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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1956

Control of streptococcal throat infections in schools; a cooperative program followed in Orange County.

Attempts to identify streptococcal throat infections on clinical evidence alone do not provide an adequate or reliable index of the prevalence of these infections in the community. Epidemiologic information on streptococcal throat infections based on bacteriological identification permits a more accurate assessment of the situation and more logical and more effective control measures. Recent refinements in laboratory procedures have provided a simple, reliable and relatively inexpensive method for the identification of Group A beta hemolytic streptococci by public health or clinical laboratories. In Orange County a program for the identification of streptococcal throat infections by cooperative action of the medical profession, the health department and the school authorities greatly aided in control of the disease. A voluntary health agency (heart association) made an important contribution toward the success of the control program.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Hairy throat: a dominant trait affecting seven members of a family.

Hypertrichosis was noted on a confined area of skin in the midline of the throat, just cranial to the laryngeal prominence, in three males and four females through three generations of a Japanese family. The proband, an 11-year-old girl, in addition had a 46 X,i(Xq) karyotype, short stature and other stigmata of the Turner syndrome. Her mother and one younger brother both had a hairy throat on examination. On the mother's side, the proband's grandmother, aunt, uncle and a male cousin, all reportedly had a hairy throat. No instance of male-to-male transmission was present. The trait was thus inherited as either an autosomal or X-linked dominant.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Detection of influenza B virus in throat swabs using the polymerase chain reaction.

An assay protocol based on exploiting the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the direct detection of influenza B virus in throat swabs is described. By the use of PCR with nested primers, it was possible to detect the virus in throat swabs. Dilution experiments showed that as little as 1 plaque forming unit of virus was sufficient for detecting the HA gene by the PCR. All throat swab samples from which influenza B virus had been isolated by conventional methods were also positive by the PCR method.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

[Development of throat clearing herbal teas].

Medicinal herbs in tea for throat clearing are used from ancient times. Taking into consideration the bronchial mucus secretion stimulating and antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiphlogistic and stimulating effect on the ciliated epithelium two new formulations of throat clearing herbal tea were originated. The first formulation consists of liquorice roots, sweet fennel and thyme, and the second one consists of pine gemmae, thyme and elder flowers. The methods for identification and assay of the active substances of the components were adapted. The purity of the mixtures was regulated by the limitation of the loss on drying, total ash, microbial contamination, contamination with radionuclides, heavy metals, pesticides and foreign matter. Expiry date of both throat clearing herbal teas was confirmed to be 2 years.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed2005

[Results of an open prospective controlled randomized comparative trial of flurbiprofen and paracetamol efficacy and tolerance in patients with throat pain].

AIM: To compare efficacy and safety of strepfen (flurbiprofen) to those of oral paracetamol in acute infections of the upper respiratory tracts for relief of throat pain (TP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 60 patients 30 ones took strepfen, 30 controls took paracetamol. The intensity and dynamics of throat pain and pharyngeal discomfort were assessed by 10-point subjective visual-analog scale. RESULTS: Strepfen is similar by an analgetic effect to paracetamol. Strepfen acts rapidly (in 5-15 min) and its analgetic effect lasts about 3 hours. Paracetamol begins to relieve pain 30-45 min after its intake. The drug is well tolerated, serious side effects are absent. CONCLUSION: Strepfen can be recommended for relief of throat pains and pharyngeal paresthesia in patients with acute and chronic pharyngeal pathology.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1990

Antigenic recognition by intravenous gamma-globulin of selected bacteria isolated from throats of patients with Kawasaki syndrome.

Kawasaki syndrome (KS) or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an acute febrile exanthematous illness of unknown etiology. Therapy with intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) results in rapid defervescence, disappearance of signs and symptoms of inflammation and prevention of coronary artery aneurysms. We hypothesized that IVGG might neutralize a bacterial toxin produced by a staphylococcus or streptococcus present in the nasopharynx. We further speculated that this toxin might be detectable in serum or urine of patients. The goal of this work was to identify microbial antigens in different materials taken from patients with a clinical diagnosis of KS. We tested 23 aerobic bacterial isolates from throat cultures from 15 patients with KS, acute serum from 121 patients and 38 acute urine specimens from patients with KS. The patients ranged in age from 1 to 6 years. Specimens were tested in a standard system of counterimmunoelectrophoresis and reacted against IVGG prepared in a 25% solution. Ten of 23 aerobic bacteria (43.5%) isolated from throat cultures demonstrated a precipitation reaction with IVGG. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis testing of IVGG against acute serum and acute urine specimens was uniformly negative. IVGG contains precipitating antibody against a limited number of aerobic throat organisms. It is possible that antigenic products of one of these bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of KS.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

[Sore throat and a swollen neck: Lemierre's syndrome until proven otherwise].

Physicians seldom prescribe antibiotics to patients presenting with a combination of sore throat and feelings of malaise. However, this restrictive regimen may have a downside. Two patients, men aged 23 and 19 years, respectively, with pharyngitis developed a life-threatening syndrome following a Fusobacterium throat infection. They suffered from Lemierre's syndrome, referred to in recent literature as the 'forgotten disease'. The second patient recovered uneventfully after prompt intravenous antibiotic treatment. The first, however, succumbed following overwhelming multiple organ failure. A classical case of Lemierre's syndrome is characterised by bacterial embolisation from a clogged internal jugular vein following a sore throat. Spread of organisms may lead to sepsis and organ failure. The main pathogen is Fusobacterium necrophorum. Early recognition is essential, since prompt antibiotic treatment is usually effective. This syndrome should be suspected until proven otherwise in any patient with signs of pharyngitis, a painful swollen neck and pulmonary symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in ambulatory patients with nonstreptococcal sore throat.

Several studies have implicated Mycoplasma pneumoniae as an important cause of nonstreptococcal pharyngitis in certain clinical settings. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection in family practice patients with sore throats and to identify patient characteristics predictive of this infection. M. pneumoniae throat cultures were obtained from 419 patients aged five years or older who were seen in one of four family practice offices with a complaint of sore throat. The overall prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection was 13%. It was characterized by more frequent hoarseness and less frequent complaint of postnasal drip when compared with other nonstreptococcal infections. Compared to patients with streptococcal pharyngitis, M. pneumoniae patients revealed a strikingly dissimilar clinical presentation. In particular, while pharyngitis is predictive of streptococcal infections, its presence did not predict M. pneumoniae infection. Recently developed rapid office-based tests for M. pneumoniae may allow timely diagnosis of this common and formerly elusive pathogen. Further study is required to validate the utility of such methods and to evaluate the efficacy of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Sore throat. Rapid detection of beta hemolytic group A streptococci by a coagglutination method].

In Norway anually half a million consultations are for acute sore throat. The clinical differentiation between streptococcal and non-streptococcal infection remains poor. A reliable diagnosis of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections requires a screening test. In a multicenter study from general practice the rapid test Phadirect Strep A was compared with cultivation at two microbiological laboratories. 257 patients were included and the prevalence of beta-hemolytic streptococci was 41.6%. The results of valid calculations were: Sensitivity 70-77%; Specificity 86-89%; Positive predictive value 74-82%; Negative predictive value 81-88%. The results were considered in relation to body temperature and signs of local infection in the throat. There was no correlation between clinical signs and occurrence of beta-hemolytic streptococci. The Phadirect Strep A test was acceptably sensitive and specific for use in general practice. The test is easy to perform, and the results are available after five minutes. The test seems to be useful, and is an improvement in the daily management of patients with acute throat infections, especially in relation to the question of whether or not to prescribe antibiotics.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

Socio-economic factors and rheumatic fever occurrence. Differences between patients with and without frequent sore throat.

One hundred and fourty-eight rheumatic fever patients and 444 controls matched by age, sex and place of residence, were interviewed about socio-economic and some other variables. Socio-economic factors recognized as risk factors for rheumatic fever (flat dampness, more than 2 persons per room, sleeping in bed with other person, low education of mother and undernourishment) were of lesser importance for persons with frequent sore throat in comparison to persons without frequent sore throat. According to the results obtained it seems that there is positive connection between host's propensity to clinical manifestation of throat infection and manifestation of rheumatic fever. The lesser susceptibility the more additional factors are needed for Rheumatic Fever to occur. The relative importance of socio-economic factors in rheumatic fever occurrence depends on host's susceptibility to infection.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1988

The sore throat. Pharyngitis and epiglottitis.

Sore throat can be caused by different microorganisms and diseases. Most cases of acute pharyngitis are caused by group A streptococcus or viruses; however, uncommon organisms may be suggested by other clinical information or the persistence of symptoms. A thorough history and physical examination are essential for the appropriate selection of diagnostic tests for sore throat. Routine testing for the uncomplicated case should consist of a pharyngeal culture in most patients, with rapid streptococcal antigen testing only for the more severe cases. Those with positive streptococcal tests should be treated to prevent rheumatic fever and mitigate symptoms in severe cases. Sore throat caused by viruses usually resolves spontaneously. Cases that persist should be thoroughly re-evaluated, with alternative causes being considered. Acute epiglottitis is a medical emergency and requires treatment with appropriate antibiotics for Hemophilus influenzae type b and intubation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Impact of rapid antigen tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis on physician use of antibiotics and throat cultures.

Using case scenarios and an interview guided by a decision tree diagram, the clinical strategies of 150 physicians (50 private pediatricians, 50 health maintenance organization pediatricians and 50 pediatric residents) were assessed for the management of pharyngitis under three conditions: (1) no rapid antigen detection test available for diagnosing Group A streptococcal disease; (2) antigen test result available in 20 minutes; and (3) antigen test result available in 4 hours. The sensitivity of the antigen test was designated as 0.95 if the growth of rare or few Group A streptococci on throat culture was discounted and 0.82 if any growth was considered significant, and the specificity was set at 0.98. In a standardized pediatric case with a prior probability of Group A streptococcal disease of 0.58, 84% of clinicians would order a 20-minute test and 39% would order a 4-hour test. The 20-minute test would reduce throat culture use by 54%, reduce the proportion of patients exposed to antibiotics from 86% to 65% and reduce total antibiotic treatment days by 13.8%. Effects would be less pronounced for a low probability case or if results of antigen testing were not available for 4 hours. Provided a test with a documented high sensitivity and specificity were used, a rapid antigen test with results promptly available would substantially reduce throat culture use and unnecessary antibiotic exposures in children with a moderate prior probability of streptococcal disease.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Streptococal throat infections in family practice.

Beta hemolytic streptococcal throat infections occur often enough and cause sufficient morbidity that careful diagnosis and appropriate treatment are matters of concern to the family physician and others involved in primary patient care. Throat cultures aid the precision of diagnosis; a simple, inexpensive, and accurate method of performing cultures in the office is described. The risk of rheumatic fever secondary to untreated streptococcal infections appears to be less than it once was, and further work defining this risk in various population groups is needed. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for treatment, with blood levels maintained for at least ten days either by oral administration or by a single intramuscular dose of benzathine penicillin G. The results of a recent survey of US family practice programs and an equivalent number of practicing family physicians show that most physicians use a selective approach to diagnosis and treatment of throat infections based on symptoms, signs, and age of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in throat cultures].

Present study is carried out in order to determine the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in the throat cultures examined Microbiology Laboratory of Hacettepe Children's Hospital. Throat culture specimens were first inoculated into blood agar and also tryptic soy agar plates. BVX, BV and BX discs were placed on inoculated tryptic soy agar surface for selective growth. The colonies grown around discs were also subjected to agglutination test with specific monovalent and polyvalent antisera for definite diagnosis. As a result, 37 H. influenzae (% 2.96) isolated out of 1249 throat culture tested and 12 (0.96) of isolates classified as type b.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1986

Effect of a rapid diagnostic method on prescribing patterns and ordering of throat cultures for streptococcal pharyngitis.

The sensitivity and specificity of a rapid identification test for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus and its impact on prescribing antibiotics and ordering throat cultures were evaluated in a primary care office setting. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 82 percent, 92 percent, 76 percent, and 94 percent, respectively. Throat cultures were ordered for 98 percent of patients with acute pharyngitis regardless of the method of testing available. After use of the rapid identification test within the office, a reduction was observed in physician prescribing of antibiotics before the throat culture results were known. Physicians were more likely to initiate antibiotics immediately when rapid test results for streptococcal infection were positive and provide patient education regarding symptomatic treatment when the results were negative. The rapid identification test is an acceptable alternative to the standard culture technique in the family practice office. The rapid test was apparently responsible for the observed reduction in antibiotic prescribing and should reduce unnecessary cost and antibiotic exposure in the ambulatory setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Double-blind study of benzydamine hydrochloride, a new treatment for sore throat.

Forty-four patients with sore throat participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of benzydamine hydrochloride administered as a gargle. After medical evaluation and throat culture, 21 patients were treated with a solution containing benzydamine and 23 patients with a placebo solution. Statistical analysis of scores from patients' diaries showed that benzydamine solution afforded significantly greater (P less than 0.001) relief of pain and dysphagia at 24 hours than did the placebo solution. Physician evaluations at 24 hours showed that the benzydamine solution had significantly greater effect than did placebo on hyperemia (P less than 0.004) and edema (P less than 0.005). Side effects were minimal and of no clinical significance. The findings indicate that benzydamine hydrochloride is safe and effective therapy for the signs and symptoms of sore throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Antibiotics, sore throats and rheumatic fever.

From a retrospective study of hospital records, it is calculated that the present incidence of rheumatic fever in Scottish children is 0.6 per 100 000 per year. This is in keeping with recent research from other developed communities. An attempt is made to assess the relative risk of developing rheumatic fever after antibiotic-treated streptococcal sore throats and non-antibiotic-treated streptococcal sore throats. The risk in both cases is low (probably in the order of 1:30 000) and there is no evidence that prescribing antibiotics for prodromal sore throats confers benefit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients.

Excretion of virus in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of smallpox patients was studied daily for 2-3 weeks after the onset of fever. The virus titre in the throat and urine of haemorrhagic and confluent cases was higher than in discrete cases. The duration of virus excretion was also greater in confluent cases than in discrete cases. Conjunctival swabs from all 12 smallpox patients with conjunctivitis were positive for virus. The duration and titre of virus excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients were not related to their age or sex and did not depend on whether or not they had received a primary vaccination.

Adolescent↗