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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Enhancement of natural and experimental respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats by hexamethylphosphoramide.

Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was given orally (100 mg/kg/day) to: a) conventional rats of Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans substrains known to have indigenous Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, b) uninfected pathogen-free (PF) Fischer rats, and c) PF and axenic Fischer rats inoculated intranasally with M. pulmonis strains having a wide range of virulence. Treated rats infected with virulent M. pulmonis, either naturally or experimentally, developed severe clinical signs of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM) with mortalities of 25 to 60% compared to relatively mild MRM and no deaths in untreated, infected controls. Deaths were attributed to unusually severe lung lesions of MRM (extreme neutrophilic exudation into major bronchi and bronchiectasis) with ulceration of respiratory mucosa and hemorrhage. Rhinitis also was increased in severity by HMPA in conventional rats, but not in experimentally infected PF or axenic rats. Severity of otitis media and tracheitis was not affected by HMPA. Incidence of lesions of MRM was unchanged except for increased frequency of gross lung lesions. In the absence of M. pulmonis infection, HMPA treatment of rats caused thinning and microulceration of respiratory epithelium in major bronchi without inflammatory lung disease. Other effects induced by HMPA, with or without the infection, were destruction and fibrous replacement of olfactory epithelium, atrophy of testes, and reduced weight gains. It was concluded that HMPA markedly enhances both rate of progression and severity of the pneumonia while inconsistently potentiating the rhinitis of MRM in rats. Previous studies of HMPA are emphasized as an additional example in which the synergistic effects of an experimental chemical and an indigenous pathogen of laboratory rats have given misleading experimental results.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Respiratory emergencies in children.

Acute obstructive respiratory emergencies in children are a common cause of emergency department visits. The severity of these conditions ranges from mild, self-limited disease to life-threatening forms of rapidly progressive airway obstruction. A high index of suspicion is necessary for prompt diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses general principles of assessing and managing respiratory emergencies in children, as well as clinical characteristics and treatment of specific conditions such as croup, epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, retropharyngeal abscess, foreign bodies, and inhalational injuries.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Respiratory viruses in the intensive care unit.

Respiratory viruses cause a number of clinical 'syndromes' in the intensive care unit with different viruses being able to produce similar clinical pictures. Our main presenting problems are upper airway (e.g. croup and tracheitis), lower airway with intrapulmonary shunt (e.g. bronchitis and pneumonia), lower airway with dynamic hyperinflation (e.g. bronchiolitis and wheeze) and control of breathing (e.g. apnoea). This pragmatic classification is used because it enables focus on the physiological abnormality needing treatment, and how best to deliver appropriate and adequate ventilator support. This review provides an overview of these syndromes and a more detailed account of respiratory syncytial virus, our most commonly diagnosed winter illness.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

[Acute laryngitis in children].

Acute laryngitis is the most common form of upper airway obstruction in young children. Laryngeal obstruction requiring hospitalization and sometimes intubation may be due to viral infection or occasionally to allergic reaction. The natural course of the disease is impossible to predict; therefore, repeated clinical assessments are needed. Continuous worsening of dyspnea may suggest a diagnosis of bacterial tracheitis. High doses of corticosteroids combined with aerosolized racemic epinephrine can relieve the respiratory difficulties.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Escherichia coli multiplication and lesions in the respiratory tract of chickens inoculated with infectious bronchitis virus and/or E. coli.

Escherichia coli numbers and histopathological changes were studied in the respiratory tract of line 151 chickens intranasally inoculated with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and/or virulent E. coli; this line is highly susceptible to IBV. Chickens inoculated with IBV alone showed increased numbers of E. coli in the trachea and had tracheitis, airsacculitis, and bronchiolitis. One of 17 chickens inoculated with IBV alone died with fibrinopurulent serositis. Chickens inoculated with IBV and E. coli had more severe and persistent respiratory lesions than those inoculated with IBV alone. E. coli was isolated from tracheas of chickens inoculated with IBV and E. coli more frequently than from chickens inoculated with IBV alone. In this group, 14 of 27 chickens died with tracheal plugs or with fibrinopurulent serositis. There was neither increased numbers of E. coli nor significant lesions in the respiratory tract of the group inoculated with E. coli alone. These results suggest that IBV may facilitate E. coli invasion into the lower respiratory tract of the chicken.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Severe mortality in broiler chickens associated with Mycoplasma synoviae and Pasteurella gallinarum.

Severe economic loss due to high mortality and condemnation rates occurred on two commercial broiler facilities. Chickens had moderate-to-severe airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, tracheitis, and synovitis. Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated from 16 of 18 pericardia, four of 14 livers, 11 of 16 air sacs, six of seven joints and one of 28 tracheas in pure culture. In addition, Mycoplasma synoviae was isolated from trachea and air sac. Lesions were suggestive of an Escherichia coli septicemia, but E. coli was isolated from only four of 28 tracheas and one of 14 livers in pure culture. A coronavirus was isolated from trachea and lung. Whether this coronavirus represented a vaccine or field strain of infectious bronchitis was not determined. These findings suggested that the severe lesions were due to a concomitant infection with an atypical strain of P. gallinarum.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Three-dimensional computed tomography in acquired pediatric airway diseases].

To investigate the role of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) in pediatric tracheobronchial diseases. Eleven male, six female patients aged from two weeks to 12 years (mean age, 3.3 years) were referred to spiral CT with a preliminary diagnosis of foreign body aspiration, extrinsic airway compression, acquired tracheoesophageal fistula, post-intubation stenosis, and bronchial erosion by a cavitary lung lesion. Tracheobronchial tree was scanned with 3 mm collimation, 1.5/1 pitch, 1.5 mm reconstruction interval, and standard reconstruction algorithm. Surface-rendered three-dimensional images and virtual bronchoscopic images were created from the axial raw data. Three-dimensional and virtual bronchoscopy findings were compared with findings of bronchoscopy. Virtual bronchoscopy revealed the level of obstruction in five patients with foreign body aspiration, but failed to disclose the nature of the aspirated foreign body and distinguish between a foreign body and mucoid obstruction. Virtual bronchoscopy correctly ruled out foreign body aspiration in four patients. Axial CT images also showed extraluminal findings including atelectasis, air trapping, peribronchial thickening, and infiltrations. In a patient with tracheitis virtual bronchoscopy failed to identify necrotic plaques observed in bronchoscopy. In patients with extrinsic compression, three-dimensional images showed the site and degrees of stenosis, whereas axial images revealed the cause of compression. In one patient, an anomalous tracheal bronchus was demonstrated on three-dimensional and virtual bronchoscopy images. Three-dimensional CT can localize tracheobronchial obstructions accurately. Virtual images may eliminate the need for invasive bronchoscopy in patients with questionable foreign body aspiration. Inability to evaluate the mucosal changes remains an important disadvantage of this technique.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Experimental infectious respiratory disease in groups of calves: lobar distribution, variance, and sample-size requirements for vaccine evaluation.

The distribution and variance of respiratory disease produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and Mannheimia haemolytica in control (183 calves in 44 experiments) and vaccinated calves were studied in experiments conducted at the Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1975 to 1989. All calves had been born and raised at this institute and exposed similarly for 5 min by means of a face mask to viral and bacterial aerosols produced by a Collison atomizer (particles < 3 microm in diameter). We summarized the macroscopic pathological responses of pneumonia (main end point), tonsillitis, tracheitis, and other microbiologic and experimental variables. We also summarized the lobar distribution of pneumonia in 202 control and 192 vaccinated calves with this disease model and in calves similarly exposed to parainfluenza 3 virus/M. haemolytica or BHV-1/Pasteurella multocida. Pneumonia in control calves began in ventral tissues of all lobes, with lobar preferences, and progressed dorsally, the dorsal parts of both large caudal lobes being least affected. A high variance of pneumonia was evident within and among experiments. From the magnitude of variance observed in the control groups, the number of calves per group required in vaccine-challenge studies using this BHV-1/M. haemolytica disease model was estimated. Such estimates are required for any disease model used in vaccine-challenge studies.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Staphylococcal toxin-mediated syndromes in childhood.

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) are two distinct toxin-mediated syndromes with prominent cutaneous features. The exanthematous presentation of these syndromes places them in the broad category of childhood exanthems, and the ability to recognize these potentially devastating illnesses is essential for pediatricians and dermatologists who may encounter children with fever and rash. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these entities has helped to explain the distinctive clinical presentations of TSS and SSSS. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins are the secretory products of Staphylococcus aureus that lead to TSS. Many of the clinical features of TSS (fever, shock, multiple organ dysfunction) can be explained by the effects of cytokines (especially interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor) induced by TSST-1. TSS is not an exclusively menstrual event associated with tampon use. Nonmenstrual pediatric TSS may be associated with a wide variety of staphylococcal infections. Infected burn wounds in hospitalized children and bacterial tracheitis (in some cases following influenza B infection) are relatively high-risk settings for pediatric TSS. The epidermolytic toxins (A and B) directly produce subgranular epidermolysis leading to SSSS. SSSS encompasses a clinical spectrum from bullous impetigo to the widespread exfoliation of the Ritter disease variant of SSSS. This entity usually occurs in children under 5 years of age, and is primarily explained by lack of immunity to the toxins as well as renal immaturity leading to poor clearance of toxin. The newborn nursery is an important setting where epidemics of SSSS have occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1992

[Multicausal infectious respiratory tract disease of young fattening turkeys].

The outbreak of the disease occurred in a large multiple-age farm with about 50,000 meat turkeys, where groups of 6-8000 one-day-old birds were stalled up every 14 days. All the turkey poults housed were affected mostly in the 1.-3. week of the life. The respiratory disease spread rapidly within the flocks and were characterised clinically by inclination of huddle, ruffled feathers, anorexia, stunted growth, swelling of the infraorbital sinus and nasal discharge. The clinical apparent disease lasted 3 to 4 weeks on the average in the affected flocks and were associated with a mortality from 7-20 percent. The main pathoanatomical lesions were catarrhal-fibrinopurulent rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia and air sacculitis as well as atrophy of the thymus. Fibrinous adhesive peri- and epicarditis, perihepatitis, miliary necrotic foci in the liver and diarrhea have been found less frequently. The results of cultural and serological examinations of moribund and dead turkey poults of 6 different flocks indicate that Bordetella avium and Chlamydia psittaci are the primary inciting agents of the respiratory disease. However, the following severe course of the disease were mainly caused by concurrent infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In some cases coccidiosis with lesions in ceca were additionally diagnosed. Campylobacter jejuni could be always isolated culturally from the liquid cecal content of diseased birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The use and safety of butamirate containing drops, syrup and depot tablets in Hungary].

INTRODUCTION: Butamirate citrate containing medicines are marketed in Hungary since 1991. Every year several hundred thousands of children and adults are treated with these pharmaceutical products. Aim of the study was to compare the prescription habits with the directions provided in the Summary of Product Characteristics and to get an overview on the safety and efficacy of these products. METHODS: The study results are based on the evaluation of 3215 questionnaires provided by 276 general practitioners and pulmonologists having medical practice in many regions and the capital of Hungary. Responses were included into the evaluation only if the name of the physician, the address and type of the practice, the therapeutic indication could be precisely identified and if the patient returned for at least one control visit. RESULTS: The main therapeutic indication of butamirate was cough due to acute lower respiratory tract infections (tracheitis, laryngitis, bronchitis). The treatment interval was usually 1-2 weeks. Depot tablets were prescribed according to the Summary of Product Characteristics. The doses of syrup and drops were frequently and notoriously below the one proposed in the Summary of Product Characteristics. In 14% of the cases the syrup was prescribed for the treatment of children below 3 years of age. All three products were regarded as effective. Adverse events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, skin exanthemas) were reported at 0.5-1% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prescribed average daily doses of drops between the ages 1 month-12 years and the syrup between the ages 6-12 years were 20-30% below the recommended amounts. In Hungary the butamirate citrate containing medicines are regarded to be effective. The adverse events were rare and non-serious.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Acute epiglottitis.

Acute epiglottitis, a fulminating infection in the supraglottic tissue due to Haemophilus influenzae type B can cause relentlessly progressive airway obstruction in infants, children and sometimes in adults. Rapid infection and swelling of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds causes airway obstruction which can be relieved by endotracheal intubation. The systemic infection and septicaemia must be treated by the appropriate intravenous antibiotics. Acute epiglottitis must be differentiated from viral laryngotracheitis or "croup" which is very common and from pseudo-membranous bacterial tracheitis which is rare. A protocol for management of acute inflammatory airway obstruction must involve an orderly sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, instituted without delay.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Isolation of a paramyxovirus-3 from turkeys with respiratory tract disease in Germany].

In fattening turkeys 2.5 weeks of age a respiratory disease associated with coughing, nasal discharge and swelling of the infraorbital sinus was seen. Pathological findings in diseased turkeys were sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and aerosacculitis. Virological investigations of trachea, kidney and intestine in SPF-chicken embryos resulted in the isolation of a virus, that could be identified as a paramyxovirus type 3 due to chemical-physical, biological, morphological and immunological properties. The pathogenicity of the isolate 324/86 to turkeys was shown in a test with three weeks old turkey poults. This is the first isolation and identification of a paramyxovirus-3 of turkeys in Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

An outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis in commercial poultry flocks in Ontario.

An outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis was observed in Ontario commercial poultry flocks from September 1974 to June 1975. Fifty-five flocks, totalling over 848,770 birds were clinically affected by this disease in the southern region of the province. Sixty-nine percent (38/55) of the exposed flocks were in Wentworth country and the regional municipality of Niagara. Hemorrhagic tracheitis with histological evidence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in syncytia of tracheal epithelial cells were the salient pathological findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: a review and update.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a herpesvirus infection of cattle, has diverse clinical manifestations. Known mainly as a respiratory tract disease characterized by tracheitis, rhinitis, and fever, IBR plays a prominent role among causes of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and abortion. It also causes conjunctivitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, and rarely, encephalitis. The virus is readily transmitted and has worldwide distribution. Some cattle develop a latent infection, which can be reactivated. The disease can be diagnosed by clinical signs and lesions and by a variety of virologic and immunologic techniques. Control of IBR is based largely on vaccination. A review is timely because efficient utilization of the wide assortment of available vaccines requires knowledge of recent developments in the diagnosis, immunology, and epidemiology of the disease.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

The pathology of experimental respiratory infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits.

Groups of female New Zealand White rabbits, 8-10 weeks old, were inoculated intranasally with three different Pasteurella multocida serotypes (A:3, A:4 and A:12) or one of three Bordetella bronchiseptica strains of rabbit origin. Seven out of 18 rabbits died of experimental infection with P. multocida. B. bronchiseptica killed 3 out of the 8 animals inoculated with it. Deaths occurred between 3 and 6 days postinoculation (PI). In the rabbits that died of P. multocida inoculation, necropsy and histology revealed severe pleuritis with the accumulation of a remarkable amount of fibrinopurulent exudate in the thoracic cavity, serous rhinitis and tracheitis, acute hepatitis with necrotic foci in the parenchyma, and atrophy of the lymphoid organs and tissues. Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed only subacute serous rhinitis and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues. Rabbits that died of B. bronchiseptica inoculation showed acute serous rhinitis, acute catarrhal-fibrinopurulent pneumonia and mild pleuritis. As opposed to P. multocida inoculated animals, hepatitis and atrophy of the lymphoid tissues were not characteristic of these rabbits. Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed subacute purulent and necrotic pneumonia with remarkable macrophage proliferation, involving all lobes, and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica.

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of experimentally induced quail bronchitis.

Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated with 10(6) mean tissue-culture infective dose of quail bronchitis virus at 1, 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age by intratracheal, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes. Quails developed necrotizing tracheitis, proliferative and necrotizing bronchitis and pneumonia; multifocal necrotizing hepatitis; necrotizing splenitis, with or without hyperplasia of splenic mononuclear phagocytes; bursal lymphoid necrosis; and bursal atrophy. Lesions were more extensive and severe in quails inoculated at 1 or 3 weeks of age than in older quails. Large intranuclear inclusions, characteristic of adenovirus infection, were identified in trachea, lung, liver, and bursa of Fabricius. This is the first report of the histopathology of experimentally induced quail bronchitis.

Adenoviridae Infections↗