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PubMed1993

Terminology of facial morphology in the vertical dimension.

Consideration of facial type plays an important role in the formulation of an orthodontic treatment plan and prognosis of treatment. Of particular importance is the vertical relationship, that is, whether an individual is long-faced (dolichofacial), or short-faced (brachyfacial). The vertical facial type provides a clue regarding the growth direction of the facial complex, and should be used with an anteroposterior classification to describe a patient's face. The potential for confusion in communicating vertical facial types exists due to the nature of the terminology in use. For example, the term dolichoprosopic as used in the Bimler analysis has an opposite meaning to the term dolichofacial. It would seem prudent that if such terminology is to be employed there should be some attempt at standardization, and at least an appreciation of the derivations of the terms, and their differences.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1999

Molecular standardization of mating type terminology in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex.

Mating type in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex is controlled by a single locus with two alleles and is usually identified following sexual crosses with standard, female-fertile tester isolates. The mating type alleles have been arbitrarily designated "+" and "-" within each biological species, and the nomenclature is tied to the standard tester strains. We developed a pair of PCR primers that can be used to amplify a unique fragment of one of the mating type alleles (MAT-2) from at least seven of the biological species in this species complex. Based on the amplification pattern, we propose a replacement for the existing, arbitrary +/- terminology that is presently in use. The new terminology is based on DNA sequence similarities between the mating type allele fragments from the biological species of the G. fujikuroi species complex and the corresponding fragments from other filamentous ascomycetes.

Crosses, Genetic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A Web terminology server using UMLS for the description of medical procedures.

The Model for Assistance in the Orientation of a User within Coding Systems (MAOUSSC) project has been designed to provide a representation for medical and surgical procedures that allows several applications to be developed from several viewpoints. It is based on a conceptual model, a controlled set of terms, and Web server development. The design includes the UMLS knowledge sources associated with additional knowledge about medico-surgical procedures. The model was implemented using a relational database. The authors developed a complete interface for the Web presentation, with the intermediary layer being written in PERL. The server has been used for the representation of medico-surgical procedures that occur in the discharge summaries of the national survey of hospital activities that is performed by the French Health Statistics Agency in order to produce inpatient profiles. The authors describe the current status of the MAOUSSC server and discuss their interest in using such a server to assist in the coordination of terminology tasks and in the sharing of controlled terminologies.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling nursing terminology using the GRAIL representation language.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to explore the use of formal systems to model nursing terminology. DESIGN: GRAIL is a formal, compositional terminologic language, closely related to frame-based systems and conceptual graphs, which allows concepts to be formed from atomic-level primitives and automatically classified in a multiple hierarchy. A formal model of the alpha version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) classification of nursing interventions was constructed in GRAIL. MEASUREMENTS: The model was analyzed for completeness, coherence, clarity, expressiveness, usefulness, and maintainability. RESULTS: GRAIL is capable of representing the complete set of atomic-level concepts within the ICNP as well as certain cross-mappings to other vocabularies. It also has the potential to represent many more concepts, to an arbitrary level of detail. CONCLUSIONS: Formal systems such as GRAIL can overcome many of the difficulties associated with traditional nursing vocabularies without restricting the level of detail needed to describe nursing care.

Models, Theoretical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the clinical LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes) semantic structure as a terminology model for standardized assessment measures.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the adequacy of the Clinical LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes) semantic structure as a terminology model for standardized assessment measures. METHODS: After extension of the definitions, 1, 096 items from 35 standardized assessment instruments were dissected into the elements of the Clinical LOINC semantic structure. An additional coder dissected at least one randomly selected item from each instrument. When multiple scale types occurred in a single instrument, a second coder dissected one randomly selected item representative of each scale type. RESULTS: The results support the adequacy of the Clinical LOINC semantic structure as a terminology model for standardized assessments. Using the revised definitions, the coders were able to dissect into the elements of Clinical LOINC all the standardized assessment items in the sample instruments. Percentage agreement for each element was as follows: component, 100 percent; property, 87.8 percent; timing, 82.9 percent; system/sample, 100 percent; scale, 92.6 percent; and method, 97.6 percent. DISCUSSION: This evaluation was an initial step toward the representation of standardized assessment items in a manner that facilitates data sharing and re-use. Further clarification of the definitions, especially those related to time and property, is required to improve inter-rater reliability and to harmonize the representations with similar items already in LOINC.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed1998

Mechanical ventilation: simplifying the terminology.

There is presently considerable ambiguity and confusion relating to ventilator terminology. This can be eliminated using a simple approach, visualising mechanical ventilation as an inspiratory pump, and defining trigger, limit, and cycling in this context. The trigger is the signal that starts a breath by opening the inspiratory valve, the limit is the factor which controls the way gas flows into the lung, and the cycle is the signal that stops the breath by closing the inspiratory valve and opening the expiratory valve. By identifying these three basic parameters, one can precisely dissect and interpret any of the vast ventilatory terminology.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

Acute pyelonephritis: can we agree on terminology?

There is no general agreement on which terms to use to report abnormalities on imaging studies in patients with kidney infection. The Society of Uroradiology recommends a simplified nomenclature that is based on the traditional and widely understood term acute pyelonephritis. To provide a framework for the simplified terminology, the authors review the relevant pathophysiology with its imaging correlates and offer a historic perspective on the terminology issues.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

Terminology for contractions of muscles during shortening, while isometric, and during lengthening.

Communication among scientists must be clear and concise to avoid ambiguity and misinterpretations. The selection of words must be based on accepted definitions. The fields of biomechanics, muscle physiology, and exercise science have had a particularly difficult time with terminology, arising from the complexity of muscle contractions and by the use of inappropriate terminology by scientists. The dictionary definition of the verb "contract," specifically for the case of muscle, is "to undergo an increase in tension, or force, and become shorter." Under all circumstances, an activated muscle generates force, but an activated muscle generating force does not invariably shorten! During the 1920s and 1930s, investigators recognized that the interaction between the force generated by the muscle and the load on the muscle results in either shortening, no length change (isometric), or lengthening of the muscle. The recognition that muscles perform three different types of "contractions" required that contraction be redefined as "to undergo activation and generate force." Modifiers of contraction are then needed to clarify the lack of movement or the directionality of movement. Despite the contradiction, for 75 years the lack of movement has been termed an "isometric contraction." The directionality of the movement is then best described by the adjectives "shortening" and "lengthening." The definitions of "concentric" as "having the same center" and of "eccentric" as "not having the same center" are consistent with hypertrophy, or remodeling of the heart muscle, but are inappropriate to describe the contractions of skeletal muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Anatomical terminology, then and now.

Anatomical terminology, which had become chaotic by the nineteenth century, was codified in the BNA of 1895, when some 5,000 terms were carefully selected from among approximately 50,000 names. The BNA and its three major revisions (BR, INA, PNA) are here reviewed and placed in historical perspective. It is emphasized that many anatomical terms are very ancient and that the various nomenclatures are not 'new terminologies' but rather, for the most part, selections of already existing names. This can be seen clearly in the naming of the cranial nerves. Another example, the carpal and tarsal bones, is analysed in detail. Of the 8 carpal bones, for instance, the current names for 7 of them are those proposed by Henle in 1855. All the nomenclatures are, as they should be, in Latin, but it is understood that translations of many terms into other languages are necessary. Although views pro and con have been expressed, current usage favours the erect posture and the anatomical position as a basis, as well as the elimination of eponyms. In both teaching and research, the Nomina has been of great benefit in reducing drastically the number of unnecessary synonyms and in providing a coherent, internationally accepted system that is now the standard in anatomical textbooks. Hence, further use of the Nomina should be encouraged.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1991

Terminology and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx.

The authors discuss the terminology and classification of all neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx. After a review of the relevant literature, they suggest adopting the nomenclature recently recommended by the World Health Organization: carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and paraganglioma. This terminology is easy to apply, clinically meaningful and biologically sound. Carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma are of epithelial origin whereas paraganglioma is of neural type. The authors emphasize that it is inadequate to make a diagnosis of 'neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoma', without its proper qualification.

Carcinoid Tumor↗

PubMedDate not supplied

New discoveries in anatomy and new terminology of leg veins: clinical implications.

Advances in diagnosis and in endovascular and surgical treatments of both acute and chronic venous diseases have focused attention on several, previously clinically less important, details of venous anatomy. The time has come to standardize venous nomenclature so that general practitioners and specialists in the United States and abroad speak the same language. There is a need to adopt a universal terminology for the saphenous veins, to avoid the myriad of eponyms of perforators and, most importantly, to omit once and for all, the term "superficial" femoral vein when talking about a deep vein of the thigh. New anatomic names, such as the saphenous fascia and saphenous subcompartment, have to gain better recognition. To achieve the desired consensus on venous nomenclature, an international meeting was held in Rome, Italy, in 2001, under the auspices of the International Union of Phlebology. In this review on venous anatomy, we describe the most important previously published clinical recommendations from this conference, and suggest modifications based on their clinical experience using the new terminology.

Femoral Vein↗

PubMed2004

Coil or intrauterine device? Patient preferences for contraceptive terminology.

OBJECTIVE: To discover what terminology women prefer to use when referring to contraceptive methods and to investigate the understanding of and ideas associated with contraceptive names. DESIGN: A self-administered questionnaire was answered by 191 new patients at family planning clinics (FPCs). Women were asked if they understood the terms used by the fpa (Family Planning Association), if they knew of any alternatives and, if so, which they preferred. SETTING: Selected FPCs across the city of Manchester. RESULTS: Patients preferred to use familiar terms, e.g. pill, mini-pill, coil and morning-after pill. There was no difference in preference when the results were compared by age or educational level. A greater proportion of non-Caucasians than Caucasians preferred the precise (fpa) terms. Although precise terms were not widely known or understood, when used they were associated with more information than were the familiar terms. CONCLUSION: All FPC staff should evaluate the language used by individual patients and, where appropriate, introduce precise terminology to help patients to make informed, appropriate choices.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The effect of physician terminology preference on coronary heart disease mortality: an artifact uncovered by the 9th revision ICD.

We dual coded 2,268 deaths due to heart disease occurring in Maryland, using the 8th and 9th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICDA-8, Adapted for Use in the United States, and ICD-9). Certifier preference was for generalized cardiovascular terms rather than terms specific to the heart, resulting in an artifactual change in chronic ischemic heart disease death (IHD) rates in Maryland between 1978 and 1979 because the 8th and 9th ICD revisions classified these terms differently. Medical examiners were more likely to use these generalized cardiovascular terms as were physicians who went to certain medical schools in the state. The physician's terminology preference was associated with the sex and race of the decedent and was related to aspects of the patient's medical care. The ICD should be modified in the 10th revision to allow for the separate classification of generalized cardiovascular terminology within the ischemic heart disease category.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Harmonising adverse drug reaction terminology: the role of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences.

Health professionals from different countries are known to differ considerably in their use of medical terminology, including the terminology used for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and in the exact meanings attributed to terms. To remedy this situation, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) has attempted to provide definitions and basic requirements for proper use of ADR terms. The work has concentrated on terms liable to be misinterpreted and those used for serious and frequently reported ADRs. For every selected term a short monograph has been prepared. It consists of a preamble, definition, basic requirements for use of the term and additional comments, if any. In cooperation with medical experts, drug regulators and the pharmaceutical industry, 13 papers have been published so far. Approximately 160 terms have been defined and work on another 50 terms continues. The full collection of monographs will eventually appear in the form of a book and CD-ROM intended to help doctors fill in case reports, and regulatory agencies and the pharmaceutical industry assess reports. Pharmaceutical companies receive numerous reports of suspected ADRs from medical practitioners and other prescribing professionals. Each company is required to transmit these reports to the drug regulatory agency of the country, or countries, in which the drug is used. Therefore, in addition to receiving the correct name of the ADR, collecting and evaluating centres, regardless of whether they are part of a regulatory agency or a pharmaceutical company, need to be provided with sufficient supporting data to be convinced that what is reported was what was actually observed, and that the ADR term used represents the observed event.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗

PubMed2001

Observer variability and applicability of BI-RADS terminology for breast MR imaging: invasive carcinomas as focal masses.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the descriptive terminology and final assessment categories of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon can be used for breast carcinomas detected on MR imaging and to assess the inter- and intraobserver variabilities in the use of the descriptors and final assessment categories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 82 patients, 101 masses, including 68 infiltrating carcinomas and 33 benign lesions, were interpreted independently by four radiologists and described by BI-RADS terminology with respect to mass shape and margin and BI-RADS final assessment categories. The enhancement pattern of the mass was also reported. In addition, two radiologists interpreted each case twice to evaluate intraobserver variability. The final case set for analysis was the 68 infiltrating carcinomas. RESULTS: Most of the infiltrating carcinomas were described as irregular, spiculated, and heterogeneously enhancing masses. The final impression of the 68 carcinomas was BI-RADS category 5 (highly suggestive of malignancy) in 41 (61%), category 4 (suspicious abnormality) in 24 (35%), and category 3 (probably benign) in three (4%). Enhancement pattern was heterogeneous in 40 (59%), homogeneous in 14 (21%), and rim in 14 (21%). Interobserver agreement was moderate for mass margin, shape, enhancement, and final assessment category. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the mammographic BI-RADS lexicon with some modifications may be applied to describe the features of infiltrating carcinoma seen on breast MR imaging.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Terminology and diagnostic criteria for non-Q wave myocardial infarct].

INTRODUCTION: Non-Q myocardial infarction represents a specific entity of infarction. Many studies have shown that non-Q myocardial infarction differs from Q myocardial infarction not only electrocardiographically, but also from pathophysiological, histological, clinical and prognostic points of view. NON-Q MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-TERMINOLOGY: Until 1980's, anatomical terminology depending on ECG changes was used in the literature. Subendocardial infarction referred to non-Q myocardial infarction, while transmural infarction referred to Q myocardial infarction. Since it was established that presence or absence of Q waves is a non-specific marker of transmural necrosis, in 1982 Spodick proposed the use of terms based on ECG findings. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR NON-Q MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Elevation of markers of myocardial damage (CK, CK-MB, Troponin) is the most significant criterion for diagnosis of non-Q myocardial infarction. It cannot be made without this criterion because non-Q myocardial infarction may have ECG changes identical to those in unstable angina. Authors do not agree which type of initial ECG changes is the most frequent (ST elevation, ST depression or inverted T waves). CONCLUSION: Non-Q myocardial infarction represents a specific entity of myocardial infarction. Anatomically, based on the extension of necrosis, non-Q myocardial infarction is subendocardial, but it can be transmural as well. ECG changes in non-Q myocardial infarction may be identical to those in unstable angina. Therefore, elevation of cardiac enzymes is the golden standard in diagnosis of non-Q myocardial infarction.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1991

The role of terminology in medical education and training.

The aims are to present a uniform terminology (terms), which can be suitably used throughout the world for enumeration of characteristics by which an item can be identified and distinguished. Nomenclature is a list of terms classified in a logical system. Description must be as objective as possible and the terms used must be specific for the method. Terminology, definitions, and diagnostic criteria in digestive endoscopy have been published in several languages.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1985

Pinch and grasp strength: standardization of terminology and protocol.

We implemented a tridirectional survey to begin the standardization process for grasp and pinch terminology and protocols for testing and to improve the communication between rehabilitation professionals who assess hand strength. We surveyed the literature, occupational therapy clinics across the country, and occupational therapy educational programs. Our results reveal the current use, teachings, and recommendations of pinch and grasp strength measurement. The results confirm that the standardization of grasp and pinch terminology and protocols for testing are vitally needed. Specific recommendations to continue this standardization process are recommended.

Hand↗