospital-based inpatient and outpatient facilities, and a quasi-penal system for recidivists. The impact of the following issues on alcoholism treatment is discussed: (1) the public information system, in both ideology and propaganda; (2) the state's regulation of deviant behavior, as a component of the medical treatment system; and finally, (3) the acceptable role for peer treatment in a given social context.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1984

[Problems of pathological anatomy within the framework of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences during the 40 years of its existence (1944-1984)].

The authors summarized the results of research in the field of pathology carried out within the framework of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences for 40 years of its existence, from 1944 to 1984. The main directions of this research are defined and the role of outstanding Soviet pathologists who created their scientific schools and who made an important contribution into various problems of pathology is pointed out. The continuity between the traditional and modern trends of investigations carried out by means of both classical and the most recent methods of the structural-functional analysis is shown. Particular attention by the scientists of the Academy during the whole period of its existence has been drawn to the problems of general pathology, the discussion of the philosophical-methodological aspects of modern medicine and the criticism of modern reactionary bourgeois trends in biology and medicine.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Revision of the mites of the genus Miyatrombicula (Trombiculidae) in the fauna of the USSR].

6 species of the genus Miyatrombicula are recorded from the fauna of the USSR: M. esoensis, M. reptilica, M. muris, M. balcanica, M. caucasica, M. ramitensis sp. n. Characteristic of the genus, redescription of known and description of new species are given. Larvae of the mites parasitize in general small mammals. In addition, some of these species were found in West Europe, Japan and North America.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Redescription of Dermacentor raskemensis Pomerantzev, 1946 (Ixodidae)--a representative of the mountain fauna of the southern regions of the USSR and adjacent territories].

A redescription of female and male of the little-known species Dermacentor raskemensis Pomerantzev has been made on the holotype (male, West China, Sinkiang) and on collection material of Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Institute of Zoology of Armenian SSR: three females and males from Armenia and western Pakistan. Despite a considerable remoteness of their distribution areas all studied specimens show stability of their specific characters and differ distinctly from the close species D. niveus Neumann and D. everestianus Hirst. The both sexes (especially female) of D. raskemensis differ in having peculiar, most complete (in the ranges of the genus) filing of the dorsal shield area with dense light pigment and by prevalence of very small punctation and the lack of contrast between it and larger punctation. Peritreme of D. raskemensis male has a long narrow dorsal process which is at the right angel to its longitudinal axis and slightly concave along the hind edge. The dorsal process of the female is well developed and is at the right or acute angles to the longitudinal axis. In addition the both sexes have a wide smooth thickening along the anterior edge of the process, the proportions of peritreme are specific in species. In close species the dorsal process of peritreme is at the blunt angle to its longitudinal axis, in D. everestianus the thickening along the anterior edge is missing. Female of D. raskemensis lacks wing-shaped appendages of the genital opening while in D. niveus they are distinct (the structure is not mentioned in the description of D everestianus). D. raskenmensis apparently inhabits highlands and meadow-steppe, steppe and mountain sparce forest zones most part of which is covered by rocks and screes. In Armenia it was recorded from Armenian mouflon and wild goat; in other countries (Iran, Afghanistan, western Pakistan, India and China) it occurs on sheep and goats from alpine pastures. Most collections were done in autumn, winter and spring.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New subgenus and species of the bloodsucking mosquito Aedes (Edwardsaedes) bekkui Mogi, 1977 (Culicidae) among the fauna of the USSR].

69 females of mosquitoes belonging to the subgenus and species Aedes (Edwardsaedes) bekkui Mogi, 1977 new for the fauna of the USSR were collected in the Khasan and Lazovsky regions of the Primorye Territory in summer of 1981. Apparently earlier this species was erroneously taken for Ae. vexans. A description of female of Ae. bekkui with a use of new unified terms, comparison with other species of the subgenus Edwardsaedes and differences from females of Ae. vexans are given.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antigenic relationships of strains of the epidemic virus H1N1 isolated in November-December 1977 in the USSR to inluenza viruses of human and animal origin].

The results of the study on the antigentic properties of influenza viruses causing an epidemic outbreak in November, 1977, in the USSR established their relationship with human influenza viruses H1N1 to the homologous titer, with H0N1 to 1/16 titer and the virus isolated from whales in the Pacific ocean (H0-H1Nav2) to 1/8 titer. The epidemic strains have been shown to possess neuraminidase of human influenza virus type 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Pathogenicity of the Shigella isolated from wild and game animals of the Far North of the USSR].

Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. A study was made of the pathogenicity of brucellae culture isolated from various wild and Game animals of the extreme North of the USSR (wolf, polar fox, ermine, glutton). The majority of the cultures under study proved to be highly pathogenic. Observations carried out led to the conclusion that brucella cultures circulating between the wild and domestic reindeers and migrating to other species of animals presented definite danger to the health of man.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1983

[Isolation of the 1st strains of Legionella pneumophila in the USSR].

For the first time L. pneumophila strains were isolated from pneumonia patients in the USSR. To isolate these strains, the material obtained from the patients was inoculated into charcoal-yeast agar with antibiotics or into guinea pigs with the subsequent inoculation of chick embryos. Both isolated strains were classified with serogroup 1 of L. pneumophila on the basis of their cultural, morphological, biochemical and serological properties.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

[Group psychotherapy in neuroses: styles of conducting psychotherapy groups (comparative study in the USSR and Czechoslovakia)].

Using an adapted psychologic technique, the authors considered the predominant types of therapeutic behaviour of 70 psychotherapists from the USSR and CSSR who employ methods of group psychotherapy in treating neuroses. The frequency of optimal variants of the therapeutic behaviour resorted to by psychotherapists in difficult situations arising in the course of group psychotherapy was established. Characteristic features of the therapeutic tactics used by psychotherapists from both countries are shown.

Czechoslovakia↗